BFC 4043

2.0 SHALLOW FOUNDATION :

2.1 General Concept
A shallow foundation must :
- be safe against overall shear failure in the soil
- not undergo excessive settlement
Nature of bearing capacity failure are : (as shown in Figure 2.1)
- general shear failure (for stiff clay or dense sand)
- local shear failure (for medium dense sand or clayey soil)
- punching shear failure(loose sand or soft clay)
Figure 2.1 Nature of bearing capacity failure : (a) general shear (b)
local shear (c) punching shear
1
BFC 4043
Vesic (1973) proposed a relationship for the bearing capacity
failure on sands in terms of relative density, D
r
depth of
foundation, D
f
and B*, Figure 2.2
Where :
L B
BL
B
+

2
*
and B width, L length of foundation
NOTE : L IS ALWAYS GREATER THAN B
For square; B=L and for circular; B=L=Diameter of foundation
and B* = B
Figure 2.2 Modes of foundation failure in sand, (Vesic, 1973)
2
BFC 4043
2.2 Terzaghi s Beari ng Capaci ty
Terzaghi suggested for a continuous or strip foundation with
failure surface as in Figure 2.3
Figure 2.3 Bearing capacity failure in soil under rough rigid
continuous foundation
Soil above the bottom of foundation is surcharge, q =

D
f
The failure zone under the foundation is separated into three
parts namely;
- triangular ACD under the foundation
- radial shear zones ADF and CDE with curves DE and DF
as arcs of logarithmic spiral
- Rankine passive zones AFH and CEG

CAD and

ACD are assume to equal friction angle,

Thus ultimate bearing capacity, q
u
for general shear failure can
be expressed as :
3
BFC 4043
) . .........( 3 . 0 3 . 1
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1
) . .......( 5 . 0
foundation circular BN qN cN q
foundation square BN qN cN q
foundation strip BN qN cN q
q c u
q c u
q c u

+ +
+ +
+ +
Where : c cohesion of soil

- unit weight of soil

q =

D
f
N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity factors
And
( )
( ) 1 cot 1
2 4
cos 2
cot
2
tan 2 / 4 / 3 2

1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

q c
N
e
N

( )

,
_

2
45 cos 2
2
tan 2 / 4 / 3 2

e
N
q

tan 1
cos 2
1
2

,
_

p
K
N

where p
K
- passive pressure coefficient
Table 2.1 summarizes values for N
c
, N
q
, and N
Table 2.1 Terzaghis Bearing Capacitys Factors
Nc Nq
N

Nc Nq
N

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
5.70
6.00
6.30
6.62
6.97
7.34
7.73
8.15
8.60
9.09
9.61
10.16
10.76
11.41
12.11
12.86
13.68
14.60
1.00
1.10
1.22
1.35
1.49
1.64
1.81
2.00
2.21
2.44
2.69
2.98
3.29
3.63
4.02
4.45
4.92
5.45
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.20
0.27
0.35
0.44
0.56
0.69
0.85
1.04
1.26
1.52
1.82
2.18
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
27.09
29.24
31.61
34.24
37.16
40.41
44.04
48.09
52.64
57.75
63.53
70.01
77.50
85.97
95.66
106.81
119.67
134.58
14.21
15.90
17.81
19.98
22.46
25.28
28.52
32.23
36.50
41.44
47.16
53.80
61.55
70.61
81.27
93.85
108.75
126.50
9.84
11.60
13.70
16.18
19.13
22.65
26.87
31.94
38.04
45.41
54.36
65.27
78.61
95.03
115.31
140.51
171.99
211.56
4
BFC 4043
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
15.12
16.56
17.69
18.92
20.27
21.75
23.36
25.13
6.04
6.70
7.44
8.26
9.19
10.23
11.40
12.72
2.59
3.07
3.64
4.31
5.09
6.00
7.08
8.34
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
151.95
172.28
196.22
224.55
258.28
298.71
347.50
147.74
173.28
204.19
241.80
287.85
344.63
415.14
261.60
325.34
407.11
512.84
650.67
831.99
1072.80
From Kumbhojkar (1993)
And ultimate bearing capacity, q
u
for local shear failure can be
expressed as :
) . .........( ' 3 . 0 ' ' 867 . 0
) . ........( ' 4 . 0 ' ' 867 . 0
) . .......( ' 5 . 0 ' '
3
2
foundation circular BN qN cN q
foundation square BN qN cN q
foundation strip BN qN cN q
q c u
q c u
q c u

+ +
+ +
+ +
Where : N
c
, N
q
, N (see Table 2.2) are reduced bearing capacity
factors can be calculated by using N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity
factors with

,
_

tan
3
2
tan '
1
Table 2.2 Terzaghis Modified Bearing Capacitys Factors
Nc Nq
N

Nc Nq
N

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5.70
5.90
6.10
6.30
6.51
6.74
6.97
7.22
7.47
7.74
8.02
8.32
8.63
8.96
9.31
9.67
10.06
10.47
10.90
11.36
11.85
12.37
12.92
13.51
14.14
14.80
1.00
1.07
1.14
1.22
1.30
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.70
1.82
1.94
2.08
2.22
2.38
2.55
2.73
2.92
3.13
3.36
3.61
3.88
4.17
4.48
4.82
5.20
5.60
0.00
0.005
0.02
0.04
0.055
0.074
0.10
0.128
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.30
0.35
0.42
0.48
0.57
0.67
0.76
0.88
1.03
1.12
1.35
1.55
1.74
1.97
2.25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
15.53
16.30
17.13
18.03
18.99
20.03
21.16
22.39
23.72
25.18
26.77
28.51
30.43
32.53
34.87
37.45
40.33
43.54
47.13
51.17
55.73
60.91
66.80
73.55
81.31
6.05
6.54
7.07
7.66
8.31
9.03
9.82
10.69
11.67
12.75
13.97
15.32
16.85
18.56
20.50
22.70
25.21
28.06
31.34
35.11
39.48
44.45
50.46
57.41
65.60
2.59
2.88
3.29
3.76
4.39
4.83
5.51
6.32
7.22
8.35
9.41
10.90
12.75
14.71
17.22
19.75
22.50
26.25
30.40
36.00
41.70
49.30
59.25
71.45
85.75
Example 2.1
5
BFC 4043
Given : A square foundation, 1.5m x 1.5m in plan view
Soil parameters :
= 20, c = 15.2 kN/m
2
,

=17.8 kN/m
3
Assume : FS = 4, general shear failure condition and D
f
= 1 m
Find : Allowable gross load on the foundation
Solution :
) . ........( 4 . 0 ' 3 . 1 foundation square BN qN N c q
q c u
+ +
For = 20, (Table 2.1); N
c
= 17.69, N
q
= 7.44, N

= 3.64
Thus
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 64 . 3 )( 5 . 1 )( 8 . 17 )( 4 . 0 ( 44 . 7 8 . 17 1 69 . 17 2 . 15 3 . 1 4 . 0 3 . 1 + + + +

BN qN cN q
q c u

2
/ 521 87 . 38 43 . 132 55 . 349 m kN + +
Allowable bearing capacity :
2
/ 130
4
521
m kN
FS
q
q
u
all

Thus total allowable gross load, Q
kN B A q Q
all all
5 . 292 ) 5 . 1 5 . 1 ( 130 130
2

Example 2.2
Given : Repeat example 2.1
Assume : Local shear failure condition
Solution :
) . ........( ' 4 . 0 ' ' 867 . 0 foundation square BN qN cN q
q c u
+ +
For = 20, (Table 2.2); N
c
= 11.85, N
q
= 3.88, N

= 1.12
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 12 . 1 )( 5 . 1 )( 8 . 17 )( 4 . 0 ( 88 . 3 8 . 17 1 85 . 11 2 . 15 867 . 0 ' 4 . 0 ' ' ' 867 . 0 + + + +

BN qN N c q
q c u

2
/ 3 . 237 0 . 12 1 . 69 2 . 156 m kN + +
Allowable load :
2
/ 3 . 59
4
3 . 237
m kN
FS
q
q
u
all

;
kN A q Q
all all
4 . 133 ) 5 . 1 5 . 1 ( 3 . 59
6
BFC 4043
2.3 Effect of Water Tabl e on Beari ng Capaci ty
All equations mentioned before are based on the location of
water table well below the foundation; if otherwise, some
modification should be made according to the location of the
water table, see Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4 Modification of bearing capacity for water table
Case I : 0 D
1
D
f
- q(effective surcharge) =
'
2 1
D D +
- where :
-
'
- effective unit weight = w sat

-
sat

- saturated unit weight of soil

-
w

- unit weight of water = 9.81kN/m

3
or 62.4 lb/ft
3
-
'
in the last term of the equation
Case II : 0 d B
- the value f
D q
-
( ) ' ' +
B
d
Case III : d B
- water has no effect on the q
u
Note : the val ues of beari ng capaci ty factors used stri ctl y dependi ng on
whether the condi ti on i s general or l ocal shear fai l ure.
2.4 Factor of Safety, FS
7
BFC 4043

FS
q
q
u
all
, where :
- q
all
- gross allowable load-bearing capacity,
- q
u
gross ultimate bearing capacity,
- FS factor of safety
Values of FS against bearing capacity failure is 2.5 to 3.0.
Net stress increase on soil = net ultimate bearing capacity/FS

FS
q q
q
u
net all

) (
, and :
f
u net u
D q
q q q


) ( ;
Where : q
all(net)
net allowable bearing capacity
q
u(net)
net ultimate bearing capacity
Procedure for FS
shear
a. Find developed cohesion,c
d
and angle of friction,
d
;

,
_

shear
d
shear
d
FS
and
FS
c
c

tan
tan ...... .......
1
) . .........( 3 . 0 3 . 1
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1
) . .......( 5 . 0
foundation circular BN qN cN q
foundation square BN qN cN q
foundation strip BN qN cN q
q c u
q c u
q c u

+ +
+ +
+ +
b. Terzaghis equations become (with c
d
and
d
):
) . .........( 3 . 0 3 . 1
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1
) . .......( 5 . 0
foundation circular BN qN N c q
foundation square BN qN N c q
foundation strip BN qN N c q
q c d u
q c d u
q c d u

+ +
+ +
+ +
With : N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity factors for
d
c. Thus, the net allowable bearing capacity :
( )

BN N q N c q q q
q c d all net all
2
1
1
) (
+ +
Example 2.3
8
BFC 4043
Using
FS
q q
q
u
net all

) (
; and FS = 5; find net allowable load for the
foundation in example 2.1 with q
u
= 521 kN/m
2
With q
u
= 521 kN/m
2
; q = 1(17.8) = 17.8 kN/m
2
2
) (
/ 64 . 100
5
8 . 17 521
m kN
FS
q q
q
u
net all

Hence Q
all(net)
= 100.64(1.5x1.5) = 226.4 kN
Example 2.4
Using Example 3.1, and Terzaghis equation
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1 foundation square BN qN cN q
q c u
+ +
with FS
shear
= 1.5;
Find net allowable load for the foundation
For c=15.2 kN/m
2
, = 20 and

,
_

shear
d
shear
d
FS
and
FS
c
c

tan
tan ...... .......
1
c
d
=
2
/ 13 . 10
5 . 1
2 . 15
m kN
FS
c
shear

d
= tan
-1
[
shear
FS
tan
] = tan
-1
[
5 . 1
20 tan
] = 13.64
With :
( )

BN N q N c q
q c d net all
4 . 0 1 3 . 1
) (
+ +
From Table 2.1 : =13.6 ;
2 . 1

N
;
8 . 3
q
N
;
12
c
N
(estimation)
Hence :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
) (
/ 220 2 . 12 8 . 49 0 . 158
2 . 1 5 . 1 8 . 17 4 . 0 1 8 . 3 8 . 17 12 13 . 10 3 . 1
m kN
q
net all
+ +
+ +
( ) ( ) kN Q
net all
495 5 . 1 5 . 1 220
) (

2.5 The General Beari ng Capaci ty Equati on
9
BFC 4043
The need to address for rectangular shape foundation where :
(0<B/L<1)
Meyerhof (1963) suggest :
i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F BN F F F qN F F F cN q

2
1
+ +
Where :
c cohesion
q effective stress at the level of the bottom of foundation

- unit weight of soil

B width (or diameter) of foundation
N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity factors
s qs cs
F F F

, ,
- shape factors
d qd cd
F F F

, ,
- depth factors
i qi ci
F F F

, ,
- load inclination factors
Values
- bearing capacity factors :
( ) cot 1
q c
N N ( )

tan 1 2 +
q
N N
- shape, depth and inclination factors :
- shape
c
q
cs
N
N
L
B
F + 1
,
tan 1
L
B
F
qs
+
,
L
B
F
s
4 . 0 1

Where : L length of the foundation and (L>B)

- depth
if D
f
/B 1
B
D
F
f
cd
4 . 0 1+
,
( )
B
D
F
f
qd
2
sin 1 tan 2 1 +
,
1
d
F

if D
f
/B > 1
10

tan 2
2
45 tan e N
q

,
_

+
BFC 4043

( )

,
_

+

B
D
F
f
cd
1
tan 4 . 0 1
,
( )

,
_

+

B
D
F
f
qd
1 2
tan sin 1 tan 2 1


1
d
F

NOTE : tan
-1
(D
f
/B) is in radi an
- inclination
2
90
1
,
_

qi ci
F F
2
1

,
_

i
F

Where : inclination of load from vertical
For undrained condition ( = 0)
q F F N c q
cd cs c u u
+
cd cs c u u u net
F F N c q q q
) (
Skemptons :

,
_

,
_

+
L
B
B
D
c q
f
u net
2 . 0 1 2 . 0 1 5
) (
Table 2.3
Vesics Bearing Capacity Factors for General Equation (1973)
Nc Nq
N

Nq/ Nc Tan Nc Nq
N

Nq/ Nc Tan
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
5.14
5.38
5.63
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
7.16
7.53
7.92
8.35
8.80
9.28
9.81
10.37
10.98
11.63
12.34
13.10
13.93
14.83
15.82
1.00
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.57
1.72
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.47
2.71
2.97
3.26
3.59
3.94
4.34
4.77
5.26
5.80
6.40
7.07
0.00
0.07
0.15
0.24
0.34
0.45
0.57
0.71
0.86
1.03
1.22
1.44
1.69
1.97
2.29
2.65
3.06
3.53
4.07
4.68
5.39
6.20
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
22.25
23.94
25.80
27.86
30.14
32.67
35.49
38.64
42.16
46.12
50.59
55.63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
93.71
105.11
118.37
133.88
152.10
173.64
11.85
13.20
14.72
16.44
18.40
20.67
23.18
26.09
29.44
33.30
37.75
42.92
48.93
55.96
64.20
73.90
85.38
99.02
115.31
134.88
158.51
187.21
12.54
14.47
16.72
19.34
22.40
25.99
30.22
35.19
41.06
48.03
56.31
66.19
78.03
92.25
109.41
130.22
155.55
186.54
224.64
271.76
330.35
403.67
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.08
11
BFC 4043
22
23
24
25
16.88
18.05
19.32
20.72
7.82
8.66
9.60
10.66
7.13
8.20
9.44
10.88
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
48
49
50
199.26
229.93
266.89
222.31
265.51
319.07
496.01
613.16
762.89
1.12
1.15
1.20
Example 2.5
Figure 2.5
Given : A square foundation (B x B), Figure 2.5, Q=150 kN.
D
f
= 0.7m, load is inclined at 20 from vertical, FS = 3.
Use general bearing capacity factors
Find : The width of foundation B
) '
2
1
(
i d s qi qd qs q u
F F F BN F F F qN q

+
;
( ) ( )
2
/ 6 . 12 18 7 . 0 m kN q
From Table 2.3 : For =30: N
q
= 18.4, N

= 22.4, N
q
/ N
c
= 0.61
,
Tan = 0.58
( ) 58 . 1 58 . 0 1 tan 1 + +
B
B
L
B
F
qs

;
6 . 0 4 . 0 1 4 . 0 1
,
_

B
B
L
B
F
s
( ) ( ) ( )
B B B
D
F
f
qd
202 . 0
1
7 . 0
30 sin 1 58 . 0 2 1 sin 1 tan 2 1
2 2
+ + +
;
1
d
F

605 . 0
90
20
1
90
1
2 2

,
_

,
_

qi ci
F F ;
11 . 0
30
20
1 1
2 2

,
_

,
_

i
F
12
BFC 4043
So
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) B
B
B
B
F F F BN F F F qN q
i d s qi qd qs q u
3 . 13
68 . 44
2 . 221 11 . 0 1 6 . 0 4 . 22 18
2
1
605 . 0
202 . 0
1 58 . 1 4 . 18 6 . 12
) '
2
1
(
+ +
1
]
1

,
_

+
+

B
B B
set thus
q
q
u
all
43 . 4
89 . 14
73 . 73
150
:
3
2
+ +
By trial and error : B=1.3m
2.6 Eccentri cal l y Loaded Foundati ons
Eccentrically loaded foundations give non-uniform distribution
of pressure, Figure 2.6
Figure 2.6 Eccentrically loaded foundations
Eccentricity,
Q
M
e
q
max
and q
min
is given by :
13
BFC 4043

,
_

+
B
e
BL
Q
q
6
1
max and

,
_

B
e
BL
Q
q
6
1
min
if e > B/6, and q
min
becomes negative then :
( ) e B L
Q
q
2 3
4
max

Factor of safety against bearing capacity failure; effective area

method, by Meyerhof (1953)
a. Find effective dimensions of the dimensions
- the smaller of B and L is the width
- effective width, B = B 2e
- effective length, L = L
- if e is in the direction of L than L = L 2e
b. Find the ultimate bearing capacity, q
u
:
i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F N B F F F qN F F F cN q

'
2
1
' + +
- use L and B to find s qs cs
F and F F

. . ,
- use B to find d qd cd
F and F F

. . ,
c. Total ultimate load,
( ) ' ' '
' '
L B q A q Q
u u ult

; where A effective
area
d. Factor of safety,
Q
Q
FS
ult

e. Check FS against q
max
;
max
'
q
q
FS
u

Example 2.6
Given : A square foundation as shown in Figure 2.7. Using general
bearing capacity factors, (table 2.3)
14
BFC 4043

Figure 2.7
Find : Ultimate load, Q
ult
,
assume one way load eccentricity, e = 0.15m
Solution : with c = 0; i d s qi qd qs q u
F F F N B F F F qN q

'
2
1
' +
Where :
q = 0.7(18) = 12.6 kN/m
2
for = 30, from Table 2.3 : N
q
=18.4 and N

=22.4
B = 1.5 2(0.15) = 1.2m
L = 1.5m
Thus values for general bering capacity equations : (using B and L)
462 . 1 30 tan
5 . 1
2 . 1
1 tan
'
'
1
,
_

+ +
L
B
F
qs
( )
( ) ( )
135 . 1
5 . 1
7 . 0 289 . 0
1 sin 1 tan 2 1
2
+ +
B
D
F
f
qd

68 . 0
5 . 1
2 . 1
4 . 0 1
'
'
4 . 0 1
,
_

,
_

L
B
F
s
1
d
F

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
/ 2 . 549 5 . 164 7 . 384
1 68 . 0 4 . 22 2 . 1 18 135 . 1 462 . 1 4 . 18 6 . 12 '
m kN
q
u
+
+
15
Sand :
0
30
/ 18
3

c
m kN

1.5m x 1.5 m
0.7 m
BFC 4043
Q
ult
= q
u
X A = 549.2 X (1.5X1.2) = 988kN
Q
all
= 988/3 = 330kN with FS=3
2.7 Load on stri p footi ng
Example 2.7 :
Given : The strip footing shown below is to be constructed in a
uniform deposit of stiff clay and must support a wall that imposes a
loading of 152 kN/m of wall length. Use general bearing capacity
factors.
Find : The width of footing with FS of 3.
Figure 2.8
Solution :
2
2
/ 9 . 72
2
/ 8 . 145
2
;
. .......( 5 . 0
m kN
m kN q
c with
foundation strip BN qN cN q
u
q c u

+ +

And =0; from the Table 2.3 N

c
= 5.14, N
q
= 1.0 and N

=0
m
m kN
m kN
dthofwall requiredwi
m kN
m kN
q
m kN B m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
15 . 1
/ 4 . 132
/ 0 . 152
/ 4 . 132
3
/ 3 . 397
/ 3 . 397 ) 0 )( )( / 82 . 18 ( 5 . 0 ) 0 . 1 )( 2 . 1 )( / 82 . 18 ( ) 14 . 5 )( / 9 . 72 (
2
2
2
2 3 3 2


+ +
16
BFC 4043
B required is 1.5 meter to be conservative
2.8 Di mensi on of l oaded square pad footi ng
Example 2.8 :
Soil deposit has the following ;

=20.44 kN/m
3
, =30, c=38.3kN/m
2
Square footing located 1.52 m below surface, carries 2670 kN and
groundwater is negligible. Use Terzaghis values, (Table 2.1).
Find : The right dimension B. Use Terzaghis equation
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1 foundation square BN qN cN q
q c u
+ +
With =30; N
c
=37.16, N
q
=22.46, N

=19.13
Assume B=3 m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
63 . 1 65 . 2
/ 7 . 1005
2670
/ 7 . 1005
3
/ 3017
/ 3017 / 469 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 3 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Assume B=1 m;
17
2670 kN
= 20.44 kN/m
3
1.52m =30
c = 38.3 kN/m
2
Figure 2.9
BFC 4043
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
65 . 1 72 . 2
/ 980
2670
/ 980
3
/ 2939
/ 2939 / 391 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Assume B=2m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
67 . 1 80 . 2
/ 954
2670
/ 954
3
/ 2861
/ 2861 / 313 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 2 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Assume B=1.8m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
68 . 1 83 . 2
/ 943
2670
/ 943
3
/ 2830
/ 2830 / 282 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 8 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Assume B=1.7m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
7 . 1 85 . 2
/ 938
2670
/ 938
3
/ 2814
/ 2814 / 266 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 7 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Therefore use 1.7m x 1.7m
2.9 Contact Pressure and stabi l i ty check.
Can be computed by using flexural formula of :
18
BFC 4043
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
Where :
q contact pressure
Q total axial vertical load
A area of footing
M
x
, M
y
total moment about respective x and y axes
I
x
, I
y
moment of inertia about respective x and y axes
x, y distance from centroid to the outer most point at
which the contact pressure is computed along respective x and
y axes.
Example 2.9
A pad footing with dimension of 1.52 x 1.52m acted upon by the load
of 222.4kN. Estimate soil contact pressure and FS against bearing
capacity.
Given :
1.52m by 1.52m square footing; P=222.4kN; soil

=18.85kN/m
3
concrete

=24 kN/m
3
; q
u
= 143.64 kN/m
2
Find :
a. Soil contact pressure
b. FS against bearing capacity pressure
19
222.4KN
0.14m
2 0.91m
1.22m
0.31m
1.52m
Figure 2.10
BFC 4043
Solution :
a.
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
; M
x
=M
y
=0; since load on centroid
Total load calculation, Q :
Column load, P = 222.4kN
Weight of footing base
= (1.52m)(1.52m)0.31m(24kN/m
3
) = 17.19 kN
Weight of footing pedestal
= (0.14m)(0.14m)(0.91m)(24kN/m
3
) = 0.43 kN
Weight of backfill soil
= [(1.52m)(1.52m)-(0.14m)(0.14m)](0.91m) x 18.85kN/m
3
= 39.3kN
Q = 222.4 + 17.19 + 0.43 + 39.3 = 279.32kN
Area, A = 1.52mx1.52m = 2.31m
2
Soil contact pressure or Stress, q = Q/A = 120.9 kN/m
2


b.
2
2
/ 82 . 71
2
/ 64 . 143
2
4 . 0 2 . 1
m kN
m kN q
c
BN N D cN q
u
q f c ult

+ +


Assuming cohesive soil has : =0 and c>0; thus :
N
c
=5.14, N
q
=1.0, N

=0, D
f
=1.22m
85 . 3
9 . 120
98 . 465
/ 98 . 465
0 ) 0 . 1 )( 22 . 1 ( 85 . 18 ) 14 . 5 )( 82 . 71 ( 2 . 1 4 . 0 2 . 1
2

+ + + +
q
q
FS
m kN
BN N D cN q
ult
q f c ult

Since FS > 3.0; thus ok.
20
Example 2.10
Draw soil contact pressure for
footing in Figure 2.11
Conversion to SI unit
P=222.4 kN;
H=88.96 kN;
M=81.35kN.m;
W=88.96 kN
D
f
=1.22m;
B=2.29m (7.5ft);
L=1.52m (5ft)
BFC 4043
Given : 2.29m by 1.52m rectangular footing
Find : Contact pressure and soil pressure diagram
Solution :
Using flexural formula;
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
Q = P + W = 222.4 kN + 88.96 kN = 311.36 kN.
A = 2.29m x 1.52m = 3.48 m
2
;
M
x
=0; M
y
=88.96(1.22)+81.35=189.88kN.m (Moment about point C)
x = 2.29/2 = 1.145m;
4
3
52 . 1
12
) 29 . 2 ( 52 . 1
m
m m
I
y

2 2
2 2
4 2
/ 53 . 53 ..... / 47 . 232
/ 143 / 47 . 89
52 . 1
) 145 . 1 )( 88 . 189 (
48 . 3
36 . 311
m kN q and m kN q
m kN m kN
m
m m kN
m
kN
q
left right
+
t

t
Take V = 0 and M
c
= 0 will produce :
V = 0 :
) ........( 36 . 311 ) 52 . 1 (
2
... ... 0 ) )( (
2
A kN m
qd
and W P L d
q

,
_

,
_

M
c
= 0 : see Figure 2.12 (b) and (c)
0
3
) )( (
2
) )( (
,
_

,
_

+
d
x L d
q
S H M
21
Figure 2.11
BFC 4043
( ) ( )
2
/ 46 . 254 ., 36 . 311 ) 52 . 1 )( 61 . 1 (
2
: ) ( int .
61 . 1 0 79 . 103 51 . 356 53 . 108 35 . 81
..... 0
3 2
29 . 2
36 . 311 22 . 1 96 . 88 . 35 . 81
m kN q kN m m
q
A o substitue
m d d
B
d m
m kN m kN

,
_

+ +

,
_

+
Example 2.11 Checki ng stabi l i ty on shal l ow foundati on
22
Figure 2.12 (a) and (b)
1.61m
254.46kN/m
2
2.29m
2.29m
BFC 4043
Given : A 6 ft x 6 ft footing as shown; load P=60kips; weight of
concrete footing including pedestal + base pad, W
1
=9.3kips; backfill,
W
2
=11.2kips; horizontal load = 4kips; q
all
for soil = 3.0 kips/ft
2
.
Find :
1. Contact pressure and soil pressure diagram.
2. Shear and moment at section A-A (in the Figure E3.14)
3. FS against sliding if coefficient of friction, = 0.40
4. FS against overturning.
Solution :
1.
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
Q=P+W
1
+W
2
=60+9.3+11.2=80.5kips
A=6ftx6ft=36ft
2
M
y
=4kipsx4.5ft=18kip-ft (about point C)
x=6ft/2=3ft
I
y
=6ft(6ft)
3
/12=108ft
4
; M
x
=0; M
x
y/I
x
=0
2 2
4 2
/ 50 . 0 / 24 . 2
108
) 3 ( . 18
36
5 . 80
ft kip ft kips
ft
ft ft kip
ft
kips
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q
y
y
x
x
t t t t
So : q
right
= 2.74 kips/ft
2
< 3.0 kips/ft
2
; OK
q
left
= 1.74 kips/ft
2
< 3.0 kips/ft
2
; OK
23
Figure 2.13
BFC 4043
2. FDG and EDH are similar triangles; so
( ) ft kips ft kips
ft
kips A A at Moment
kips kips kips
ft ft kip ft ft ft kips ft A A at Shear
ft kip DE
ft
ft DE
ft FG
ft
ft ft
EH ft kips DF
FG
EH
DF
DE
. 7 . 39 25 . 2 53 . 2
2
25 . 2
93 . 31 : .. .
46 . 34 53 . 2 93 . 31
) 6 )( / 375 . 0 )( 25 . 2 ( ) 6 )( / 375 . 0 74 . 2 ( 25 . 2 : .. .
/ 375 . 0 ;..
6
25 . 2
0 . 1
;... 6
25 . 2
2
5 . 1
2
6
;... / 0 . 1 74 . 1 74 . 2 ;.....
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
+
,
_

+
+


3.
( )
05 . 8
4
) 40 . 0 ( 2 . 11 3 . 9 60
..
. . . . .
. .

+ +

kips
kips kips kips
forces Horizontal
eandsoil betweenbas friction of t coefficien load vertical Total
sliding against FS
4.
4 . 13
) 5 . 4 ( 4
) 2 / 6 ( 5 . 80
.
. Re
. .
ft kips
ft kips
moment Turning
moment sisting
g overturnin against FS
24
Pressure diagram
BFC 4043
2.10 Settl ement of shal l ow foundati on
Foundation settlement under load can be classified according to two
major types :
(a) immediate or elastic settlement, S
e
(b) consolidation settlement, S
c
Elastic settlement, S
e
takes place immediately during or after
construction of structure.
Consolidation settlement, S
c
is time dependent comprises of two
phases; namely, primary and secondary consolidation settlement.
2.10.1 El asti c settl ement of foundati ons on saturated cl ay
Elastic settlement of foundations on saturated clay is given by Janbu
et al., (1956) using the equation :
s
e
E
B q
A A S
0
2 1

where :
A
1
is a function of H/B and L/B and A
2
is a function of D
f
/B
All parameters of H, B and D
f
(with L into the paper) are as
shown in Figure 2.14.
25
BFC 4043
Fi gure 2.14 : Parameters
Fi gure 2.15 : A
2
Versus D
f
/B
Fi gure 2.16 : A
1
Versus H/B and L/B
26
BFC 4043
2.10.2 El asti c settl ement of foundati ons on sandy soi l : use
of strai n i nfl uence factor
Schmertmann, (1978) proposed that the elastic settlement in sandy
soil as :
( )

2
0
2 1
z
s
z
e
z
E
I
q q C C S
where :
I
z
strain influence factor
C
1
correction factor due to depth =
( )
1
]
1

q q
q
5 . 0 1
C
2
correction factor due to soil creep =

,
_

+
1 . 0
log 2 . 0 1
years in time

q
- stress at the level of foundation (due to loading + self
weight of footing + weight of soil above footing)
f
D q
Fi gure 2.17 : Calculation of elastic settlement using strain influence
factor
27
BFC 4043
The variation of I
z
with depth below the footing for square or
circular are as below :
I
z
= 0.1 at z = 0
I
z
= 0.5 at z = z
1
= 0.5B
I
z
= 0 at z = z
2
= 2B
Footing with L/B 10 (rectangular footing) :
I
z
= 0.2 at z = 0
I
z
= 0.5 at z = z
1
= B
I
z
= 0 at z = z
2
= 4B
2.10.3 Range of materi al parameters
Elastic parameters such as E
s
and
s
in Table 2.4 can be used if the
real laboratory test results not available.
Tabl e 2.4 : Elastic parameters of various soils
Type of soil Modulus of Elasticity,
E
s
(MN/m
2
)
Poissons ratio,
s
Loose sand 10.5 24.0 0.20 0.40
Medium dense sand 17.25 27.60 0.25 0.40
Dense sand 34.50 55.20 0.30 0.45
Silty sand 10.35 17.25 0.20 0.40
Sand and gravel 69.00 172.50 0.15 0.35
Soft clay 4.1 20.7
0.20 0.50 Medium clay 20.7 41.4
Stiff clay 41.4 96.6
2.10.4 Consol i dati on settl ement
(a) Primary consolidation, S
c
28
BFC 4043
Many methods were developed in estimating the value of
consolidation settlement, S
c
.
Due to simplicity only chart based on Newmarks (1942), Figure 2.18
will be used in estimating the consolidation settlement.
Primary consolidation, S
c
calculated as :
0 0
log
1 p
p
e
H
C S
c c

,
_

where : C
c
compression index (given)
H thickness of clay layer
e
0
initial void ratio (given)
p = p
0
+ p, final pressure
p
0
overburden pressure
p =4(I
p
)q
0
net consolidation pressure at mid-height of
clay layer
I
p
Influence factor (from Figure 2.18)
q
0
net stress increase
29
BFC 4043
Fi gure 2.18 : Chart for determining stresses below corners of rigid
and isotropic.
Example 2.7
Given :
30
BFC 4043
Fi gure 2.19
A foundation to be constructed as in Figure 2.19. The base of the
foundation is 3m by 6m, and it exerts a total load of 5400 kN, which
include all self weight. The initial void ratio, e
0
is 1.38 and
compression index, C
c
is 0.68.
Required :
Expected primary consolidation settlement of clay layer.
Solution :
p
0
= 19.83(200 - 198) + (19.83 9.81)(198 - 192) + (17.1 9.81)
(192 185.6)/2 = 123.1 kN/m
2
Weight of excavation = 19.83(200 - 198) + (19.83 9.81)(198
195.5) = 64.7kN/m
2
( ) ( ) ( )( ) [ ]
2
0
/ 3 . 235 5 . 195 198 81 . 9 83 . 19 198 200 83 . 19
6 3
5400
,
m kN
m m
kN
excavation of weight pressure load q increase stress Net
+

By dividing the base into 4 equal size of 1.5m by 3.0m :
mz = 1.5m nz = 3.0m
m
m m
m z 7 . 6
2
6 . 185 0 . 192
5 . 195
+


224 . 0
7 . 6
5 . 1

m
m
m
;
448 . 0
7 . 6
0 . 3

m
m
n
From Figure 2.18, the influence coefficient is 0.04
Therefore ;
( )
2 2
/ 6 . 37 / 3 . 235 04 . 0 4 m kN m kN p
31
BFC 4043
Final pressure, p = p
0
+ p = 123.1 + 37.6 = 160.7 kN/m
2
.
Therefore;
m
m kN
m kN m
p
p
e
H
C S
c c
212 . 0
/ 1 . 123
/ 7 . 160
log
38 . 1 1
4 . 6
68 . 0 log
1
2
2
0 0

,
_

,
_

,
_

(b) secondary consol i dati on

Secondary settlement, S
s
is computed from the following calculation
(U.S. Department of the Navy, 1971)

,
_

p
s
s
t
t
H C S log

where :
S
s
secondary compression settlement
C

coefficient of secondary compression, can be determined

from Figure
3.26
H thickness of clay layer that is considered
t
s
time for which settlement is required
t
p
time to completion of primary consolidation
32
BFC 4043
Fi gure 2.20 : Value of C

2.11 Al l owabl e beari ng pressure i n sand based on

settl ement consi derati on.
Bowles (1977) proposed a correlation of the net allowable
bearing pressure for foundations with SPT (N-values).
The following equations are used :
( ) ( ) m B for
S
F N m kN q
d all net
22 . 1
4 . 25
16 . 19 ) / (
2
) (

,
_

And
( ) ( ) m B for
S
F
B
B
N m kN q
d all net
22 . 1
4 . 25 28 . 3
1 28 . 3
98 . 11 ) / (
2
2
) (
>
,
_

,
_

Where :
F
d
depth factor =
33 . 1 33 . 0 1

,
_

+
B
D
f
S tolerable settlement, in mm.
Example 2.8
33
BFC 4043
Given:
A shallow square footing for a column is to be constructed.
Design load is 1000 kN. The foundation soil is sand. The SPT
numbers from field exploration as shown in the table.
Assume that the footing must be 1.5m deep, the tolerable
settlement as 25.4mm and the size is > 1.22m.
Required :
(a) The exact size of the footing (b) safety factor for foundation
Solution :
N
avg
= (7+8+11+11+13+10+9+10+12)/9=10
With S=25.4mm and N=10
( ) ( )
d d all net
F
B
B
F
B
B
m kN q
2 2
2
) (
28 . 3
1 28 . 3
8 . 119
4 . 25
4 . 25
28 . 3
1 28 . 3
10 98 . 11 ) / (
,
_

+

,
_

,
_

33 . 1 33 . 0 1

,
_

+
B
D
F
f
d
By trial and error (set the table for calculation)
34
BFC 4043
From the table it is seen that the appropriate B=2.4
Setting general equation and equation for net ultimate with c=0
(for sandy soil) :
f
u net u
D q
q q q


) (
; i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F BN F F F qN F F F cN q

2
1
+ +
( )
q F F F BN F F F qN q q q
i d s qi qd qs q ult net u
+

2
1
For N=10; friction angle of =34 is considered (from table on
SI)
With no inclination so F
qi
=F
i
=1.0
35
BFC 4043
From table 2.3 N
q
=29.44, N

=41.06
So for a tolerable settlement of 25.4mm, the SF required is
calculated as : SF=Qnet(u)/Q= 10,322kN/1000kN = 10.3 which
is OK, therefore most design controlled by tolerable criterion.
36
BFC 4043
37