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Water level Controller
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April - 7 - 2011
41 Comments

Water level controller circuit.
Description.
A simple but very reliable and effective water level controller circuit diagram is shown here. The circuit uses 6 transistors, 1 NE555 timer IC, a relay and few passive
components. The circuit is completely automatic which starts the pump motor when the water level in the over head tank goes below a preset level and switches OFF the
pump when the water level in the over head tank goes above the full level.
Probe D is positioned at the bottom level of the tank while probes A, B and C are placed at full, half and medium levels of the tank respectively. The level sensing part of the
circuit is built around transistors Q1, Q2 and Q3. When water level is below the quarter level probes A, B and C are open and the transistor Q1, Q2 and Q3 remains OFF.
When the water level rises and touches the probes the corresponding transistors gets biased and switches ON. Resistors R1, R2, R3 limit the bases current of corresponding
transistors while resistors R4, R5, R6 limit their collector current. LEDs D1, D2 and D3 provide a visible indication of the current water level.
When the water level goes below medium, transistor Q2 gets switches OFF and its collector goes positive. Collector of Q2 is connected to the base of transistor Q6 and as
result transistor Q6 gets switched ON. Transistor Q5 will be also ON because its base in connected to the collector of Q4 which is presently OFF. As a result when the water
level goes below medium relay K1 gets energized and the pump is driven. The relay is wired in the latching mode so that even if the water level goes above medium level the
pump remains ON so that the tank gets completely filled. For wiring the relay in latching mode one set of N/O contacts is used. When relay is activated these contacts close
which forms a short across collector and emitter of Q6. This makes the state of Q6 irrelevant to the operation of the relay and the relay remains ON as long as the transistor
Q5 is ON. The only way to make the relay OFF is by switching OFF Q5 and it is done automatically when the water level reaches the full level.
Collector of transistor Q1 is connected to the trigger pin (pin2) of IC1. When the water level reaches full level the transistor Q1 gets switched ON. As a result its collector
goes to ground level which triggers the IC1 which is wired as a monostable. The output of IC1 goes high for about 1S. This makes the transistor Q4 ON for the same time and
transistor Q5 whose base is connected to the collector of Q4 is switched OFF cutting the supply to the relay. This makes the motor OFF and it remains OFF until the water
level again goes below the medium level.
Resistor R8 is a pull up resistor for the trigger pin of the NE555. Capacitor C3 couples the collector of Q1 to the trigger pin of NE555 and facilitates edge triggering whenever
the transistor Q1 goes ON. A monostable circuit can be made edge triggered by connecting the trigger signal to the trigger input pin through a capacitor. The capacitor blocks
DC and passes sudden changes. The circuit used here is termed as negative edge triggered because the monostable is triggered when ever the trigger input signal falls. R10
and R12 limits the collector current of Q4 and Q5 respectively while R9 and R11 limits their base current. R13 limits the base current of Q6 while D4 is a freewheeling diode
which protects the switching transistors from voltage transients.
Circuit diagram.

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The probes can be arranged as shown in the diagram above. Insulated Aluminium wires can be used as the probes. The probes can be binded on a plastic rod and should be
erected vertically inside the tank. The length of the probes wires and the supporting plastic rod must be chosen according to the depth of the tank. Since DC is used in the level
sensing section electrolysis will occur in the probes and so the probes require small maintenances in 1 or 2 month intervals. Using AC in the sensing section will completely
eliminates the chance of electrolysis and I am presently working on such a circuit. You can expect it soon.
Notes.
Use 12V DC for powering the water level controller circuit.
The relay I used was a 5V/220 ohm relay and thats why the current limits resistor R12 was added in the circuit. If you use a 12V relay then the R12 can be shorted.
Do not use a relay that consumes 500mA. Maximum collector current PN2222 can handle is 600mA.
Use insulated single strand aluminium wires for probe and they can be arranged in the tank as per the probe arrangement diagram.
Use a holder for mounting NE555.
The circuit can be assembled on a Perf board.
K1 must be a double pole relay.
The load current, voltage ratings of the relay must be selected according to the ratings of the pump motor.
The type number of the transistors used here are not very critical and you can do suitable replacements if any type number is not available.
Most of the components required for this project can be found inside your scrap box.
Power supply for this circuit.
Water level controller circuit diagram

Probe arrangement diagram

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A classic 12V regulated DC supply based on 7812 is shown above. A power ON indicator LED is also added in the circuit.Resistor R13 limits the LED current. A small
aluminium heatsink can be fitted to the 7812 for better saftey.Small Al heatsinks for TO-220 package are readily available in the market.
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41 Responses to Water level Controller
nadeem says:
April 19, 2012 at 4:04 am
i want to make this circuit. please sent me PCB layout on my above email address
thanks
Samuel says:
April 17, 2012 at 5:02 am
can you please send me the full project report of this ciruit..please its VERY urgent please.
ADNAN SHARIF says:
April 4, 2012 at 10:34 am
very good project, i made this, its working
Seetharaman says:
March 25, 2012 at 10:27 pm
Hi Sameer see my comment dated 19th September identify the probes and connect the probes as suggested.
sameer says:
March 25, 2012 at 4:50 am
can you please send me the full project report of this ciruit..please its very urgent please.
rosil says:
March 12, 2012 at 1:35 am
,is it that the switch is applicable for this project in detecting water level?rply asap..please..
raj says:
March 10, 2012 at 8:18 am
hi, thank you , recently i cleaned my sump by disconecting the sensor wires but i forgot remeber the code , there four wire from the unit such as white two . orange and
blue , the follwoing connection where attemmed b
white 2nos conected to lower sensor i the sump
blue 1no conecceted tp meddle sensor in the sump
oreange -1no connected to upper sensor in the sump, kindly me at the earliest , please.
zacmoron says:
March 10, 2012 at 7:51 am
can u pls send me the full project
sedaghatimilad says:
March 3, 2012 at 5:46 am
I want to assemle this circuit, can you send me The full project
kayode says:
March 1, 2012 at 11:21 pm
My hnd electronics tutor is not finding this circuit normal
We tried simulations, and built. Pls,it is not working as it should.
Do you have any improved method.
Thanks awaiting response.
Thanks
Pavithra says:
February 17, 2012 at 6:01 am
hi wer to give the point P of the relay and N of pump plz reply..
Pavithra says:
February 17, 2012 at 5:37 am
could plz give information in detail abt how the transistor is turned on/off by sensing probes
bola says:
January 21, 2012 at 11:21 am
Sir i have designn the circuit it does o n the relay but it does not off when the water gets to the full level..i need your help on what to do pls.i have confirm the the
timer IC legs numberes
bola says:
January 20, 2012 at 6:55 am
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Hi,my coment is simple is just that i have design this circuit it works by switching on the relay which you said we could either use 5v or 12vdc.the problem i encounter
here is that when the water reach the full level in the tank instead to off the pump is still pumping the water every where is been flooded.i built this project as you
instruct
pls i need to know the polarity of the IC NE555 kindly send me the legs number pls i need a details that can make the pump off..
yun says:
January 17, 2012 at 8:05 pm
hi expert
may i know how to create the circuit to send the signal through wireless?is there any need for us to add the antenna in the circuit?
has anyone have a n experience to build a water leakage wireless sensor circuit before?really appreciate if anyone can share any information regarding this problem
Seetharaman says:
January 7, 2012 at 8:28 pm
Hi Akila please read my comments dated september 19th.
jojo says:
January 7, 2012 at 5:14 pm
Akila, Did you verify the connections? Please check your circuit arrangement as many people has assembled this correctly.
Akila says:
January 7, 2012 at 2:57 am
your circuits diagram are incorrect.
brainless cow,because of you my water tank is empty and my Water pump exploded.
N.Mahendran says:
January 3, 2012 at 7:38 am
Very like
ADLIN says:
December 30, 2011 at 8:32 am
I attempted to do a circuit design from electronics for you magazine on liquid level alarm but i couldn succeed please say me few things to take care while desingning
circuit
saber says:
December 29, 2011 at 3:06 am
, -+= _''-- - ,- .-' ''-- '-=' -, - _== -''= ',-- , -- -,- .,-, ,- ',- -- ---
Please complete for parts of articles to this circuit, I need you to email me a very interesting circuit design.
jojo says:
December 15, 2011 at 8:47 pm
Yimam Full project report is beyond the scope of this article. Please bear with us
yimam says:
December 15, 2011 at 8:37 am
can you give the full project report paper please help me!
mahipal kumawat says:
November 28, 2011 at 3:20 am
sir,what would be the length of probes for a 4m long tank.. plzzzzzz do reply
ayyanar says:
November 27, 2011 at 11:46 pm
please tell me brief content
Debashis Pattanayak says:
November 24, 2011 at 12:23 pm
i want full informatatoin on this project.Because i am doing this project.pls.
abhishek says:
October 23, 2011 at 6:15 am
Fantastic project for science exhibition but not for real life as it is not corosion resistant. I am using it for my exhibition of class 9.
PATRICK says:
September 28, 2011 at 8:55 pm
Sir is it normal to have all LEDs lighten up even without contact with D, Id noticed that LEDs are already on even though water is still empty, it just brightens up
when probes contacts with water
jaimin says:

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September 28, 2011 at 5:58 am
dear seetharaman,
please let me know i want to put one bypass switch then what i have to do ..
thomas says:
September 21, 2011 at 8:08 pm
hi sir! I just want to know that if I make a demo model using this circuit, and the height of lifting water is 8ft, then what is the specificationof the pump and relay???
Sir do reply please.
seetharaman says:
September 19, 2011 at 1:42 pm
Hi Ravi Both probes C and A to be interchanged. C is just to say the electronics is OK with D3 comming on (to indicate also the tank circuit is also healthy and level is
minimum). Now read the above description you can understand better. Q2 will start the pumpamd Q1 will stop the pump. Q3 is only for indication nothing to do with
automation.
seetharaman says:
September 18, 2011 at 3:53 pm
Hi Ravi and Milton try this simple circuit. instead of using tank as a probe add one more proble be at the lower most level, touching almost bottom of the tank.
http://www.redcircuits.com/Page129.htm
milton watts says:
September 17, 2011 at 10:53 pm
i have gone through the procedures for the water level control and started constructing one. what is the theory underlying the action of this circuit?
RAVI says:
September 10, 2011 at 1:12 pm
I dont understand the concept of realy wil you please tel me the information and the working principle in this circuit i am waiting for your reply
thankfull to you sir
dipesh says:
July 17, 2011 at 11:44 pm
in my circuit the relay either gets closed or opened without automations. and the power suplly voltage drops drastically . what should i do?
venkatesh says:
June 21, 2011 at 10:54 pm
very use the constant 12v dc supply application
Martin says:
May 1, 2011 at 6:43 pm
Have got the AC probes designed and working yet?
You mentioned that, Using AC in the sensing section will completely eliminates the chance of electrolysis and I am presently working on such a circuit. You can expect
it soon.
SEBIN JACOB says:
April 18, 2011 at 6:11 am
this circuit is god but.what about dry run of motor?
JAHFARALI says:
April 17, 2011 at 8:35 am
Yes I am also make one like this using floatit is semi automatic..not fully automatic..It will switch off pump automatically need to make fully automatic
How????? and also need low voltage cutoff other wise it will damage water pump..
G P Koruthu says:
April 9, 2011 at 10:58 pm
I am using a float on a vertical aluminium rod with two 4 diameter aluminium discs (one for the upper limit and the lower one around one foot below).A mechanical
switch with a lever (a kind of limit switch)is placed in between.When the water level goes down, the foat and discs go down. when the lower disc touches and pushes
the switch lever,the switch turns ON and the pump starts.When the water level goes up, the float and the disc assembly goes up until the top disc pushes up the switch
lever making the switch OFF and thereby the pump. I am using the mechanism for many years without any problem so far.Only thing is that we have to protect the
switch from rain and hot sun.
JAHFARALI says:
April 9, 2011 at 7:13 am
Good circuit, But need change or clean the level sensing conductor frequently..It is directly contact with water.. It is a demerit of this kind of Water level
controller.please publish a water level controller with float
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