A Project on

Construction of Pile Foundation

Bored cast in situ piles as adopted in Bridge no: 6



Construction of 4rth line between Tikiapara and Santragachi

Of
Kharagpur Division of South Eastern Railway

By

1. Ch.Srinivasa Rao, XEN {Con)JSRC at GRC
2. K.K.Das, AXEN {Con)JCKP

(!ntegrated Course no 61+)




Under Guidance of Sri Rajesh Kumar, Professor Track-1



Construction of Pile foundation

Brief about

4rth line between Tikiapara and Santragachi

o Tikiapara and Santragachi stations are situated at Km 2.5 and 7.0
from Howrah on Howrah - Numbai main line.
o !t is a Group A route. There are three lines in between Howrah -
Santragachi (Upto to Panskura) . About 35 pairs of NailfExpress, 75 pairs
of Suburban and passenger trains excluding haulage of empty trains are
running in the section. Out of which 20 materializes during morning
and evening peak hours.

o The empty rakes are brought to Santragachi Coaching Complex for
maintenance, which eats up the actual carrying capacity of the existing
lines arising need for construction of +rth line.
o !t is a deposit work of Rail vikas Nigam Limited, Estimate cost of
which is Rs.+6.8Cr

o Bridge no: 6 is situated at Km 4 from Howrah, proposed with a
single span of 45.7m Through Girder, With pile foundation{
RCC Bored Cast in situ) with 14 nos 1.2m dia piles on either
side.




!!. Brief about
1. About pile foundations
2. Relevant !S Codes adopted
3. Relevant Nanual provisions
+. Construction work at site


About pile foundations
Driving of bearing piles to support structures is one of the earliest
examples of the art and science of the civil engineering.

Need of pile foundation arises when scope of shallow foundation fails due
to
- Highly compressible soil in top layers having Poor bearing
capacity.
-!nability to transmit inclined, horizontal or uplift forces and overturning
moments, etc.


Load transfer in pile foundation may be of
- a shear stress mobilization on the surface of the shaft due to friction in sands and
adhesion in clays i.e. friction piles.
- by bearing capacity at the base of the pile, i.e. end bearing piles.
Piles are classified according to material, method of construction, shape, size,
mode of load transfer, inclination, etc.
Type of may be selected according to site conditions and other related governing
factors.


Relevant !S Codes adopted
!S Codes for Design and construction of pile foundation

!S 2911 (Part 1fSec !) : Driven Cast in situ concrete piles
IS 2911 {Part 1JSec II) : Bored Cast in situ concrete piles
: IS 1S92 For soil investigation
data
!S 2911 (Part 1fSec !!!) : Driven pre cast concrete piles
!S 2911 (Part 1fSec !v) : Bored Pre cast concrete piles
!S 2911 (Part !1) : Timber piles
!S 2911 ( Part !!!) : Under Reamed Pile
IS 2911 { Part IV) : Load Test on Piles




Relevant Nanual Provisions
Para +05 to +16
!ndian Railways Bridge Nanual

- Guide lines regarding soil exploration, classification of piles, Selection of
material
8 type of pile, spacing of pile, load carrying capacity of pilefGroup of
piles, construction of pile foundation, etc.

Construction work at site
Alignment
Soil investigation
Preparation of Design 8 Drawing,
Approval of Chief Engineer and
Obtaining CRS sanction
Actual execution

Alignment
The alignment of +rth line is running on west side, parallel to
existing up main line of Howrah-Kharagpur section.
While deciding the alignment, sufficient space between exist.
Line and pro.line was provided keeping in view the Protection
works to be taken up during the construction work.

Soil !nvestigation
Soil investigation work was done by N!HAR!KA CONSTRUCT!ON, Kolkata.

Field work includes
- Collection of representative soil samples, standard penetration
tests, collection of undisturbed samples, ground water, etc.
-

Laboratory tests includes
- Sequence of sub-soil properties, soil profile properties, etc.

- Calculation of bearing capacity as per static formulae is given
in Appendix B of !S 2911(Part !fsection 2)

Preparation of Design 8 Drawing

Based on the Design data, GAD is prepared
After approval of Chief Engineer 8 CRS sanction , the GAD
along with other detailed drawings will be available for
execution.

Execution of construction works at site

Preliminary works
-Submit the Coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and Cement to approved
laboratory and keep ready Nix Design report
-Get the material tested such as steel, NS liners, etc

-Fixing of correct alignment and marking layout of bridge
-Water supply arrangement for boring including for bore wash and for
concreting.
- Arrangements for disposal of mud water coming out from bore.

Keep all the machinery like winch, tripod, bailer, DNC pipes, tremie pipes,
etc.ready.

Keep the NS liners, reinforcement cage ready
Keep welding plant ready for welding of liners and reinforcement
Keep cement, Fine 8 Coarse aggregates ready
Provide a separate pit for mixing and adding bentonite slurry

Piling work
We have in possession of Nix Design report for N
35
(for pile) and other
tests reports for steel, liners, etc

We have Total Station (Theodolite)".
Narked the correct centre line and layout of bridge. Narked the correct
location of each pile by driving iron rods 8 made concrete pillars.

Some of the piles are falling very nearer to existing track. Rail piling was
done parallel to track for protection of existing line

Nost of the +rth line alignment is falling in the borrow pit area and so the
area is always under water logged condition.

The area is developed by filling sand up to toe of proposed alignment
and at the toe it is protected by constructing the boulder crate

One tank is made for collecting water and mixing of bentonite which will
be used for boring

Checked the CA , FA and Cement for requirement as per mix design

NS liners are ready, reinforcement cage is ready

Welding plant is ready which will be required for welding of NS liners and
reinforcement cage
Placed the tripod in pile location, attached the bailer to winch through
wire rope, pully and adjusted the tripod legs so that the bailer is placed
exactly over the pile centre

Attached the water supply (with bentonite) pipe in side the bailer
Boring work started by operating the winch

!t is a continuous process from the time of start of boring till the end of
concreting
!n this operation basically the soil is loosened by impact of bailerfChisel
and the loose soil mixed water is coming out as mud from the bore

!n the first two to three meters the boring was done by bailer and there
after by chisel
Liners are driven by bailer up to a depth of 13.5m by welding liner
segments
Chisel is attached to DNC pipe through which water is injected at Chisel
level
The DNC (Direct Nud Circulation) pipes , chisel are measured in
advance, the from which depth of boring can be measured
After reaching desired depth, wash the bore with fresh water for half to
one hour through DNC pipe and DNC pipes, chisel are withdrawn
The reinforcement cage which was made in parts was lowered one by
one by welding maintaining lap length

Tremie pipes are lowered and the bore is further washed for one to one
8 half hour
At the top of tremie pipe a funnel type attachment is fixed for poring the
concrete
At the neck of the funnel some lock type of arrangement is provided by
which concrete can be stoppedfallowed to fall only after full funnel is
loaded with concrete.
At first two or three times the concrete is allowed to fall only after full
funnel is loaded called charging
Then the concreting is continued through tremie pipe till completion
!t should be ensured that the part of the tremie pipe at bottom should
always be embedded in green concrete
During this process tremie pipes are withdrawn as concreting level is
coming up
The concreting is continued till thick mud followed by green concrete
came out

Load test
The pile was allowed for 28 days curing
There after routine load test was conducted according to the provision of
!S 2911(Part +)


Conclusion

The pile was found safe for carrying design load





























ACKNOWLEDGENENT


!R!CEN an !SO- 9001 institute of Civil Engineers is setting out milestones
in imparting outstanding training to civil engineers of !ndian Railways.
This is one of the dream institutes and its most distinguishable feature is
that it moulds one into thorough gentleman. !t is always open for valuable
suggestions and its immediate implementation.

We would like to pay our gratitude and special thanks to Shri SHIV KUMAR,
DIRECTOR, and IRICEN.
We are thankful to Project Director, Shri RAJESH KUMAR, Professor Track -1
and Course Director Shri A.K.Rai and to all Faculty members, staff of the institute
for their kind co-operation