AP PSYCH AP TEST REV TERMS Ch Prologue structuralism Wundts study of mind structure functionalism Jamess study of mental and

and behavioral processes (functions) behaviorism Watson and Skinners study behavior through observations humanistic psych emphasis on human growth potential psychology study of behavior and mental processes natural selection reproduction and survival-based traits will be passed on to generations biopsychosocial approach biological, psychological, social-cultural factors counseling psych problems in living (school, work, marriage) clinical psych studies, assesses, and treats disorders psychiatry medical (drug) treatments and psychological therapy Ch 1 hindsight bias I knew it all along critical thinking not blindly accepting arguments and conclusions. hypotheses a testable prediction/theory case study in depth study (individual cases) survey many cases in less depth population all the cases in a group being studied random sample each member has equal chance of inclusion naturalistic observation studies in a natural situation correlation extent to which two factors vary together, and how one factor predicts the other. correlation coefficient relationship (-1 to +1) scatterplots points suggest the relationship between two variables. illusory correlation perception of a relationship, that doesnt exist. random assignment participants assigned to groups by chance double blind procedure- the researcher and the participants do not know which participants have received the treatment or a placebo. placebo effect thinking you are getting treatment experimental group group exposed to treatment control group group not exposed to experiment independent variable the experimental factor that is manipulated dependent variable the result/outcome; depends on independent variable mode most # occurred mean average median middle range highest - lowest standard deviation measure of how much scores vary around the mean score normal curve bell shaped curve (most cores fall near the mean and fewer near extremes). culture behaviors, ideas, attitudes, or traditions shared by a group of people Ch 2 neuron building block of the nervous system sensory neurons info from sensory receptors to the brain/spinal cord (travels up/in) motor neurons info from the brain/spinal cord to muscles (travels down/out) interneurons the internal system betwixt sensory input and motory output

threshold level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse synapse space between ends of axons and dendrite/cell body (includes synaptic gap/cleft) neurotransmitters chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons reuptake sending neuron reasbosrbs excess neurotransmitters. Endorphins neurotransmitters linked to pain/pleasure control (chart page 53) -Agonist mimics neurotransmitter, antagonist blocks it central nervous system (CNS) brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system (PNS) - sensory and motor neurons that is sent to the CNS somatic nervous system bodys skeletal muscles autonomic nervous system glands/internal organs sympathetic nervous system arouses the body parasympathetic nervous system calms the body

Nervous system

Peripheral (PNS)

Central (CNS) (brain and spinal cord)

Autonomic (internal organs/glands)

Somatic (movements of skeletal muscle)

Sympathetic (arousing)

Paraysmpathetic (calming)

reflex- automatic response to stimuli adrenal gland release hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) pituitary gland controlled by hypothalamus; endocrine gland regulations lesion tissue destruction electroencephalogram (EEG) recording of the electric wave activity. PET scan visual display of brain activity, detects radioactive glucose activity while brain performs a task. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce brain anatomy images fMRI reveals bloodflow and shows brain function brainstem spinal cord into skull (region) medulla heartbeat/breathing

reticular information nerve network for controlling arousal thalamus sensory switchboard cerebellum coordinates movement and balance limbic system neural system (including hippocampus, amygdale, hypothal.) amygdale anger and fear hypothalamus - body maintenance: hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior cerebral cortex gray matter/ information processing center glial cells support/nourish neurons frontal lobes judgement parietal lobes touch/body position occipital lobes visual temporal lobes auditory motor cortex controls voluntary movements sensory cortex registers and processes body touch plasticity brains ability to change association areas higher mental functions: learn, remember, think, speak corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres split brain surgery cutting the corpus callosum neurogenesis formation of new neurons Ch 3 conciousness - awareness of ourselves and our environment cognitive neuroscience - study of brain activity linked with cognition dual processing - information is processed consciously and unconsciously selective attention - focusing of conscious awareness inattentional blindness - fail ot see visible objects when our attention is directed eslewhere change blindness - fail to notice changes in environment circadian rhythm -bodily rhthms on a 24hr scale (e.g. getting sleepy around 4am) REM sleep - rapid eye movement sleep - paradoxical sleep - muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active. alpha waves - small, slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain state sleep - period, natura, loss of conciousness hallucinations - false experiences (visual stimulus) delta waves - large, slow brain waves of deep sleep insomnia - problems in falling or staying asleep. narcolepsy - sleep disorder of uncontrollable sleep attacks. victim may fall into REM sleep sleep apnea - sleep disorder of temporary cease of breathing during sleep night terrors - sleep disorder of high arousal and appearing terrified (similar to nightmares) latent content - the underlying meaning of a dream (via Freud) manifest content - the remembered storyline of a dream (via Freud) REM rebound - withdrawl of REM sleep promotes more REM posthypnotic suggestion - suggestions made during hypnosis, for the person to carry out these tasks after the hypnosis session dissociation - a split in consciousness that allows thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously (doodling while listening to a lecture) ~ multitasking? psychoactive drug - chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods tolerance - diminishing effect with regular use of the same drug withdrawl - discomfort of discontinuing use of drug

addiction - compulse drug craving physical dependence - physiological need fr a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms psychoogical dependence - psychological need to use drug (e.g. reliev negative emotions depressants - drug that slow body functions barbiturates - drug that depress activity of CNS; reduces anxiety and impairs memory/judgement opiates - morphine/heroin that temporarily lessen pain and anxiety (opium based) stimulants - drugs that excite body functiosn (caffine, cocaine, ecstacy) amphetamines - drugs that stimulate neural activity and speed body functions; cause mood change metamphetamine - very addictive drug that stimulates CNS, speeds up body ecstacy - produces euphoria and social intimacy hallucinogens - distorts perception and evoke images LSD - powerful hallucinogen (aka Acid) near-death experience - a state of consciousness when near-death -------------------------------------------------------------------------------time conscious only hard terms------Ch 4 *genes: nature; environments: nurture genome - instrutions for making an organism identical twins - develop from single egg fraternal twins - develop from separate eggs mutation - random error in gene replication norm - understood and accepted behavior personal space - zone we like to maintain, around us individualism - giving priority to one's own goals collectivism - giving priority to goals of one's group gender role - expected bhavior for male/female gender identity - our sense of being male/female gender typing - acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role social learning theory - we learn social behavior through observation and copying what is rewarding Ch 5 zygote > embryo > fetus teratogen - chemicals and virus that reach embryo/fetus fetal alcohol syndrome - FAS - abnormalities caused by prego drinking habituation - decrease in response, with repeated stimulation cognition - thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating (mental activities...) schema - framework/concept that organzes and interprets information assimilation - interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accomodation - adapting our current knowledge (schemas) to incorporate new information Piaget's Stages of development --SPOC pg 181 sensorimotor - object permanence, stranger anxiety Preoperational - pretend play, egocentrism concrete operational - conservastion, mathematics formal operational - abstract logic, moral reasoning theory of mind - inferring others' mental states autism - disorder of deficiency in communication, social interaction basic trust - the world is predictable and trustworthy (via Erik Erikson) self-concept - understanding of ourself primary sex characteristics - body structures (ovaries, testies) that make reproduction possible

seconday sex characteristics - female breasts, hips, male voice, body hair Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - pg 202 cross-sectional study - study of people different ages and compared with each other longitudal study - same person studied and restudeid/retested crystallized intelligence - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases with age) fluid intelligence - ability to reason (decrease with age) social clock - culturally preferred timing of social events (marriage, parenthood, retirement) Ch 6 bottom-up processing - ? - broad ideas to specific ideas top - down processing - ? - specific to broad subliminal - below abs threshold for conscious awareness priming - activiation, unconsciously, of certain associations (getting used to something more and more) differnece threshold - good example on pg 234 weber's law - to consider "differnet" two stimuli must differ by a minmum % (not amount) sensory adaptation - diminished sensitivity from constant stimulation wavelength - distance from peak of light/sound wave to the next. intensity - amount of energy in a wave EYE chart - pg 237 three color theory - retina contains three color recepttors - red, pgreen, blue opponent-process theory - opposing retinal processes (red green, white black) enable color vision. EAR chart - pg 247 kinethesis - sesensing position amd movement of body parts vestibular sense - sense of movement, position, balance gate control theory - spinal cord contains a gate that blocks or allows pain. gestalt - tendancy to integrate many information into wholes phi phenomenon - movement illusion when two lights blink on and off fast Ch 7 *classical conditoning - learn to associate two stimuli and anticipate events (pg 292) *operant conditioning - learn to associate a response and its consequence *observational learning - learn from others' experience spontaneous recovery - repapperaance of an extinguished conditioned response pg 295 - pavlov and bell/dog discrimination - ability to distinguish law of effect - good consequence = more likely behavior operant chamber - "skinner box" containing bar or key positive reinforcement - give food negative rinforcement - take away punishment positive punishment - spanking negative punishment - take away privellege fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval, pg 309 Ch 8 LTP - increase in firing potential proactive interference - old over new retroactive interference - new over old

soucre amnesia - heard about/imagined an experience Ch 9 semantics - meaning syntax - grammar rules babbling stage > one word stage > two word stage (telegraphic speech) aphasia - impairment of language Broca's area - trouble speaking (muscle movement) Wernicke's area - speak nonsense (language) Ch 10 factor analysis - test that identifies clusters of realted items savant syndrome - derp but good at skills Gardner's 8 intelligences Sternburg's 3 intelligences Stanford- Binet - revision of Bient test (by Terman) IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100 Ch 11 - derp Ch 12 James Lang thoery - physiological responsem then experience emotion Cannon-bard thoery - physiological AND emotion two-factor theory - emotions has physical arousal and cognitive label GAS - alarm, resistance, exhaustion (ARE) Type A - aggressive, competitive Type B - relaxed lymphocytes - B: form in the Bone marrow; T: form in the Thymus problem-focused coping - attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor emotion-focused coping - alleviating stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs Ch 13 14 derp