Protections For Auxiliary Power Supply System

Overview
Auxiliary Power Supply System
Elements of Aux. Power System What are Faults ?

Protections
Purpose of Protection System Essential Qualities of Protection System Protection Zones Primary And Back up Protections

Motor Protections Transformer Protections Incomers & Ties Protections for LV side Relay Setting

Auxiliary Power Supply System

The purpose of an Electrical system is to generate and supply electrical energy . The system should be designed and managed to deliver power with Reliability and Economy. As these two requirements are quite opposed a balance is required to have an optimum design of Auxiliary power supply system The auxiliaries have Ratings range from a few watts to few Mega Watts & Located over a large area Work under varied Operating Conditions

Auxiliary Power Supply System

Failure of Auxiliaries can cause Outage of Power Plant Auxiliaries need Reliable Power Supply System designed to cater to this need Loads segregated on the basis of Rating (to decide Voltage) Location (to decide the Feeding Point) Change-over schemes & Alternate Power Supply arrangement to ensure Reliability

Elements of Aux. Power System

More than 95% of the auxiliaries are driven by Motors Different Voltage levels are interconnected through Transformers Miscellaneous Elements Incomers Ties Diesel Generators

What are Faults ?

Electrical Equipment are prone to Faults. A Fault in a system is defined as a defect in the electrical system due to which the flow of the current is diverted from its intended path Due to faults the voltages of the 3 Phase become unbalanced and excessive fault currents flow which can damage not only the faulty equipment's but also the installations through which current is fed. Equipment / Circuit components / System Stability affected by Fault

Faults in Electrical System

Fault caused by various factors Failure of Insulation Inadvertent connection between points at different voltage levels Overload

Faults in Electrical System

Electrical Faults Phase to phase Phase to ground Phase to phase to phase Phase to phase to phase to ground

Purpose of Protection System

Remove Electric Power from the Faulty Equipment / Circuit Minimize the Damage of Faulty Equipment Healthy Equipment shall not be Disturbed Protect the Equipment from Continuous Overload Maintain the System Stability Maintain equipment operating limits

Essential Qualities of Protection System

Reliability Operate when Required Selectivity Isolate only the Faulty Part Sensitivity Accurately Observe Parameters Speed Act Fast to Minimize damage Economy Strike the Right Balance

Protection Zones
Depending on the ratings of the machines ,its location ,relative importance ,probability of faults each Power system component (Generator, Transformer Transmission lines , busbars , cables ,individual loads etc) is covered by Protection Zones. The entire system is covered by protection zones and no part is left unprotected.

Protection Zones

Primary And Back up Protections

Primary Protections are essential protections
First to act Primary Protections may fail due to failure of components such as relay ,CT,PT ,trip circuit,circuit Breaker etc Sometimes Primary protections are made inoperative for the purpose of maintenance , testing etc

Primary And Back up Protections

Back up Protections are next in line of defense
Back Up Protections can be Relay Backup AS a measure of economy generally Back-up Protections are provided against short circuit Protection s Circuit Breaker Back-Up Remote Back-Up

Primary And Back up Protections

Back up Protections By Time Grading
Principle The tripping time at various locations are graded in such a way that the CB s nearest to the fault operate first giving primary protections and other s operate as a Back-Up Such protections are costly but are justified for EHV lines, Large Transformers and generators

Back up Protections By duplication

Principle

Primary And Back up Protections

Back up Protections By
Time Grading Principle The tripping time at various locations are graded in such a way that the CB s nearest to the fault operate first giving primary protections and other s operate as a Back-Up Such protections are costly but are justified for EHV lines, Large Transformers and generators

Back up Protections By
duplication Principle

Motor Protections

AC Motors
Almost ALL motors used in Power Plant are Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Motors Drive a variety of Equipment, viz., Pumps, Fans, Pulverizers, Blowers, Compressors, Conveyors Characteristics of Motors depend on the Driven Equipments characteristics

AC Motors
Voltage level of motors selected according to kW rating <= 200kW - LT (415V) > 200kW & <= 1500kW - HT (3.3kV) > 1500kW - HT (11kV) Type of Control selected according to duty LT Motors Breaker control for ratings >160kW LT Motors Contactor control for all duties HT Motors Contactor control for frequent StartStops HT Motors Breaker control for Other duties

Motor Faults
Electrical Faults Short-circuit Winding Faults (Phase-Phase, Inter-turn) Earth Fault Dangerous Operating Conditions Overload (Continuous & Cyclic) Stalling Single-Phasing Switching Over-voltage Under-voltage

HT Motor Protection (Breaker Controlled Motors)

Short-circuit / Winding Faults Magnitude of Fault Current Quite High Differential Relays Ideal for this protection Instantaneous Over-current Relays also work well for this protection Differential Relays used for Motor Ratings > 2000kW Instantaneous O/C Relays for Lower Rated Motors

HT Motor Protection (Breaker Controlled Motors)

Earth Fault Most Frequent Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay in Residual Circuit of Current Transformers Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay with CoreBalance Current Transformer (CBCT) Also Called Sensitive Earth Fault Protection CBCT Scheme more effective / sensitive for Motor CT Ratios 50/1A

HT Motor Protection (Breaker Controlled Motors)

Overload Protection Provide Alarm for Operator to Initiate Corrective Action Trip the Motor if Condition is Serious Definite Time Delayed Over-current Alarm in One Phase Inverse Time Over-current Relay in the other Two Phases Monitoring of Winding Temperature & Alarm for Motors Rated over 1000kW DA3

HT Motor Protection (Breaker Controlled Motors)

Stalling Protection Essential for Motors with insufficient gap between their Starting & Hot-withstand Curves Definite Time Delayed Over-current Relay with Speed Switch Typically provided for Motors with Long Starting Time e.g., Coal Mill (Pulverizer) motor, PA Fan motor

HT Motor Protection (Breaker Controlled Motors)

Switching Over-voltage Surge Arresters connected across Each Phase and Earth Metal-Oxide type Gapless Arresters Under-voltage U/V causes Drop in Speed & Rise in Current Trip Signal from Bus Under-voltage Relay

HT Motor Protection (Vacuum Contactor Controlled Motors)

Short-circuit / Winding Faults Back-up Fuse Earth Fault Similar to Breaker-controlled Overload Similar to Breaker-controlled

HT Motor Protection (Vacuum Contactor Controlled Motors)

Single-Phasing Essential as Back-up Fuses are used Over-Voltage Surge Arresters between Each Phase and Earth Under-voltage From Bus U/V Relay (Essential for Mechanically Latched Contactors)

LT Motor Protection (Breaker Controlled Motors)

Short-circuit Instantaneous Over-current Relay Earth Fault Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay in Residual Circuit Overload Similar to HT Motors Under-voltage From Bus U/V Relay

LT Motor Protection

(Contactor Controlled Motors)

Short-circuit & Earth Fault Back-up Fuse Since LT System is Solidly Grounded, Earth Fault Current is Equal in Magnitude to the Short-circuit Current Overload Bimetal (Thermal) Overload Relays Single-Phasing BMR with In-built Single-Phasing Preventer available

Transformer Protections

Transformer Characteristics

High magnetizing inrush currents Ratio mismatch with CTs aggravated by Tap- changers Phase shifts Transformers are affected by over-fluxing Affected by over-temperature

Power Transformers
Connect Systems of Different Voltage Levels Located near the Load Centres Supply Power to Switchboards which is Distributed to the Loads Ratings from few hundred kVAs to several MVAs

Power Transformer Faults

Electrical Faults Phase to Phase Fault Inter-turn Fault Core Fault Earth Fault Externally applied Conditions Overload Over-voltage

Power Transformer Protection

Electrical Protection Differential Earth Fault Over-current Mechanical Protection Temperature (Oil & Winding) Pressure Relief Device Buchholz Relay

Transformer Differential Protection

Works on Circulating Current Principle Most Efficient Protection against Electrical Faults Applied for Transformers Rated 5MVA Interposing Current Transformers To compensate for Mismatch of Line CTs Stability from Magnetic Inrush Current Harmonic Restraint

Transformer Over-current Protection

Instantaneous O/C For Short-circuit & Winding Fault Protection of Transformers Rated < 5MVA Definite Time Delayed O/C On Transformers of All Ratings Back-up to Differential / Instantaneous O/C

Transformer Earth Fault Protection

On HV Side Instantaneous E/F Relay on Residual Circuit Sensitive E/F Scheme (with CBCT) for Transformer Feeders with CT Ratio 50/1A On LV Side Restricted E/F (REF) Protection on All Transformers With Neutral & LV Side CTs Back-up E/F (Time delayed) Protection for Large Transformers With Neutral CT

Restricted Earth fault Protection

Transformers and generators are voltage sources.They are traditionally protected by an Over current Earth fault relay , normally mounted in the breaker panel. It should be noted that this protection alone is not adequate.

Restricted Earth fault Protection

Works on Circulating Current Principle Excellent Protection for E/F within the Protected Zone Three Phase CTs & One Neutral CT connected to a High Impedance Relay Stabilizing Resistor To Ensure Stability on Faults Outside the Zone Relays Calibrated on Voltage due to Fault work without Stabilizing Resistors Can be Combined with Differential Protection to save One Set of CTs

Restricted Earth fault Protection

When an earth fault occurs in zone A or within the machine, the fault current will circulate within the zone or within the machine. The fault current will not flow through the CTs connected to the O/C +E/F relays near the breaker. A No trip situation is shown when there is ainternal fault in the zone A. Thus, a separate scheme is required to detect internal earth faults in zone A. This scheme is called Restricted Earth Fault (REF) scheme.

How To Detect Internal earth faults

It is well established that the sum of currents at the beginning of the zone A should be equal to the sum of currents exiting the zone. Two sets of CTs are used to derive these sum of currents at the inlet and exit. A fault in the zone will result in a difference in current .

How To Detect Internal Earth faults

Mechanical Protection
Winding Temperature Alarm & Trip Oil Temperature Alarm & Trip Buchholz Relay Reliable Protective Device for Transformers with Conservator Incipient Faults Alarm Severe Winding Faults Trip Oil Pressure Relief Device

Incomers , Ties & Bus Protections

Incomers
Convey Power from Transformers to Switchboards Protection Scheme Over-current Instantaneous O/C Relay Earth Fault Instantaneous E/F Relay in Residual Circuit

Tie Feeders
Connect Two Switchboards of Same Voltage Level Provided to Enhance Reliability Can work both as Incomer & Outgoing according to Operational Philosophy Protection Scheme Similar to Incomer

Relay Setting of Incomers & Tie Feeders (HT)

Instantaneous O/C 300% of Full Load Current for Incomers from Transformers Same setting as the Main Incomer for Tie Feeders Check for Stability on Starting of the Largest Motor connected to the Bus Instantaneous E/F Minimum E/F current that can be sensed (for both Incomer & Tie Feeder)

Protection of Incomers & Tie Feeders (LT)

Definite Time Delayed Over-current Set at 250% of the Switchboards Operating Load Check for Stability on Starting of the Largest Motor connected to the Bus Time Delay setting used for Discrimination between Incomers, Bus-couplers & Tie Feeders For Small Boards (Rating 630A) Fuse Protection is used

Coordination between INC, Ties & Otg Feeders (HT)

To Ensure Selectivity Reverse-Blocking Tripping of the Incomer should be Blocked by the Outgoings Time Gradation between the Two Ends of Ties

Relay Settings

Motor Relay Setting

Short-circuit Based on the Maximum Starting Current Earth Fault Minimum Possible setting Take care of Spurious Tripping Overload (Starting & Hot-withstand Curves) Based on Motor Characteristics

Motor Relay Setting

Excel Sheet For Relay Setting Motor Relay Setting Tool

Transformer Relay Setting

Differential Least Possible Setting Take care of Stability for Through Faults Instantaneous O/C Transformer Fault Current
1 Transformer kVA X p.u. Impedance 3 X Line Voltage

Check for Magnetizing Inrush Current (about 15 times the FLC), the Relay should not Operate

Excel Sheet For Relay Setting

Transformer Relay Setting

Definite Time Delayed O/C 300% of Transformer Full Load Current Earth Fault (HV Side & Backup of LV) Minimum Setting Take care of Spurious Tripping REF (Relay with Current Setting) Minimum Setting Stabilizing Resistance value Calculated based on Through Fault Current & Relay Circuit Resistance

Transformer Relay Setting

REF (Relay with Voltage Setting) Calculate Through Fault Current (IF) Calculate Corresponding CT Secondary Current (IFS) Calculate Voltage Across the Relay (IFS X Relay Circuit Resistance) Setting is the Nearest Voltage above this Voltage

Diesel Generator
Used for Emergency Power Supply Three-Phase Three-Wire System Protection Scheme Differential Voltage Controlled Over-current (Backup) Reverse Power Overload Alarm (on One Phase) Earth Fault Alarm

Numerical Relays
Integrated protection , control and metering Flexibility to system design. Online diagnostics Remote indications and operations

Numerical Relays
The tangible benefits are
Lesser no of devices. Reduced cables and cabling. Reduced engineering time. Lesser panel size which means saving in space Less spare inventory Less operational cost

The intangible benefits are

wide setting ranges and ability to set precise setting versatility of characteristics watchdog function integration of protection and control data availability and ease of failure analysis

Reverse Power

Earth Fault Detection with CBCT

Sensitive earth fault protection (50 N2) connected to core balance CT for motor and transformers, with an inst OC relay having a setting range of 10 mA to 160 mA. The relay type CTUM - 15 (without timer) or equivalent. 3A Circulating current is assumed , hence setting is more than 60 mA say around 100 MAmp

Effect of Voltage and Frequency fluctuations on Motors

INST O/C (50)

Triple pole instantaneous over current relay for instantaneous positive sequence O/C (50) in all three phases. The relay range - 250-2000% of CT secondary rated current. The relays shall have transient over reach of 5% and drop off to pick up ratio of at least 90% . The relay shall be Alstom type CAG-37 or equivalent.

50A, 50 L/R 50 N
Definite time delay for over load alarm (50A). The relay setting is continuously adjustable between 50-200% of CT secondary rated current and a time delay setting of about 2.5 to 25 seconds. The relay is Alstom type CTU-12 or equivalent. Definite time delay single pole over current relay for motor stalling protection (50 L/R) on one phase only. The relay setting is continuously adjustable between 150-600% of CT secondary rated current and a time delay setting of about 2.5 to 25 seconds. The relay is Alstom type CTU-12 or equivalent. Single pole instantaneous earth fault relay (50 N) with adjustable current setting of 10%-40% of rated secondary current of neutral CT. The relay is Alstom type CAG12 or equivalent

50N3 & 50 N1 For E/F faults

Earth fault protection (50 N3) for the incomers, ties and other feeders is provided with a O/C relay having a pick-up setting range of about 5% to 10% CT secondary rated current. The relay is ABB type RXIG 22 or equivalent.
Instantaneous earth fault protection (50 N1) connected in residual circuit for motors & transformers is provided with an instantaneous high stability circulating current relay having a pick up setting range of about 10 to 40% of CT secondary rated current. Necessary series stablising resistor is provided. The relay is Alstom type CAG-14 or equivalent.

ANSI Codes
ANSI / IEEE Codes for Protection Functions Code Function Description Application Area
Feeders XTMR Gen Motors

Time delay 2 x Over speed 12 Impedance Relay (Distance Protectio x 21 Distance Relay - earth Fault 21G Over excitation 24 Synchronising check 25 Over / under temperature 26 x 27 / 59 Under voltage / Over Voltage - ac Annunciator 30 x Reverse Power (Directional Power) 32 Reverse Power (Directional Power) - Active 32P Reverse Power (Directional Power) - Reactiv 32Q Under Power / Under curent 37 Bearing Temperature 38 Bearing Vibration 39 Loss of field 40 Manual transfer switch 43 DC Over voltage 45 Reverse phase / phase balance curren x 46 Phase sequence / phase reversal voltage 47 Thermal Over load 49 Instantaneous Over Current 50 x Instantaneous Earth Fault 50N x 50V 51 51N 51LR 51V 52BF 59S 60 63 64 64R 64S

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x

x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x

Voltage restrained over current - Inst. Time delayed Over current x x Time delayed earth fault x x Locked Rotor Voltage restrained Over current - time delayed Breaker Failure x x Negative sequence Over Voltage x Voltage balance protection x Pressure x Restricted Earth Fault x Rotor Earth fault Stator Earth Fault

x x x x