Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

COURSE FILE For 2012-13

I11 BTech I Semester [Branch:ECE]

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

M.DEEPAK Asst Professor (CSE)

RAJA MAHENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Ibrahimpatnam, R R District 501 506 (A. P.)

Course Plan
a. b. c. d. e. Teaching the students with innovative technologies Mentioning the practical applications Making students to solve the questions. Doubts clarification at the end of each unit Keep monitoring the weak students

Method of Evaluation
a. b. c. d. e. Internal Examinations Unit Wise assignments Open book examination Descriptive examinations University Examinations

Course Objective
Students will be made comfortable by giving the basic information of VLSI DESIGN Students will be given abundant information of related Web sites. At the end of the course the student shall be able to 1) Understand the concepts of EMI 2) Give at least one Seminar/ Paper presentation on the latest trends in EMI Total Strength of the Class:139 S. No a. b. c. d First Class Pass Expected pass percentage Class / Division First Class with Distinction No. of Students 40 60 39 Above 90%

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Guidelines to Students
1. First of all they should attend all the classes to understand and learn basics of this course. 2. They should go through different reference books to acquire the best of the subject. 3. They should clarify their doubts completely at the end of completion of each unit and they should be in a position to answer whenever questioned. 4. At the end of each unit they should have the habit of answering objective type questions from different text books so that it will be helpful for them appear for different competitive exams. 5. They should learn the things in the practical approach besides theory. 6. They should be acquainted with the latest knowledge and apply the same in their theory. 7. They should submit all the assignments that are given in student manual without copying from others 8. They should be in a position to submit at least one paper at student level paper presentations

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JNTU Syllabus
UNIT UNIT I

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION INTRODUCTION : Performance characteristics of instruments, Static characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, Expected value, Error, Sensitivity. Errors in Measurement, Dynamic Characteristics-speed of response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error. DC Voltimeters- Multirange, Range extension/Solid state and differential voltmeters, AC voltmeters- multi range, range extension, shunt. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, Ohmmeters series type, shunt type, Multimeter for Voltage, Current and resistance measurements. Signal Generator- fixed and variable, AF oscillators, Standard and AF sine and square wave signal generators, Function Generators, Square pulse, Random noise, sweep, Arbitrary waveform. Wave Analyzers, Haromonic Distortion Analyzers, Spectrum Analyzers, Digital Fourier Analyzers. Oscilloscopes CRT features, vertical amplifiers, horizontal deflection system, sweep, trigger pulse, delay line, sync selector circuits, simple CRO, triggered sweep CRO, Dual beam CRO, Measurement of amplitude and frequency Dual trace oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope, digital readout oscilloscope, digital storage oscilloscope, Lissajous method of frequency measurement, standard specifications of CRO, probes for CROActive & Passive, attenuator type, Frequency counter, Time and Period measurement AC Bridges Measurement of inductance- Maxwells bridge, Anderson bridge. Measurement of capacitance - Schearing Bridge. Wheat stone bridge. Wien Bridge, Errors and precautions in using bridges. Q-meter. Transducers- active & passive transducers : Resistance, Capacitance, inductance; Strain gauges, LVDT, Piezo Electric transducers, Resistance Thermometers, Thermocouples, Thermistors, Sensistors. Measurement of physical parameters force, pressure, velocity, humidity, moisture, speed, proximity and displacement. Data acquisition systems

UNIT II

UNIT III

UNIT IV

UNIT V

UNIT VI

UNIT VII

UNIT VIII

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Books / Material
Text Books

T1 T2.

Electronic instrumentation, second edition - H.S.Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques A.D. Helfrick and W.D. Cooper, PHI, 5th Edition, 20027.

Suggested / Reference Books R1 R2

Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements - David A. Bell, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2003. Electronic Test Instruments, Analog and Digital Measurements - Robert A.Witte, Pearson Education, 2nd Ed., 2004. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentations by K. Lal Kishore, Pearson Education 2005.

R3

Subject Faculty

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

M. DEEPAK

Text Books (to be acquired by the Students) Book 1 Book2 Mobile Cellular Telecommunications W.C.Y. Lee Principles of Mobile Communications Gordon L. Stuber

Reference Books Book 3 Book 4 Book 5 Wireless Communications - Theodore. S. Rapport Wireless and Mobile Communications Lee McGraw Hills Wireless Communication and Networking Jon W. Mark and Weihua Zhqung

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Unit I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Topic
ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS: CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC

Chapters

No of Classes 10 09 07 07 08 08 08 09 65

CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS HANDOFF, DROPPED CALLS ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN

Contact classes for syllabus coverage Contact classes for syllabus coverage : 65 Classes for syllabus coverage above curriculum : 05 Tutorial classes : 07 Descriptive Tests : 03 Unit tests : 05 Total Classes

80

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CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT-I CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS

1. Performance characteristics of instruments, 2. Static characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, Expected value, Error, Sensitivity. 3. Errors in Measurement, 4. Dynamic Characteristics-speed of response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error. 5. DC Voltmeters- Multirange, Range extension/Solid state and differential voltmeters, 6. AC voltmeters- multi range, range extension, shunt. 7. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, 8. Ohmmeters series type, shunt type, 9. Multimeter for Voltage, 10. Current and resistance measurements.
UNIT-II ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN

1.General description of the problem, 2.Concept of frequency channels, 3.Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor, 4.Desired C/I from a normal case in a omni directional Antenna system, 5.Cell splitting, 6. Consideration of the components of Cellular system.
UNIT-III INTERFERENCE

1. Introduction to Co-Channel Interference, 2. Real time Co-Channel interference, 3.Co-Channel measurement, design of Antenna system, 4.Antenna parameters and their effects, 5.Diversity receiver, 6. Non-co-channel interference-different types. 7. Design a second order low pass filter at a high cut off frequency of 1 KHz. 8. Derive the transfer function of the above filter.
UNIT-IV CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC

1.Signal reflections in flat and hilly terrain, 2.Effect of human made structures, 3.Phase difference between direct and reflected paths, 4.Constant standard deviation, 5.Straight line path loss slope, 6.General formula for mobile propagation over water and flat open area, 7.Near and long distance propagation antenna height gain, 8. Form of a point to point model.
UNIT-V CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS

1. Sum and difference patterns and their synthesis, 2.Omni directional antennas, 3.Directional antennas for interference reduction, 4.Space diversity antennas, 5.Umbrella pattern antennas, 6.Minimum separation of cell site antennas, 7. High gain antennas.
UNIT-VI FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
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1.Numbering and grouping, 2.Setup access and paging channels channel assignments to cell sites and mobile units,

Topic wise Coverage

Sl. No. UNIT-I 01 02 03 04 05 UNIT-II 06 07 08 09 10 11 UNIT-III 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 UNIT-IV 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 UNIT-V 27 28 28 29 30 31 32 UNIT-VI 33 34

Name of the Topic

CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS

No. of Classes required

Cumulative number of periods

02 03 02 01 02 ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN 01 02 02 02 01 01 INTERFERENCE 01 01 01 02 01 01 01 01 CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS

03 05 07 08 10 11 13 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 48 49
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Sum and difference patterns and their synthesis, Omni directional antennas, Directional antennas for interference 01 reduction, Space diversity antennas, Umbrella pattern antennas, Minimum separation of cell site antennas, High gain antennas.

01 01

02 01 01 01 FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT 01 Numbering and grouping, 01 Setup access and paging channels channel

35 36 37 UNIT-VII 39 40 41 42 43 46 47 UNIT-VIII 48 49 50 51 52

assignments to cell sites and mobile units, Channel sharing and borrowing, Sectorization, overlaid cells, Non fixed channel assignment
HANDOFF

01 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 01 01 01

50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 63 64 65

Handoff, Dropped calls and cell splitting, Types of handoff, handoff invitation, Delaying handoff, forced handoff, Cell splitting, Mobile assigned handoff, Intersystem handoff, Micro cells, Vehicle locating methods, Dropped call rates and their evaluation.
DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS

GSM architecture, GSM channels, Multiplex access scheme , TDMA, CDMA.

UNIT UNIT I

UNITWISE QUESTION BANK CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS

1. Explain about the Japanese mobile telephone service network configuration. 2. Explain the handoff mechanism in mobile system 3. explain the concept of basic cellular system. 4. explain about operation of cellular mobile system 5. explain about mobile originated & network originated call 6. write the concept of the self location scheme. 7. explain the history of 800 MHz spectrum allocation to cellular systems 8. explain the major elements of cellular mobile radio system 9. draw the block diagram of a basic cellular mobile communication system & describe the function of each unit. 10. discuss analog & digital cellular system 11. discuss about various performance criteria in cellular mobile unit. 12. What is truncking efficiency? 13. Discuss analog cellular system (AMPS) in detail. 14. Discuss the special features in AMPS and compare them with Digital cellular systems 15. Discuss analog cellular system (AMPS) in detail? 16. Discuss the mobile radio transmission medium 17. Explain about the importance of the amplifier noise in cellular system? 18. Explain the operation of the cellular system? 19. Draw the schematic and the present the working of a cellular system? 20. Briefly explain the evaluation of the analog and digital cellular mobile system?

UNIT II

ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN :

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Explain the concept of frequency reuse channels. Explain the frequency reuse distance in cellular radio system. Explain the hand-off mechanism Explain the cochannel interference reduction factor Derive the C/I for normal case in an omnidirectional antenna system. Draw the general view of telecommunication and explain the function of the each unit? 7. What is the need of splitting and explain the cell splitting 8. Write about maximum number of frequency channels per cell.

9. Explain the importance of

UNIT III

INTERFERENCE : 1. Define cochannel interference. How is it measured at the mobile unit and cell site? 2. Explain how co-channel interference is measured in real time mobile radio transceiver? 3. Explain the designing of an omnidirectional antenna system in the worst case scenario. 4. Explain the designing of the directional antenna under the practical case conditions for 5.K=4, K=7 and K=12 with all suitable values and explaining each of them. 6. Explain the concept of lowering the antenna height to decrease the co-channel interference. 7. Explain the concept of lowering the antenna height to decrease the co-channel interference. 8. Explain different methods to reduce the co-channel interferences.

UNIT IV

CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC : 1. Explain ground incident angle, elevation angle, ground reflection and
reflection point.

2. Write about the phase difference between the direct path and the ground
reflected path. Why there is a constant standard deviation along a path-loss curve. Discuss the merits of point-to-point model Explain about foliage loss. Discuss the Lee model for point to point propagation 7. Derive the relation for the maximum coverage distance in mobile environment. What are the factors that effect accuracy of prediction Discuss in detail about small scale multipath propagation. Explain the effect of propagation of mobile signals over water

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UNIT V

CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS : 1. Obtain the free space path loss from the transmitting end and the receiving end
of the antenna. Derive the received power in dBm. How is the measured field strength converted into the receiver power? 2. What do you understand by engineering antenna pattern? Explain the corresponding pattern. 3. Concern to the cell site antennas explain start up configuration and abnormal antenna configuration of start up systems? 4. How interference can be reduced by using the directional antennas at the cell site? 5. Explain the antenna arrangement of space diversity used at cell site. 6. Explain how umbrella pattern antennas are used as the cell site antennas. 7. Explain in detail the unique situation of the antenna with neat diagram. 8. Explain in detail about minimum separation of cell-site receiving antennas. 9. Explain the following, (a) Roof mounted antennas (b) Glass mounted antennas (c) Mobile high gain antennas. 10.Explain the following, (a) Horizontal oriented space diversity antenna (b) Vertically Oriented space diversity antenna.

UNIT VI

FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT : 1. Discuss the concept of frequency management concern to the
numbering the channels and grouping into the subset. 2. What are the different techniques to utilize the frequency spectrum, give a brief explanation? 3. Explain in detail about grouping of Set-up channels. 4. Explain in detail access channels and operational techniques. 5. Explain about paging channels. 6. Write the concept of the self location scheme at the mobile unit and the autonomous registration. 7. Write about fixed channel assignment schemes in detail. 8. What are the advantages of sectorized cells? 9. Compare the omni cells and sectorized cells. 10. Explain about the Underlay-Overlay Arrangement.

UNIT VII

HANDOFF & DROPPED CALLWhy hand off is necessary ? 2. What are the two decision making parameters of handoff explain. 3. Concept of delaying a handoff 4. What are the advantages of delayed handoff 5. Write about forced handoff 6. Write about Power difference handoff
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7. 8.
rates

What is Intersystem handoff? Definition of dropped call rate and consideration of dropped call

9. 10.

Relation among capacity, voice quality, dropped call rate What is the general formula of dropped call rate? Explain? 11. Explain how to calculate the number of handoffs per call? 12. What are the circumstances where handoffs are necessary but cannot be made? 13. Explain how a handoff is initiated?

UNIT VIII

DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS :

1. Explain in detail about GSM architecture What are the services offered by GSM channels? Write short notes on modes in GSM channels. Explain in detail about multiple access scheme. Explain the architecture of TDMA? Write about the signaling format and message structure in TDMA. 7. Write short notes on, (a) TDMA structure(b) Frame length(c) Frame offset(d) Modulation timing. 8. Explain about TDMA channels. 9. Explain the some of the important terms of CDMA digital cellular systems. 10. Explain the SSD update message flow from Base Station to Mobile Station and vice versa.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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