LESSON PLAN KLESCOPH Smt. K.S.AKKI SUBJECT: PHARMACOGNOSY DEPARTMENT: PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY.

CHAPTER: DEFINATION, HISTORY AND SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY. No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 2 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 2 Prerequisite: Students need to understand the basic knowledge of natural drugs. Objective: a. To understand the meaning of Pharmacognosy. b. To study Origin, history, its present status and future prospects of Pharmacognosy. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. Model Questions 10 Marks Questions 1. What is Pharmacognosy?. Mention the present status of Pharmacognosy. 2. Outline the status of Pharmacognosy in the area of research & Industry. .05 Marks Questions 1. Write the History and Scope of Pharmacognosy. CHAPTER: CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 5 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 6 Prerequisite:

Students need to understand the basic need for classification. Objective: a. To understand the alphabetical, morphological, chemical, pharmacological, taxonomical, and chemotaxonomical aspects of classification of crude drugs. b. To understand general aspects of chemotaxonomy.

Resources:
a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd, Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy. 4. Smith P.M, The Chemotaxonomy of plants. Model Questions: 10 Marks Question 1. Define Classification of crude drugs based on Taxonomy, Morphology, Chemical & Pharmacology? 2. Discuss the various methods of classification of crude drugs with Particular emphasis on the merits of each method?

05 Marks Questions 1. Give the pharmacological classification of crude drugs? 2. Give the chemical classification of crude drugs? 02 Marks Questions 1. Give the alphabetical classification of crude drugs? 2. Define Chemotaxonomy? CHAPTER: CULTIVATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 5

No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 5 Prerequisite: Students need to understand the basics of mineral nutrition, essential elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake of minerals. Mode of nutrition, transport of solutes and water and Reproduction in plants. Objective: a. To study the different methods of cultivation and collection of crude Drugs. b. To study the further processing and storage of crude drugs. c. To study the need for conservation of medicinal plants. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd, Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy. 4. Cultivation of medicinal plants Shriramu and Farooqi. 5. Atal C.K. and Kapoor B.M., Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants.

Model Questions 10 Marks Questions 1. Write a note on cultivation and collection of crude drugs? 2. Write an account on the method of drying, preservation and storage of Crude drugs? 05 Marks Questions 1. Give the advantages and disadvantages of cultivation of Medicinal plants?

2. Write a note on storage of crude drugs? 3 Write short note on need for conservation of medicinal plants?

CHAPTER: DETAILED METHOD OF CULTIVATION OF SOME OF THE DRUGS No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 4 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 6 Prerequisite: Students need to understand the basic concepts of general method of cultivation with production and a brief account of domestication of plants, improvement of plants, principles of plant breeding, and use of fertilizers, economic and ecological aspects of cultivation. Objective: To study the detailed method of cultivation of Senna, Cinchona, isaphgula, cardamom, opium, and ergot. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. Refrences: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Cultivation of medicinal plants Shriramu and Farooqi. 3. Atal C.K. and Kapoor B.M., Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants. Model Questions: 10 Marks Questions 1) Give source, cultivation and collection of Cinchona and Opium? 2) Write in detail the cultivation of Isaphgula and Senna? 3) Write in detail the cultivation, chemical constituents, and storage of Ergot? 4) Write in detail the cultivation of Cardamom and Opium? 05 Marks Questions

1) Give the life cycle of Ergot? 2) What do you known about cultivation of Senna? 3) Describe the cultivation of Opium? 4) Describe the cultivation of Cardamom? 02 Marks Questions 1) Mention the storage conditions required for ergot? 2) Write when should Cardamom be collected? 3) What do you mean by Lancing? 4) How is Senna collected? 5) Give reasons why rye plants have to be grown for cultivation of Ergot. CHAPTER: STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL, MICROSCOPICALLY AND CELL WALL CONSTITUENTS OF CRUDE DRUGS. No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 10 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 12

Prerequisite: Students need to known the basic morphology and anatomy of plants, and its different parts. They also need to know the basics of structure and function of cell and plant tissue system. Objective: To understand the different cell wall constituents and cell inclusions, to study the morphology and microscopy of different plant parts. a. Leaf-Datura, Senna, b. Bark- Cinnamon, Cassia, Cinchona. c. Wood-Quassia. d. Stem- Ephedra. e. Roots- Rauwolfia, Liquorice. f. Rhizome- Ginger, Podophylum. g. Flower- Clove. h. Fruits- Coriander, Fennel.

i. Seeds Isaphgula, Nux vomica. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. Refrences: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy. 4. Iyengar M.A and Naik S.G.K, Anatomy of crude drugs. 5. Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacognosy. 6. Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs. 7. Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of Phytopharmaceuticals. Model Questions: 10 Marks Questions 1. What is cell? Briefly explain the cell wall constituents and cell wall Inclusions? 2. Describe the morphological and microscopical characters of Ginger And Nux vomica? 3. Write how will you identify the following constituents of cell? a) Lignified fibres. a) Mucilage. b) Cellulose c) Lignin d) Pectin. e) Chitin. f) Cutin g) Starch. h) Resin. i) Calcium oxalate crystals. 4. Name the different types of Calcium oxalate, their source and methods

Used for identification of the same? 5. Discuss the morphology and microscopy of Cinnamon and Senna? 6. Describe the general histological features of Bark and leaf drugs?

05 Marks Questions 1. Give the different parts of cell with their functions? 2. Describe with example how morphological characters can be used to identify the crude drugs? 3. Give the morphology of datura? 4. What are trichomes, mention the different types? 5. Write short notes on Cinnamon bark? 6. Describe the microscopical characters of Senna with a neat labeled diagram? 7. Describe with a neat labeled diagram the tissues as seen in the TS of ephedra stem? 8. Give the microscopical characters of liquorice? 9. Give the morphological characters of Ginger? 10. Explain the microscopical characters of Rauwolfia? 12. Bring out the important differences by comparing transverse sections of any two rhizomes? 13 Write note on Isaphgula and define swelling index? 14. Describe the morphological characters of two fruits of umbellfere Family? 15. Give the biological source and family and uses of Coriander, and Ginger? 16. Give the microscopical characters of Clove? 17. Describe the microscopical characters and uses of Datura? 18. Give the biological source, Family and uses of Cinnamon, ad Podophylum? 19. Give the microscopical characters of Quassia?

20. Enumerate the cell wall constituents and cell wall inclusions? 21. Give the diagnostic characters of Stem and Roots? 22. Give the diagnostic characters of Bark and Leaf? 23. Give the diagnostic characters of Senna and Datura? 24. Give the chemical constituents of Quassia?

02 Marks Questions 1. Mention the characters 0f umbelliferous fruits? 2. Write the source constituents and uses of ephedra? 3. Name the chemical constituents of Rauwolfia? 4. Describe the diagnostic features of Cinchona? 5. Enumerate the uses of Rauwolfia? 6. Describe with an illustrated diagram the TS of datura leaf? 7. What are Vittae give their structure? 8. Give the microscopical characters of diagnostic importance in Cinchona powder. 9. Give the source, family and uses of Clove? 10. Give the source, family and uses of Rauwolfia? 11. Write notes on Podophyllum? 12. Mention the types of stomata with examples? 13. Define the following a. Compound Quills. b. Parquetry cells. 14. What are chemical constituents of Isaphgula? 15. Describe the different types of trichomes and how are they useful in identification of crude drugs? 16. Write the source constituents and uses of Quassia wood? 17. Name the different drugs that contain mucilage, and how is mucilage tested? 18. Mention the difference between Cruciferoius and Rubiaceous stomata?

19. Mention the chemical nature and function of Suberin?

CHAPTER:

STUDY OF NATURAL PESTICIDES.

No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 2 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 2 Prerequisite: Students need to know the basics of use of pesticides, advantages and disadvantages and different methods of pest control. Objective: a. To understand the advantages and disadvantages of natural pesticides over Synthetic pesticides. b. To study in detail the source, cultivation, chemical constituents and uses of Pyrethrum, Neem and tobacco. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy. 4. Medicinal Plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research. Model Questions: 05 Marks Questions 1. Write notes on Natural Pesticides? 2. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Natural Pesticide? 3. Write a brief note on Tobacco? 4. Write a brief note on Neem? CHAPTER: STUDY OF PLANT CONSTITUENTS CARBOHYDRATES.

No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 10 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 11 Prerequisite: Students need to know the basic knowledge of different plant constituents and their uses. Objective: a. To understand the different plant constituents present in plants. b. To study the primary cell constituents, carbohydrates and related products. c. To study the biological source, method of production, chemical constituents tests, uses and adulterants of Isaphgula, Linseed, Honey, Acacia, Agar, Sterculia, Tragacanth, Cellulose and its products, Pectin, Guar gum, and sodium alginate. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector.

References: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy.. 4. Taylor V.E, Brady R, Text book Of Pharmacognosy. 5. Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs. 6. Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of Phytopharmaceuticals. 7. Whistler R.L, Industrial gums polysacrides and their derivatives. Model Questions: 10 Marks Questions 1. What are carbohydrates? Give its chemistry, classification with one example each? 05 Marks Questions

1. Write notes on cellulose and its products? 2. Give the chemical test for agar? 3. How do you distinguish acacia from tragacanth? 4. Write the Pharmacognosy of cotton? 5. What are gums and mucilage? Name two drugs containing the same With its chemical tests? 6. Give a method of preparation of starches? 8. How do you distinguish pure honey from sugar syrup? 9. Give the biological source, chemical constituents and uses of acacia? 11. Define simple and complex polysaccharides with examples. Give the general tests for the identification of reduced sugars? 12. Explain the chemical tests for the identification of a) agar b) gelatin? 13. Give the source, constituents and uses of guar gum and sodium alginate? 14. Write the method of production of honey, its constituents and uses? . 02 Marks Questions 1. Define swelling factor? 2. How do you distinguish pure honey from adulterated? 3. Give the geographical distribution of plantago ovate? 4. Define mucilage. Mention the difference between gums and mucilage? 5. Give the source, constituents and uses of sterculia? 6. Give the source, constituents and uses of linseed? 7. Give the source, substitutes and adultrants of agar? 8. Give the source of pectin and guar gum? 10. What are the chemical constituents if Isaphgula? 11. What is pectin?

CHAPTER: LIPIDS

No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 03 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 04 Prerequiste: Students need to understand the basic knowledge of lipids from plant sources. Objective: a. To understand the definition, method of extraction, chemistry, the Method of analysis of lipids. b. To study the method of production, chemical constituents, tests, uses and adultrants of castor oil, shark liver oil, and chaulmoogra oil, wool fat, bees wax, spermaceti, coca butter and olive oil.

Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1) Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2) Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3) Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy. 4) Taylor V.E, Brady R, Text book Of Pharmacognosy. 5) Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs. 6) Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of Phytopharmaceuticals. 7) Jean Bruneton, Pharmacognosy and photochemistry. 8) Pharmacopoeia of India 9) I.L.Finar, Text book of Organic chemistry. Model Questions: 10 Marks Questions 1. Give the source, method of preparation, constituents and uses of wool fat and agar?

2. Give the source, method of extraction, chemistry and method of analysis of lipids? 05 Marks Questions 1. Define lipids and describe Identification tests of lipids? 2. Define saponification value and acid value and give its significance? 3. What are specific chemical tests for fixed oil? 4. Give the method of preparation of cocum butter and pectin? 5. Write a note on iodine value and Ester value? 6. Give the method of preparation of castor oil and gelatin? 11. Give the method of production, chemical constituents and uses of Beeswax and spermaceti? 02 Marks Questions 1. Write a note on shark liver oil? 2. What is chaulmoogra oil? 3. Give the source, constituents and uses of beeswax? 4. Define ester value. Give its significance? CHAPTER: PROTIENS No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 03 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 04 Prerequisite: Students need to understand the basic knowledge of proteins, their occurrence, properties and chemical tests for identification. Objective: a. To understand the definition, classification, chemistry and method of analysis of proteins. b. To study collagen, gelatin and its products. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1) Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003.

2) Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3) Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy.. 4) Taylor V.E, Brady R, Text book Of Pharmacognosy. 5) Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs. 6) Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of Phytopharmaceuticals. 7) Pharmacopoeia of India 8) I.L.Finar, Text book of Organic chemistry. Model Questions: 10 Marks Questions 1) What are proteins and method of analysis? 2) Describe the classification and chemistry of proteins? 05 Marks Questions 1) Give the sources, method of preparation and uses of pectin? 2) Define protein and write a note on gelatin? 3) Give the method of production, chemical constituents and uses of Collagen? 4 Give the method of production, chemical constituents and uses of gelatin and its products? 02 Marks Questions 1) What is collagen? Give its uses? 2) What are gelatin products and write their uses? 3) What is collagen? Mention its uses? 4) Define proteins? CHAPTER: PLANT FIBRES No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 02 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 03 Prerequisite: Students need to understand the basic knowledge of plant fibers, their occurrence, properties and chemical tests for identification.

Objective: To study plant fibers used in surgical dressings and related products.

Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1) Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2) Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3) Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy.. 4) Mohammad ali, Text book of Pharmacognosy.. Model Questions: 10 Marks Questions 1. Mention the plant fibres used in pharmacy. Write the Pharmacognosy of any one fibre? 05 Marks Questions 1. Give a pharmacognostic account of jute? 2. Give a pharmacognostic account of cotton? 3. Write a note on plant fibres and name two surgical dressings and their uses? 4. How will you distinguish between animal and vegetable fibres? 5. Name two four different types of surgical dressings and their uses? 02 Marks Question 1. What are surgical dressings? 2. Name the plant fibres used in surgical dressings and give their specific uses?

CHAPTER: DRUG ADULTERATION No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 02 No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 02 Prerequiste: Students need to understand the basic knowledge of evaluation of crude drugs and its need. Objective: To study different methods of adulteration of crude drugs and general methods for detection of adulterants. Resources: a. Black Board and chalk pieces. b. OHP projector. References: 1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd , Nirali Prakashan, 2003. 2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy. 3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy. 4. Mohammad ali, Text book of Pharmacognosy. Model Questions: 05 Marks Questions 1) Name five different methods used for the adulteration of crude drugs? 2) Discuss the factors responsible for the deterioration of crude drugs. Describe the method of prevention of deterioration? 3) Define adulteration. Give the difference between deliberate and indelebrate adulteration? 4) Write the various methods used in detection of adulteration with examples?