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Ex no:2

AIM:

BASIC UNIX COMMANDS

To execute UNIX general purpose commands in UNIX Operating system

1. THE DATE COMMAND The date command is used to display the current date with day of week, month, Day, time (24 Hours clock) and the year. Syntax: $date Example: $date Output: Mon Sep 3 23:33:45: 1 st 2005 ( It display the current day, month, date, year, hours, minutes, seconds) OPTION : $ date +%m ( 02 months digits) $ date +%h ( Feb months letters) $ date +%d ( 08 date digits) $ date +%y ( 11 year last two digits) $ date +%H ( 22 Hours) $ date +%M ( 02 minutes) $ date +%S ( 02 Seconds)

2. THE ECHO COMMAND The echo command is used to print the message on the screen Syntax: $echo text Example: $echo learning UNIX Output: learning UNIX

3.THE UNIX CALENDER: CAL

The calendar (cal) command helps us to keep track of our days .It displays the specified month or year calendar. Syntax: $cal month or year Example 1: $cal 2011 Output: prints the calendar for the entire year Example 2: $cal 9 2011 Output: prints the calendar for the month of September 2011

4. UNIX CALCULATOR:BC UNIX offers an online calculator and can be invoked by the command bc. This calculator is programmable and has complex functions. Syntax: $bc Example: $bc Output: 5+5 10 ( bc continuous this process until your given CTRL + D to terminate)

5. THE WHO COMMAND The who command is more powerful and used to displays data about all the users, who are currently logged into the system. Syntax: $who Example1: $who Output: user1 tty1 Sep 03 09:30

(It display the output login name, terminal line, login date and time) Example 2: $who h Output: NAME user1 LINE TIME tty1 Sep 03 09:30

(display the column header)

6. THE WHO AM I COMMAND The who command with am and i display a single line of output pertaining to the login details of the user. Example: $ who am i Output: User1 tty1 Apr 4 09:30

(It identifiers the user and lists the user name, terminal line, the date and time of login) 7. THE FINGER COMMAND The finger command gathers and displays the information about the users, which includes login name, real name, home directory etc. Syntax: $finger username Output: login name: root Directory: / root name: root shell:/bin/bash

On since wed Jan 19 23:20 (IST) on pst/0 from 192.168.1.29 2 hours 2 minutes idle On since Thu Jan 20 23:20 (IST) on pst/1 from 192.168.1.14 New mail received wed Jan 19 21:20 2011 (IST) Unread since Thu Dec 20 23:20 2010 (IST) No plan (To display such information of a particular user) Example 2: $finger Login root name root Tty idle login pts/0 time office office phone

2:01 Jan 18 20:10 (192.168.1.29)

(Display the information about all users who are currently logged on)

8 THE ID COMMAND The id command is used to display the numerical value that corresponds to your login name .UNIX user is assigned a login name, a user- id and a grouped- id Syntax: $ id Example: $ id Output: uid= 347(user1) gid= 50(group)

9. THE TTY COMMAND The tty (teletype) command is used to know the terminal name that we are using. Syntax: $ tty Eg : $ tty Output: /dev/tty1 (Means, the terminal file tty1 resident in /dev directory.)

10 .CHANGE THE PASSWORD: PASSWD If your account still does not have a password , or has one that is already known to others, the password can be changed by using the passwd command. Syntax: $ passwd Output: UX: passwd: INFO: changing password for local Old password : *********** New password: *********** Re-Enter New password: *****

Result: Thus the above commands has been verified and executed.

Ex no:3

WORKING WITH FILES

AIM: To create a file and working with file using UNIX. DEFINITION: A file in a collection of related information such as letters, numbers, some special characters and it may be a program. FILE SYSTEM: A file system is a group of files containing relevant information regarding it. Everything in UNIX can be represented by a file such as directories, device drivers etc.. FILE IN UNIX: File has divided into four categories Ordinary files Directory files Special files Standard files FILE COMMAND: UNIX provides the file command to determine the types of file. Syntax: $ file filename Example: $ file shivani Output: shivani ascii text

1. CREATE A FILE The cat command is used to create a new file Syntax: $ cat > filename Example: $cat > test My first file is UNIX UNIX is a multi-user OS

(After finished typing, press CTRL+D)

2. DISPLAY A FILE: The cat command is also used to view the content of a file Syntax: $ cat filename Example: $ cat test Output: My first file is UNIX, UNIX is a multi-user OS

3 MERGE THE FILE: Cat command services to concatenated multiple files into a single file Syntax: $ cat file file1 >file2 Example: $ cat test test1>test2 Output: cat test My first file is UNIX, UNIX is a multi-user OS Cat test1 Os is software Cat test test1 >test2 Cat test2 My first file is UNIX, UNIX is a multi-user OS Os is software

4 COPING A FILE: The cp command is used to copy the contents of one file to another. Syntax:$ cp oldfile newfile Example: $ cp test2 test3 Output: cat test2 My first file is UNIX, UNIX is a multi-user OS Os is software. Cp test2 test3

Cat test3 My first file is UNIX, UNIX is a multi-user OS Os is software

5 REMOVING A FILE: The remove command is used to remove (or) erase an existing file. Syntax: $ rm filename Example: $ rm test3 Output: cat test3 No such a file

6 MOVING A FILE: The mv command is used to move a file from one place to another Syntax : $ mv oldfile newfile Example: $ mv test2 test4 Output: cat test4 My first file is UNIX, UNIX is a multi-user OS Os is software.

7 COUNTING NUMBER OF WORDS: The wc command is used to count the number of words, lines, characters in a file Syntax: $ wc filename Example : $ wc filename nl where: nl is the numbers of lines nw - is the numbers of words nw nc filename

nc - is the numbers of characters

output: $ wc test1 1 3 12 test1

Syntax: $ wc l file name (only line) Syntax: $ wc w filename (only words) Syntax: $ wc c filename (only characters)

8 SORTING THE CONTENT OF THE FILES: The sort command is used for sort the contents of a file name. Syntax : $ sort filename Example: $ cat> mech New Morning Apple Output : $ sort mech Apple Morning new option: $ sort -r filename ( reverse order) . $ sort c filename (disorder)

Result: Thus the above command are verified and executed.

Ex No:4
AIM

WORKING WITH DIRECTORIES

To learn about the working with directories using UNIX

1 CURRENT WORKING DIRECTORY The pwd command is provided to know the current using directory. Syntax : $ pwd Example : $ pwd Output : home 10me01

2 CREATE A DIRECTORY A mk dir is used to create an empty directory in a desk. Syntax : $ mk dir directory name Example : $ mk dir MECH

3 REMOVING A DIRECTORY: The rmdir is used to remove a directory from the disk before removing the directory must be empty. Syntax : $ rmdir directory name Option: rmdir -r file name ( search delete the file and subdirectories) rmdir -I filename (warn message) rmdie -f filename (write protected)

4 CHANGING THE WORKING DIRECTORY: The cd command is used to changing the directory from one directory to another. Syntax : $ cd directory name

5 THE PATH : The path command is used to specify the current path of the operating system Syntax : $ echo $ PATH (root of path will be display)

6 CLEARING THE SCREEN : Clear command is used to clear the screen Syntax : $ tput clear

RESULT : Thus the above commands has been executed and verified successfully.

ExNo:6
AIM:

PIPES

To learn about the pipes in UNIX a pipe is a mechanism by which output of the one command can be used into the input of another command is effected by the character ( | ) And which is paced between the two characters. Syntax: $ who | wc -l Syntax: $ ls | sort | wc -l

THE TEE COMMAND The tee command copies the incoming data on input to output,in the mean time it saves a copy in specified file. Syntax: $ command | tee file Example: $ who | tee sample | wc -l

RESULT: The above commands has been executed and verified successfully.

ExNo:7
AIM:

WORKING WITH FILTERS

To study a about simple filter using UNIX 1. THE HEAD FILTER As the name simples the displays the first ten lines of a file. Syntax: $ head file name example: $ head -13 myfile

2. THE TAIL FILTER:The tail command is the opposite to the head command. It displays 10 lines of a file from the end of the file. Syntax: $ tail file name

Example: $ tail myfile

3. THE MORE COMMAND To continue scrolling with the more command, you have to press space bar not the Enter key as in pg command. Syntax: $ more myfile Syntax: $ More file 2 file 3.

4. THE GREP Command:It is used to search and print specified pattern form file. Syntax: Grep [option] pattern file(s) Example: $ grep Asia data

5. THE UNDO COMMAND We just saw not soft remove then the n option.

6 ADDING LINE NUMBERS NL The nl filter adds line numbers to a file and it displays the file and not provides access to edit but simply displays the contents on the screen. The following filter adds line number To a specified file. Syntax: $ nl file name

7.SELECTING FIELDS FROM A LINE-CUT: We can select specified files from a line of text using cut command. Syntax: $ cut c file name Where -c : option cut on the specified character position from each line. filename :specifies name of the file.

8 PASTING FILES: When you cut some of the characters in a file using the cut command those can be pasted back with the paste command. Syntax: $ paste command Example: $ paste std

9. COMPARTING FILES To know weather two files are identical in all respects so that one of item may be deleted. This cmp command is used to carryout this task. Syntax: $ cmp file1 file 2 Example: $ cmp std1 std2

10. COMPARISON & DIFFERENCES Comm command is used to compare two sorted files, and compares each line of the first file with its corresponding line in the second. The diff command can be used to display file differences but unlike it follow members cmp and comm. It also tells you which lines in one file have to be changed to make the two files identical. Syntax: $ comm. Syntax: $ diff File1 file2

file1 file 2

Result: Thus the above commands have been executed successfully.

Ex. No:8

Ex. No:9

Ex. No:10

COMMAND LINE ARGUMENT Ex no :


AIM: To write a shell program for using command line arguments. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the arguments Step3: Initialize the total Step4: Loop to calculate the sum of arguments Step5: Print the sum of arguments Step6: Stop the program

ADDING THE COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed .

Ex no 9b:
AIM:

SHIFTING THE COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

To write a shell program for using command line arguments . ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the arguments Step3: Initialize the arguments Step4: shift the arguments Step5: Print the result Step6: Set the value for arguments Step7: Stop the program

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed .

Ex no 9c:
AIM:

PRINTING THE NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS

To write a shell program for using command line arguments . ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the arguments Step3: Conditional statement to they determine the number of arguments Step4: Print the number of arguments Step6: Stop the program

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed .

11. DYNAMIC STORAGE ALLOCATION

Ex no 11a: DYNAMIC STORAGE OF AN ARGUMENT


AIM: To write a C program for dynamic storage of an argument. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the argument value. Step3: To locate the memory address of the argument value. Step4: Print the address of the argument. Step6: Stop the program

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

Ex no 11b: DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION USING MALLOC()


AIM: To write a C program for dynamic memory allocation using malloc(). ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the number of students using malloc(). Step3: Read the marks of students. Step3: To calculate the average of the marks of the students. Step4: Print the average of the marks. Step6: Stop the program

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

12.FUNCTIONS Ex no 12A: FINDING ncr USING FACTORIAL FUNCTION


AIM: To write a C program for finding ncr using factorial function ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the value of n and r. Step3: Write a function for factorial fact(). Step4: using factorial function fact() calculate the ncr value. Step5: Print the result value of ncr. Step6: Stop the program

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

Ex no 12b: COSINE SERIES USING FUNCTION


AIM: To write a C program for finding cosine series using function. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Let the x value of cosine series starts with 0. Step3: Write a function for cosine calculation cosine(). Step4: using cosine function cosine() calculate cosine series from 0 to 180 degree. Step5: Print the cosine series value from 0 to 180 degree. Step6: Stop the program

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

Ex no 12c: FUNCTION WITH ARGUMENTS AND RETURN VALUES


AIM: To write a C program for finding largest among 2 numbers using function. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the function arguments. Step3: Write a function largest(int a1,int b1). Step4: Find the largest number calling largest(). Step5: Return the largest value to the main() function. Step5: Print the largest value. Step6: Stop the program

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

13.POINTERS Ex no 13a: Basic Calculator using pointers

AIM: To write a C program to perform Arithmetic operations using pointers. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the values for the pointer variables. Step3: Using switch statement select any one of the operation addition, subtraction, multiplication, division or modulus. Step4: Find the result of the operation. Step5: Print the result of the operation. Step6: Stop the program.

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

Ex no 13b:

Pass by value and reference using pointers

AIM: To write a C program to swap the value or reference using pointers. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the values for the pointer variables. Step3: Using the functions swapval() and swapref() swap the value and reference address respectively. Step4: Print the swapped output for swapval() and swapref(). Step5: Stop the program.

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

Ex no 13c:

String copy using pointers

AIM: To write a C program to copy from one string to another using pointers. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start the program Step2: Read the string for the pointer variables. Step3: create a function stringcopy(). Step4: Call stringcopy() to copy from source to destination. Step5: Print the source string and destination string. Step5: Stop the program.

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

14. FILE HANDLING Ex no 14a: Displaying file contents

AIM: To write a C program to display the contents of file, imitating cat command using FILE pointer. ALGORITHM: Step1: Start the program Step2: Read the file name at the command line. Step4: Open the file and read the content. Step5: Display the content of the file. Step6: Stop the program.

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

Ex no 14b:

Copying a file

AIM: To write a C program to copy file, imitating cp command using FILE pointer. ALGORITHM: Step1: Start the program. Step2: Read the source and destination file names at the command line. Step4: Open the file and read the content. Step5: Copy the content to the destination file. Step6: Display the content of the file. Step7: Stop the program.

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

Ex no 14c:

Write to a file character-by-character

AIM: To write a C program to input File using getc and putc functions using FILE pointer. ALGORITHM: Step1: Start the program. Step2: File name is provided at the program. Step4: On execution, type the contents of the file and press cntrl+D. Step5: File contents are updated. Step6: Using the cat command, display the content of the file. Step7: Stop the program.

RESULT: Thus the program has been executed.

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