WWII & Cold War Review

1. Only eastern European state to retain parliamentary government - Czechoslovakia; other democracies in the east fell over easily due to the crisis of depression and threat of dictatorship. 2. Regimes of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Soviet Union - All shared a profound hatred of Western Liberalism 3. Lenin and the NEP - After WWI, civil war, and resulting famine, the Soviet economy was a small fraction of its prewar productivity. - Lenin used the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921, a retreat and compromise with capitalism. - Under NEP, peasants sold their own grain, middlemen began exchanging goods for profit. - NEP only brought economy back to its prewar level. 4. Stalin a. Socialism in one country - Revolution was not imminent, Stalin wished to push forward the Soviet Union's industrialization as rapidly as possible. He said they were behind the other countries and must catch up. b. Five -Year Plans - Launched by Stalin to build a strong base of heavy industry, aim for self-sufficiency, and crate a modern infrastructure of electricity, roads, and factories. - It was to help Russia catch up with the rest of the high powers. - Goal also included generating new altitudes, new loyalties, and new socialist humanity; it was very successful. c. Collectivization - System in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it. - Some kulaks refused the forced collectivization by destroying crops and slaughtering livestock, which in turn led to millions of them being killed. d. Effects on peasants/real wages - Forced collectivization for the peasants living on collective farms. Not treated well. The cost proved high. e. Great Purges - Passed to rid Stalin of any real or potential threats. - Aimed at the old Bolsheviks, the purges ultimately eliminated "leftists" who supported Trotsky, and the "rightists" charged with supporting capitalism. f. Women in Stalin's Soviet Union - Most lasting change was work and education. They were told to be equal to men - Experienced back-breaking physical labor as well as education that was for men. - Forced to balance work and family obligations. Campaign to increase birthrate. 5. Mussolini's early years as socialist and expulsion - He hated liberalism; his movement was the first fascist movement. Mussolini built a one-party Fascist dictatorship but did not establish a fully totalitarian state. - Much of the old power structure remained, particularly the conservatives, who controlled the army, economy, and state. - The Catholic church supported Mussolini because he recognized the Vatican as an independent state and gave the church heavy financial support. - Women were repressed, but Jews were not persecuted until late in the Second World War.

6. Parliamentary breakdown of government in Italy - Mussolini began to come to power as a fascist dictator which broke down parliamentary government greatly.

7. Lateran Accord - Agreement between Mussolini and the Church where Mussolini agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the Church over the Vatican in exchange for the Papacy's promise not to interfere with the functions of the state. - Mussolini recognized the Vatican as a tiny, independent state, and gave Church heavy financial support. The pope expressed satisfaction by urging Italians to support Mussolini's government. 8. Warmer Relations between Hitler and Mussolini - They sign the Rome-Berlin Axis together. - They begin to stay out of each other's way while asking permission on things whenever necessary. 9. Hitler's popularity - The Great Depression and a switch in Nazi tactics to appeal to the middle class were strong turnarounds in Hitler's popularity. - Nazis used electoral tactics, speeches and modern technology helped. 10. Mein Kampf Themes - Hitler's autobiography that outlined his racial ideas for Germany. - He expounded his basic themes: "race," with a stress on anti-Semitism; "living-space," with a sweeping vision on war and conquered territory; and the leader dictator, with unlimited, arbitrary power. 11. Nuremberg Laws - In 1935, Nuremberg Laws classified as Jewish anyone having one or more Jewish grandparents and deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship. 12. Enabling Act - Nazis passed through the Reichstag an amendment allowing Hitler to rule by decree for 5 years. - Essentially made Hitler a dictator. 13. Hitler's decisions during war - He first withdraws from the League of Nations and the disarmament conference. - Tries to overthrow the Austrian government but fails due to Mussolini's involvement. - Remilitarizes the Rhineland. - Signs the Rome-Berlin Axis with Mussolini and the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. - Sudetenland is signed over to Germany at the Munich Conference between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. - Hitler invades Poland beginning WWII. - Hitler unsuccessfully attacks Britain. - He defeats the Low Countries and France and then occupies them. He also attacks the USSR surprisingly. -Hitler is a punk and thinks he can take the USSR. - Even teamed with Italy, Germany starts to lose to Britain. - The war ends with the Anglo-American and Soviet forces defeating Germany. 14. Hitler's purging of the SA - With Hitler in power, the SA no longer seemed necessary, and its lead Ernst Rohm was one of Hitler's last potential challenges. - Top leaders of the Brown-shirts, in addition to numerous other political opponents, were summarily executed in what was known as the Blood Purge. 15. When Britain and France finally confronted Hitler - After Hitler invaded and attack Poland they finally declared war. - After Germany attacked Britain they had to stop him. 16. First German act of aggression not justifiable by self-determination17. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact18. Henri-Philippe Petain- formed a new French government-the so called Vichy government-to accept defeat, and German armies occupied most of France.

19. Hitlers New Order- Based on Nazi totalitarianism: racial imperialism. Nordic peoples- Dutch, Norwegians, and Danes- received better treatment. The French were inferior but had a middle position. Slavs and Jews were treated the worst. 20. Why the U.S. & Britain agreed to Stalins demands for friendly governments in Eastern Europe- The Grand Alliance was focused on defeating Hitler, and was ready to do anything to do it. Teaming up with the Soviets would greatly help them defeat Hitler. 21. Truman Doctrine- Aimed at containing communism to areas already occupied by the Red Army. Truman asked Congress for military aid to Greece and Turkey, countries that Britain could no longer protect. 22. Coal and Steel Community- The six nations signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the ECC, aka the Common Market. Goals were to reduce tariffs among the six, free movement of capital and labor and common economic policies and institutions. 23. Ludwig Erhard- Bet on the free market economy while maintaining the extensive social welfare network inherited from the Hitler era. Believed that capitalism was more efficient and real economic freedom was required. 24. European economic rebirth25. European Economic Community- The Common Market became known as the ECC; It attracted new members like Britain, Denmark, and Iceland. The member nations worked closely for unity. 26. Soviet Unions policies after the war- De-Stalinization occurred; liberalized the Soviet Union. 27. Josip Tito as leader of non-aligned movement- Resistance leader and Communist chief of Yugoslavia. He stood up to Stalin and got away with it. His proclamation of independence infuriated Stalin. 28. French decolonization- In North Africa, the French fought a long, dirty war to keep Algeria, but Algeria won its independence in 1962. The demand of African and Asian peoples for self-determination and equality led to this. 29. State of Israel- The Arabs attacked the Jews to try and gain their territory, but the Israelis drove them off and gained more territory. 30. Big Science- By combining theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large organization, Big Science could attack extremely difficult problems, from better products to new and improved weapons; was expensive. 31. Manhattan Project- Project that led to the creation of the first atomic bomb. 32. Khrushchev & results of de-Stalinization- Launched all-out attack on Stalin at 20TH part Congress; described how Stalin had tortured and murdered thousands of loyal communists, how he trusted Hitler, and how he supported glorification of his own person with all conceivable methods. 33. Why Khrushchev was ousted- Khrushchev fell in a bloodless palace revolution. Basic reasons for this development were that Khrushchevs Communists colleagues saw de-Stalinization as a dangerous, two-sided threat. The widening campaign of deStalinization posed a clear threat to the doctorial authority of the party. 34. Alexander Dubcek & Czech reform movement of 1968- The reform elements in the Czech Communist party gained a majority and voted out the long time Stalinist leader in favor of Alexander Dubcek, whose new government launched dramatic reforms. He was a dedicated communist. Believed he could reconcile genuine socialism with personal freedom and internal party democracy. Local decision made trade unions, managers, and consumers replaced by rigid bureaucratic planning, and censorship was relaxed. 35. Changes in the structure of European society after the war36. Growth of the middle class37. Leveling of European society38. Wave of social unrest in De Gaulles Fifth Republic- De Gaulle was at heart a romantic nationalist, and he viewed the US as a threat to French independence. He withdrew all French forces from NATO, developed Frances own nuclear weapons, and vetoed the schedule advent of majority rule within the Common Market.

39. International youth culture40. Youth counterculture characteristics- Young people were the silent generation. Rock music helped tie this international subculture together. More young people engaged in sexual intercourse. Several factors contributed to the emergence of the international youth culture in the 1960s. 41. Common goals for womens movement- Pushed for new statues in the workplace: laws against discrimination, equal pay for equal work, and measures designed to help women combine careers and family responsibilities. Concentrated and gender and family questions, including the right to divorce, legalized abortion, the needs of single mothers, and protection from rape and physical violence. 42. Deep causes for emergence of womens movement- The injustices that married women encountered as wage earners contributed greatly to the movement for womens equality and emancipation. Sexism and discrimination in the work place and home grew loathsome and evoked the sense of injustice that drives revolutions. 43. Simone de Beauvoir- Wrote The Second Sex. Characterized as a dutiful daughter, she saw her mother outside the home and did not want to act that way. Began a relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre, the future philosopher who became her lifelong intellectual companion. Analyzed the position of women within the framework of existential thought. Argued that women were free but had been trapped by limits and conditions. Women must be courageous and self-assertive to escape the limits of their inferior other (man). 44. Margaret Thatchers domestic policies in Great Britain- Worked with Reagan on a revitalized Atlantic alliance. New changes in motherhood. Individuals recognized that they had to band together. 45. Willy Brandt: Chancellor of West Germany and his policies towards the Eastern bloc- West German chancellor. Brandts gesture at the Warsaw ghetto memorial was his policy of reconciliation with Eastern Europe. Brandt wanted the two Germanys to have peace with all of Europe. Negotiated treaties and agreed on existing state border. 46. Helsinki Accord of 1975- Signed by all European states, US, and Canada. Agreed that Europes existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. Guaranteed the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens. (The Final Act)