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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION of research recently due to th

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1. INTRODUCTION Multiphase (more than three phase) systems are the focus eir inherent advantages compared to their three-phase counterparts applicability of multiphase systems is explored in electric power generation, transmission, and utilization. The research on six-phase transmission system was initiated due to the rising cost of right of way for transmission corridors, environmental issues, and various stringent licensing laws. Six-phase transmission lines can provide the same power capacity with a lower phase-tophase voltage and smaller, more compact towers compared to a standard double-circuit three-phase line.
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As far as multiphase motor drives are concerned, the first proposal was given by Ward and Harrer way back in 1969. The focus of research on multiphase electric drive is limited to the modeling and control of the supply systems Little effort is made to develop any static transformation system to change the phase number from three to n phase (where n=3 and odd). The scenario has now changed proposing a novel phase transformation system which converts an available three-phase supply to an output fivephase supply.

Multiphase, especially a 6-phase and 12-phase system is found to produce less ripple with a higher frequency of ripple in an acdc rectifier system. Thus 6 and 12-phase transformers are designed to feed a multi-pulse rectifier system and the technology has matured. Recently 24-phase and 36-phase transformer systems have been proposed for
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supplying a multi-pulse rectifier system]. The reason of choice for a 6, 12, or 24-phase system is that these numbers are multiples of three and designing this type of system is simple and straightforward. However increase in the number of phases certainly enhances the complexity of the system. None of these designs are available for an odd number of phases, such as 5, 7, 11, etc.

Normally a no-load test, blocked rotor, and load tests are performed on a motor to determine its parameters. Although the supply used for a multiphase motor drive obtained from a multiphase inverter could have more current ripple, there are control methods available to lower the current distortion even below 1%, based on application
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and requirement. Hence, the machine parameters obtained by using the pulse width-modulated (PWM) supply may not provide the precise true value. Thus, a pure sinusoidal supply system available from the utility grid is required to feed the motor. This paper proposes a special transformer connection scheme to obtain a balanced five-phase supply with the input as balanced three phases.

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CHAPTER 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

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The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig. The fixed voltage and fixed frequency available grid supply can be transformed to the fixed voltage and fixed frequency five-phase output supply. The output however may be made variable by inserting the autotransformer at the input side.

Fig.2 (a) Block representation of the proposed system

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Fig 2(b) block diagram

.
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CHAPTER 3 WINDING ARRANGEMENT OF FIVE PHASE STAR OUTPUT

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3. WINDING ARRANGEMENT OF FIVE PHASE STAR OUTPUT

The input and output supply can be arranged in the following manner: 1) input star, output star; 2) input star, output polygon; 3) input delta, output star; 4) Input delta, output polygon. Since input is a three-phase system, the windings are connected in a usual fashion. The output/secondary side connection is discussed in the following subsections.

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Three separate cores are designed with each carrying one primary and three secondary coils, except in one core where only two secondary coils are used. Six terminals of primaries are connected in an appropriate manner resulting in star and/or delta connections and the 16 terminals of secondaries are connected in a different fashion resulting in star or polygon output. The connection scheme of secondary windings to obtain a star output is illustrated in Fig. and the corresponding phasor diagram is illustrated in Fig3 (a)

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The proposed transformer winding connections and phasor diagram of proposed transformer connections as shown below in fig 3(a), 3(b)&3(c)

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Fig 3(a) proposed transformer winding connection

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Fig 3(b) Proposed transformer winding connection (star).

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Fig. 3(c) Phasor diagram of the proposed transformer connection (star-star). 3.1 constructional details of winding arrangement: The construction of output phases with requisite phase angles of 72 between each phase is obtained using appropriate turn ratios, and the governing phasor equations are illustrated below. The turn ratios are different in each phase. The choice of turn ratio is the key in creating the requisite phase displacement in the output phases. The input phases are designated with letters X Y, and Z and the output are designated with letters A, B, C,
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D, and E. As illustrated in Fig., the output phase A is along the input phase X. The output phase B results from the phasor sum of winding voltage c6c5 and b1b2, the output phase C is obtained by the phasor sum of winding voltages a3a4 and b3b4. The output phase D is obtained by the phasor addition of winding voltages a3a4 and c1c2 and similarly output phase E results from the phasor sum of the winding voltages c3c4 and b6b5 . In this way, five phases are obtained. The transformation from three to five and vice-versa is further obtained by using the relation given below

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CHAPTER 4 THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER

4. THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER

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4.1 Introduction to three phase electric power: Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating current electric power transmission. It is a type of poly-phase system and is the most common method used by electric power distribution grids worldwide to distribute power. It is also used to power large motors and other large loads. A three-phase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power.

In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one conductor as the reference, the other two currents are delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one cycle of the electric current. The delay between phases has the effect of giving constant power transfer over each

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cycle of the current and also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor.

Three-phase systems may have a neutral wire. A neutral wire allows the three-phase system to use a higher voltage while still supporting lower-voltage singlephase appliances. In high-voltage distribution situations, it is common not to have a neutral wire as the loads can simply be connected between phases (phase-phase connection).

4.2 properties of three phase electric power:

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Three-phase has properties that make it very desirable in electric power systems: The phase currents tend to cancel out one another, summing to zero in the case of a linear balanced load. This makes it possible to eliminate or reduce the size of the neutral conductor; all the phase conductors carry the same current and so can be the same size, for a balanced load. Power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant, which helps to reduce generator and motor vibrations. Three-phase systems can produce a magnetic field that rotates in a specified direction, which simplifies the design of electric motors.

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CHAPTER 5 TURNS RATIO

5. TURNS RATIO

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5.1 Turns ratio: Transformers are used in a wide array of electrical or electronic applications, providing functions that range from isolation and stepping up or stepping down voltage and current to noise rejection, signal measurement, regulation and a host of functions particular to specific applications. In order to test that a transformer will meet its design specification, a number of functions should be tested and one of the most commonly used tests is turns ratio. 5.2 Basic theory on turns ratio: The turns ratio of a transformer is defined as the number of turns on its secondary divided by the number of turns on its primary. The voltage ratio of an ideal transformer is directly related to the turns ratio. ( 1)

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The current ratio of an ideal transformer is inversely related to the turns ratio:

(2) Where Vs = secondary voltage, Is = secondary current, Vp = primary voltage, Ip = primary current, Ns = number of turns in the secondary winding and Np = number of turns in the primary winding. The turn ratio of a transformer therefore defines the transformer as step-up or step-.down.

Step up transformer:

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A step-up transformer is one whose secondary voltage is greater than its primary voltage and a transformer that steps up voltage will step-down current. Step down transformer: A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is lower than its primary voltage and a transformer that steps down voltage will step-up current. 5.3Voltage current turns ratio:

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5.4 Factors Affecting Turns Ratio Measurements: In ideal transformer, the ratio of the physical turns on any winding could be established simply by measuring the rms output voltage on one winding, while applying a known rms input voltage of an appropriate frequency to another winding. Under these conditions, the ratio of the input to output voltages would be equal to the physical turns ratio of these windings. In real transformers a number of electrical properties that result in a voltage or current ratio that may be not equal to the physical turns ratio. The following schematic diagram illustrates the electrical properties of a real transformer, with the ideal transformer component shown in the center, plus the electrical components that represent various additional properties of the transformer.

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Fig 5(e) winding connections of real transformer 5.5 Electric properties of real transformer: L1, L2 and L3 represent the primary and secondary leakage inductance caused by incomplete magnetic coupling between the windings. R1, R2 and R3 represent the resistance (or copper loss) of the primary and secondary windings. C1, C2, and C3 represent the interwinding capacitance.

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Lp represents the magnetizing inductance core loss. Rc represents the core loss of which three areas contribute, eddy current loss (increases with frequency), hysteresis loss (increases with flux density) and residual loss (partially due to resonance).

CHAPTER 6
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FIVE-PHASE SYSTEM

6. FIVE-PHASE SYSTEM Variable speed electric drives predominately utilise three-phase machines. Since multi-phase machines offer some inherent advantages over three-phase counterpart. Major advantages of using a multi-phase machine instead of a three-phase machine are:
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i. Higher torque density ii. iii. iv. . Noise characteristics of multi-phase drives are better when compared three-phase drive. Higher Phase number yield smoother torque due to the simultaneous increase of the frequency of the torque pulsation and reduction of the torque ripple magnitude. Higher torque density in a multiphase machine is possible because fundamental spatial field harmonic and space harmonic fields can be used to enhance total torque. This advantage of enhanced torque production stems that vector control of the machines flux and torque produced by the interaction of the fundamental field component and the fundamental stator current Greater efficiency. Reduced torque pulsations. greater fault tolerance

v. reduction in the required rating per inverter leg

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component requires only two stator currents (d-q current components). In a multi-phase machine, with at least five phases or more, there are additional degrees of freedom, which can be utilised to enhance the torque production through injection of higher order current harmonics. The stability analysis of five-phase drive system for harmonic injection scheme is carried for both concentrated winding and distributed winding machines.

6.1 Applications of five phase system: i. Ship propulsion.

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ii. Traction, electric vehicles and in safety critical applications requiring high degree of redundancy. iii. water pumping in remote iv. Weak grid locations where the power quality is not adequate for operating sophisticated microprocessor based controllers. 6.2 Need of five phase system: The question arises why five-phase drive is at all required not conventional three-phase drive. Five phase drive has fault tolerant characteristic, reliable and higher efficiency compared to three-phase drive. The power electronic converters supplying multi-phase drives are controlled using advanced digital signal processors (DSP) and Field programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). 6.3 Five phase drive structure:

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A simple open-loop five-phase drive structure is elaborated in Fig6(a). The dc link voltage is adjusted from the controlled rectifier by varying the conduction angles of the thyristors. The frequency of the fundamental output is controlled from the IGBT based voltage source inverter. The inverter is operating in the quasi square wave mode instead of more complex PWM mode. Thus the overall control scheme is similar to a three-phase drive system. Since the inverter is operating in square wave mode the analogue circuit based controller is much simpler and cheaper compared to more sophisticated digital signal processor based control schemes. This type of solution is very cheap and convenient for use in coarse applications such as water pumping.The power quality of the remote locations operation based controllers.
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in

developing

countries of

such

as

Indian sensitive

subcontinents are not adequate for reliable and durable microprocessors/microcontrollers/digital signal processors

A NOVEL THREE PHASE TO FIVE PHASE TRANSFORMATION USING SPECIAL TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Fig 6(a) drive

structure of five phase

6.4 Three phase drive: The predominant harmonics in a three-phase induction motor drive are 5th and 7th, with 5th being backward rotating and 7th being forward rotating both

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leading to 6th harmonic pulsating torques. The expression for the sixth harmonic pulsating torque is given as; Eqn 1(a)

An expression is derived for the sixth harmonic pulsating torque in terms of fundamental voltage and equivalent circuit parameter and is obtained as:

Eqn1(b) Where and y mk is the peak of kth harmonic mutual flux, V1 is the fundamental applied voltage, Xeq is the equivalent leakage reactance and P is the number of poles of induction machine.

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6.5 Five phase drive: The predominant harmonics in a five-phase machine are 9th and 11th, with 9th being backward rotating and 11th being forward rotating both leading to 10th harmonic torques The tenth harmonic pulsating torque for 180 conduction mode is obtained as: Eqn 2(a) The tenth harmonic pulsating torque for 144 conduction mode is obtained as: Eqn 2(b) An expression is derived for the tenth harmonic pulsating torque in terms of fundamental voltage and equivalent circuit parameter and is obtained as;
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Where

Thus the ratio of pulsating torques for a typical motor in two conduction modes is obtained as;

The relations show there is reduction in torque ripples in five phase motor at 144 conduction mode by

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10% (approx) when compared with 180 conduction mode of five phase motor, 700% when compared with 180 conduction modes of five phase motors, and 778% when compared with 180 conduction mode of three phase motor and 144 conduction mode of five phase motor. 6.6 Comparison of output performance on 5&6 phase machine: To provide basis for comparing the output current of the 3, 5, and 6-phase machines, it is convenient to represent the coupling of the rotor to stator windings through backemf.

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Fig 6(b) Five phase machine In general, winding harmonics coupled with

permeance harmonics due to stator slots and rotor saliency lead to a back-emf with significant harmonic content. Although important for evaluating acoustic noise, to compare the output of the machined rectifiers it is convenient to neglect harmonics and assume each of the machines has a phase-o back-emf of the form Where the amplitude e is a function of field flux linkage and rotor speed. 6.7 Operation of 5&6 phase: As conduction begins, the switching of each of the rectifiers is a function of the back-emf waveforms and is consistent with the numbering of the diodes. If one
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assumes equal back-emf amplitudes for the three machines, the speed where conduction begins (the line-to line emf exceeds the battery voltage) is lower for the 5-phase machine. The 6-phase machine is constructed as two 3phase machines offset by 30 electrical degrees. Therefore, the line-line emf of the 3 &6 phase machines is found from the vector sum of two phases displaced by I20 degrees, which is equal to . The line-line emf of the 5-phase machine, in contrast is found the vector sum of two phases displaced by 144 degrees, which is equal to 1.902ee. Thus, for a given speed, one would expect a line-to-line emf that is roughly 10% higher for the 5-phase machine compared to the 3- and 6-phase machines. For a given number of rotor poles and stator slot/pole/phase, 5-phase and 6-phase machines will have 513 and twice the number of slots as the. Carter's coefficient provides a starting point. For the geometry studied, the resultant Carter coefficients are shown in Table.

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Table: Carters coefficients for 3, 5 and 6 phase machines

These values were calculated assuming similar slot openings and stator inner diameters for each of the designs. Comparing values, the impact of the additional slots is clear; the flux linkage for the 5 and 6-phase machines will be reduced compared to the 3-phase machine. As the rotor speed increases above cut-in, the effect of the source inductance is significant. To illustrate, the modes of the 5-phase machine converter with a battery load are shown in Fig5 (d).
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Fig 6 (c). Operational modes of 5-phase machine

6.8 Modes of operation of 5&6 phase machines: From the fig5 (d) it can be seen that between rotor speeds of 1060-6000 rpm there are 8 distinct conduction patterns of the rectifier. At speeds between 1060 and 1076 rpm, a sequence of 0-2 diodes are conducting (mode 1): at speeds between 1076 and 1079
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rpm a sequence of 0-2-3-2 diodes are conducting (mode 2). These modes are not shown due to their short durations. As the rotor speed increases more diodes conduct and above 2563 rpm 5 diodes are always conducting. To model the 5 and 6-phase machines, the back-emf and magnetizing inductance obtained from the model of the 3- phase machine at each operating point are used. Specifically, the values from the 3-phase machine are multiplied by the ratio of Carter's coefficient of the 3-phase machine to that of the 5and 6-phase machine to generate the respective 5and 6-phase machine parameters. The stator leakage inductance for each machine is calculated from the respective slot geometry. The purpose of using the 3-phase data to generate 5 and 6-phase machine parameters is to assess the accuracy of using the ratio of Caner's coefficient to compare the performance of the three machines. The simulated performance of the simplified machine models are shown in Fig 6(d).
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Fig.6 (d) Simulated response using simplified machine models 6.9 Comparison of cost: In comparing the 5 and 6-phase machines, the 5-phase concept offers some advantages in terms of product performance as well as manufacturability that translate to lower cost. For one, the 5-phase is comprised of fewer slots. This helps not only the cost but also the machine performance. A 5-phase machine, wound with one slot/poly phase requires five stator slots per pole whereas a

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6-phase machine with one slot/pole/phase requires six slots per pole. The added slots of the 6-phase also present possible performance drawbacks. The flux will drop as a result of the larger effective air gap. An additional concern of the added slot count is the increase in eddy current losses on the unlaminanted rotor pole pieces. If a continuous assortment of diode current ratings were available, one could select a diode for the 6-phase with 5/6th the current rating of the 5-phase generator.

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CHAPTER 7 MATLAB
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7. MATLAB

Mat lab is a high-performance language for technical computing. and It integrates in an computation, easy-to-use visualization, programming

environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data
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analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface building.

Matlab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar no interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

The name matlab stands for matrix laboratory. Matlab was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the linpack and eispack projects. Today, matlab engines incorporate the lapack and

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blas libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation.

Matlab features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of matlab, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of matlab functions (M-files) that extend the matlab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others. 7.1 Main parts in mat lab: The matlab system consists of five main parts: Development Environment: This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use matlab functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It
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includes the matlab desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

Matlab Mathematical Function Library: This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

Matlab Language: This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away

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programs, and "programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs. Matlab has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for twodimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your matlab applications. The matlab Application Program Interface (API): This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with matlab. It includes facilities for calling routines from matlab (dynamic linking), calling matlab as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

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Tool boxes of mat lab:

Signal processing: The Signal Processing Blockset extends Simulink with efficient frame-based processing and blocks for designing, implementing, and verifying signal processing systems. The blockset enables you to model streaming data and multirate systems in communications, audio/video, digital control, radar/sonar, consumer and medical electronics, and other numerically intensive application areas.

Embedded target for Motorola mp 555: The Embedded Target for Motorola MPC555 lets you deploy production code generated from Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder directly onto MPC5xx microcontrollers. You can use the Embedded Target for
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Motorola MPC555 to execute code in real time on the Motorola MPC5xx for on-target rapid prototyping, production deployment of embedded applications, or validation and performance analysis.

Real time window target: Using Real-Time Workshop, you generate C code, compile it, and start real-time execution on Microsoft Windows while interfacing to real hardware using PC I/O boards. Other Windows applications continue to run during operation and can use all CPU cycles not needed by the real-time task.

Real-Time Workshop:

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Real-Time Workshop generates and executes standalone C code for developing and testing algorithms modeled in Simulink. The resulting code can be used for many real-time and non-real-time applications, including simulation acceleration, rapid prototyping, and hardwarein-the-loop testing.

Real-Time Workshop Embedded: Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder generates C code from Simulink and State flow models that has the clarity and efficiency of professional handwritten code. The generated code is exceptionally compact and fast essential requirements for embedded systems, on-target rapid prototyping boards, microprocessors used in mass production, and real-time simulators. You can use RealTime Workshop Embedded Coder to specify, deploy, and verify production-quality software

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CHAPTER 8 SIMULINK

8. SIMULINK

8.1 Introduction to simulink:

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Simulink is a software add-on to matlab which is a mathematical tool developed by The Math works a company based in Natick. Matlab is powered by extensive numerical analysis capability. Simulink is a tool used to visually program a dynamic system (those governed by Differential equations) and look at results. Any logic circuit, or control system for a dynamic system can be built by using standard building blocks available in Simulink Libraries. Various toolboxes for different techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, dsp, Statistics etc. are available with Simulink, which enhance the processing power of the tool. The main advantage is the availability of templates / building blocks, which avoid the necessity of typing code for small mathematical processes.

8.2 Concept of signal and logic flow: In Simulink, data/information from various blocks are sent to another block by lines connecting the relevant
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blocks. Signals can be generated and fed into blocks dynamic / static).Data can be fed into functions. Data can then be dumped into sinks which could be scopes, displays or could be saved to a file. Data can be connected from one block to another, can be branched, multiplexed etc. In simulation, data is processed and transferred only at discrete times, since all computers are discrete systems. Thus, a simulation time step (otherwise called an integration time step) is essential, and the selection of that step is determined by the fastest dynamics in the simulated system.

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Fig 8(a) Simulink library browser

8.3 Basic Elements:

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There are two basic elements in simulink: I) Blocks: are used to generate, modify, combine, output, and display signals. ii) Lines: are used to transfer signals from one block to another. Blocks: There are several general classes of blocks: Sources: Used to generate various signals Sinks: Used to output or display signals Linear: Linear, continuous-time system elements and gains,

connections (summing junctions, etc.)

Nonlinear: Nonlinear operators (arbitrary functions, Connections: Multiplex; Demultiplex, System Macros,

saturation, delay, etc.)

etc.

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Blocks have zero to several input terminals and

zero to several output terminals. Unused input terminals are indicated by a small open triangle. Unused output terminals are indicated by a small triangular point. The block shown below has an unused input terminal on the left and an unused output terminal on the right.

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Lines: Lines can never inject a signal into another line; lines must be combined th rough the use of a block such as a summing junction 8.4: Connecting blocks:

Fig8(b) Connecting blocks

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Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB for modeling and simulation of systems. In Simulink, systems are drawn on screen as block diagrams. Many elements of block diagrams are available, such as transfer functions, summing junctions, etc., as well as virtual input and Output devices such as function generators and oscilloscopes. Simulink is integrated with MATLAB and data can be easily transferred between the programs. When it starts, Simulink brings up two windows. The first is the main Simulink window, which appears as:

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The second window is a blank, untitled, model window. This is the window into which a new model can be drawn.

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A signal can be either a scalar signal or a vector signal. For Single-Input, Single-Output systems, scalar signals are generally used. For Multi-Input, Multi-Output systems, vector signals are often used, consisting of two or more scalar signals. The lines used to transmit scalar
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and vector signals are identical. The type of signal carried by a line is determined by the blocks on either end of the line.

Simple Example:

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The simple model (from the model file section) consists of three blocks: Step, Transfer Fun, and Scope. The Step is a source block from which a step input signal originates. This signal is transfered through the line in the direction indicated by the arrow to the Transfer Function linear block. The Transfer Function modifies its input signal and outputs a new signal on a line to the Scope. The Scope is a sink block used to display a signal much like an oscilloscope.

Modifying Blocks: A block can be modified by double-clicking on it. For example, if you double-click on the "Transfer Fun" block in the simple model, you will see the following dialog box.

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This dialog box contains fields for the numerator and the denominator of the block's transfer function. By entering a vector containing the coefficients of the desired numerator or denominator polynomial, the desired transfer function can be entered. For example, to change the denominator to s^2+2s+1, enter the following into the denominator field:

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[1 2 1] And hit the close button, the model window will change to the following,

This reflects the change in the denominator of the transfer function. The "step" block can also be double-clicked, bringing up the following dialog box.

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The default parameters in this dialog box generate a step function occurring at time=1 sec, from an initial level of zero to a level of 1. The most complicated of these three blocks is the "Scope" block. Double clicking on this brings up a blank oscilloscope screen.

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When a simulation is performed, the signal which feeds into the scope will be displayed in this window. Detailed operation of the scope will not be covered in this tutorial. The only function we will use is the autoscale button, which appears as a pair of binoculars in the upper portion of the window.

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Running Simulations: To run a simulation, we will work with the following model file:

Before running a simulation of this system, first open the scope window by double-clicking on the scope block. Then, to start the simulation, either select Start from the Simulation

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The simulation should run very quickly and the scope window will appear as shown below:

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Note that the simulation output (shown in yellow) is at a very low level relative to the axes of the scope. To fix this, hit the autoscale button (binoculars), this will rescale the axes as shown below.

Besides variable signals, and even entire systems Simulink is a platform for multinomial

can be exchanged between MATLAB and Simulink. simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of block libraries, and can be extended for specialized application blocks, left-click and drag the

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mouse from the output of one block to the input of another block.

Sources and sinks: The sources library contains the sources of data/signals that one would use in a dynamic system simulation. One may want to use a constant input, a sinusoidal wave, a step, a repeating sequence such as a pulse train, a ramp etc. One may want to test disturbance effects, and can use the random signal generator to simulate noise. The clock may be used to create a time index for plotting purposes. The ground could be used to connect to any unused port, to avoid warning messages indicating unconnected ports The sinks are blocks where signals are terminated or ultimately used. In most cases, we would want to store the resulting data in a file, or a matrix of variables. The data could be displayed or even stored to a file. The stop block

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could be used to stop the simulation if the input to that block (the signal being sunk) is non-zero. Figure 3 shows the available blocks in the sources and sinks libraries. Unused signals must be terminated, to prevent warnings about unconnected signals.

Fig 8.(c) Sources and sinks

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Continuous and discrete systems: All dynamic systems can be analyzed as continuous or discrete time systems. Simulink allows you to represent these systems using transfer functions, integration blocks, delay blocks etc.

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fig 8.(d)continous and discrete systems

Non-linear operators:
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A main advantage of using tools such as Simulink is the ability to simulate non-linear systems and arrive at results without having to solve analytically. It is very difficult to arrive at an analytical solution for a system having non-linearities such as saturation, signup function, limited slew rates etc. In Simulation, since systems are analyzed using iterations, non-linearities are not a hindrance. One such could be a saturation block, to indicate a physical limitation on a parameter, such as a voltage signal to a motor etc. Manual switches are useful when trying simulations with different cases. Switches are the logical equivalent of if-then statements in programming.

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fig 8(e) simulink blocks Mathematical operations: Mathematical operators such as products, sum, logical operations such as and, or, etc. .Can be programmed along with the signal flow. Matrix multiplication becomes easy with the matrix gain block. Trigonometric functions such as sin or tan inverse (at an) are also available. Relational operators such as equal to, greater than etc. can also be used in logic circuits

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Fig 8(f) Simulink math blocks Signals & data transfer: In complicated block diagrams, there may arise the need to transfer data from one portion to another portion of the block. They may be in different subsystems. That signal could be dumped into a goto block, which is used to send signals from one subsystem to another.

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Fig 8(g) signals and systems

Making subsystems: Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and place it in the parent block where you would like to hide the code. The type of subsystem depends on the purpose of the block. In general one will use the standard
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subsystem but other subsystems can be chosen. For instance, the subsystem can be a triggered block, which is enabled only when a trigger signal is received. When ports are created in the subsystem, they automatically create ports on the external (parent) block. This allows for connecting the appropriate signals from the parent block to the subsystem. Setting simulation parameters: Running a simulation in the computer always requires a numerical technique to solve a differential equation. The system can be simulated as a continuous system or a discrete system based on the blocks inside. The simulation start and stop time can be specified. In case of variable step size, the smallest and largest step size can be specified. A Fixed step size is recommended and it allows for indexing time to a precise number of points, thus controlling the size of the data vector. Simulation step size must be decided based on the dynamics of the system. A thermal process
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may warrant a step size of a few seconds, but a DC motor in the system may be quite fast and may require a step size of a few milliseconds.

SimDriveline : SimDriveline extends Simulink with tools for modeling and simulating the mechanics of driveline systems. These tools include components such as gears,
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rotating shafts, and clutches; standard transmission templates; and engine and tire models. SimDriveline is optimized for ease of use and speed of calculation for driveline mechanics. It is integrated with Math Works control design and code generation products, enabling you to design controllers and test them in real time with the model of the mechanical system.

SimEvents: SimEvents extends Simulink with tools for modeling and simulating discrete-event systems using queues and servers. With SimEvents you can create a discrete-event simulation model in Simulink to model the passing of entities through a network of queues, servers, gates, and switches based on events. Sim Power Systems:

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SimPowerSystems extends Simulink with tools for modeling and simulating basic electrical circuits and detailed electrical power systems. These tools let you model the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electrical power, as well as its conversion into mechanical power. SimPowerSystems is well suited to the development of complex, self-contained power systems, such as those in automobiles, aircraft, manufacturing plants, and power utility applications.

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CHAPTER 9 SIMULATION RESULTS

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9. SIMULATION RESULTS The designed transformer is at first simulated by using simpower system block sets of the Matlab/Simulink software. The inbuilt transformer blocks are used to simulate the conceptual design. The appropriate turn ratios are set in the dialog box and the simulation is run. Turn ratios are shown in Table. Standard wire gauge SWG) is shown in Table.
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Table: Design of the proposed transformer

A brief design description for the turn ratio, wire gauge, and the geometry of the transformers are shown in the Appendix. The simulation model is depicted in first fig and the resulting input and output voltage waveforms are illustrated in second fig.

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Fig. 9(a)Geometry of the transformer. Fig 9(b) Matlab/Simulink model of the three- to five-phase transformation.

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It is balanced three-phase input. Individual output phases are, also, shown along with their respective input voltages. The phase Va is not shown because Va=Vx (i.e., the input and the output phases are the same). There was no earth current flowing when both sides neutrals were earthed. The input and output currents with earth current waveforms are also shown in Fig. From this, we can say that the transformer, connected to the X input line, carries 16.77% (19.5/16.7) more current than that of the other two transformers (or two phases). Due to this efficiency, clearly seen that the output is a balanced five-phase supply for a overall transformer set is slightly lower than the conventional three-phase transformer.

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Fig.9 (c) Input Vy and Vz phases and output Vb phase voltage waveforms.9(d) Input Vy and Vx phases and output Vc phase voltage waveforms.9 (e) Input Vz and Vx phases and output Vd phase voltage waveforms

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CHAPTER 10 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

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10. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS This section elaborates the experimental setup and the results obtained by using the designed three- to five-phase transformation system. The designed transformation system has a 1:1 input: output ratio, hence, the output voltage is equal to the input voltage. Nevertheless, this ratio can be altered to suit the step up or step down requirements. This can be achieved by simply multiplying the gain factor in the turn ratios. In the present scheme for experimental purposes, three single phase autotransformers are used to supply input phases of the transformer connections. The output voltages can be adjusted by simply varying the taps of the autotransformer. For balanced output, the input must have balanced voltages. Any unbalancing in the input is directly reflected in the output phases. The input and output voltage waveforms under no-load steady-state conditions are recorded. The input and output voltage waveforms clearly
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show the successful implementation of the designed transformer. Since the input-power quality is poor, the same is reflected in the output as well. The output trace shows the no-load output voltages. Only four traces are shown due to the limited capability of the oscilloscope. Further tests are conducted under load conditions on the designed transformation system by feeding a five-phase induction motor.

Fig.10 (a) Circuit diagram for a direct-online start of the five-phase motor Direct online starting is done for a five-phase induction motor which is loaded by using an eddy-current
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load system. DC current of 0.5A is applied as the eddycurrent load on the five-phase induction machine. The resulting input (three-phase) waveforms and the output (five-phase) waveforms (voltages and currents) under steady state. The applied voltage to the input peak-topeak). The corresponding waveforms of the same phase A are equal to the input side voltage of 446 (peak-topic), since the transformer winding has a 1:1 ratio. The power factor is now reduced in the secondary side and is equal to 0.324 and the steady-state current reduces to 3.3 A (peakto-peak). The reduction in steady-state current is due to the increase in the number of output phases. Thus, once again, it is proved that the deigned transformation systems work satisfactorily. The transient performance of the three- to five-phase transformer is evaluated by recording the transient current when sup- plying the five-phase induction motor load. The maximum peak transient current is recorded as 7.04 A which is reduced to 4.32A in the steady-state condition. The settling time is recorded to be
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equal to 438.4 ms. side is 446 V (peak to peak) , the power factor is 0.3971, and the steady-state current is seen as

scopes

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CHAPTER 11 APPENDIX
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11. APPENDIX 11.1Design of the transformer: 1) The volt per turn

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2) Standard core size of No. 8 of E and I was used whose central limb width is 2*2.54=5.08cm =50.8mm. 3) Standard size of Bakelite bobbin for 8 no. core of 3*2.54=7.62cm=76.2 mm was taken which will give core area of 38.7096cm. 4) Turns of primary windings of all three single-phase transformers are equal and the enamelled wire gauge is 15 SWG. The VA rating of each transformer is 2000. Wire gauge was chosen at a current density of 4 A/mm because enamelled wire was of the grade which can withstand the temperature up to 180. The winding has 15 SWG wire because it carries the sum of two currents (i.e., rated current). times the 5-phase

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CHAPTER 12 CONCLUSION

12. CONCLUSION This paper proposes a new transformer connection scheme to transform the three-phase grid power to a fivephase output supply. The connection scheme and the phasor diagram along with the turn ratios are illustrated. The successful implementation of the proposed connection scheme is elaborated by using simulation and
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experimentation. A five-phase induction motor under a loaded condition is used to prove the viability of the transformation system. It is expected that the proposed connection scheme can be used in drives applications and may also be further explored to be utilized in multiphase power transmission systems.

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CHAPTER 13 BIBILIOGRAPHY

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13. REFERENCES [1] E. E. Ward and H. Harer, Preliminary investigation of an inverter-fed 5-phase induction motor, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 116, no. 6, 1969. [2] A. Iqbal, Modeling and control of series-connected five-phase U.K., 2006. and six-phase two-motor drive, Ph.D. dissertation, Liverpool John Moores Univ., Liverpool,

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[3] G. K. Singh, Self excited induction generator researcha survey, Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 69, pp. 107114, 2004. [4] O. Ojo and I. E. Davidson, PWM-VSI inverterassisted stand-alone dual stator winding induction generator, IEEE Trans Ind. Appl., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 16041611, Nov./Dec. 2000. [5] G. K. Singh, K. B. Yadav, and R. P. Saini, Modeling and analysis of multiphase (six-phase) self-excited induction generator, in Proc. Eight Int. Conf. on Electric Machines and Systems, China, 2005, pp. 19221927. [6] G. K. Singh, K. B. Yadav, and R. P. Sani, Analysis of saturated multiphase (six-phase) self excited induction generator, Int. J. Emerging Elect. Power Syst., Article 5, vol. 7, no. 2, Sep. 2006.

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