Perfect present (uses and form) The perfect present uses in the language Englishman to narrate facts that

already have happened in a not specific moment of the past, and that can or not to be continuing in the present. The verb in perfect present, or present perfect in English, constructs itself with the auxiliary verb have or you have, if it is in third person, I have, she, it, more the participle of the verb, past participle, also known like 3 colomn (third column) Brief: I hold + have/has + verb (past participle) * Examples: Affirmative I have eaten an apple.? I have eaten an apple. He has bought me a car.? I have you have bought me to car. Negative I hold + haven't/hasn't + verb (past participle) It has not taken me to the zoo.? Is has not given me to lift to the zoo. They have not studied for the examination.? They have not studied for the test. Question Have/has + do I hold + verb (past participle)? All the times have you seen this movie?? How many steal have you seen that film? Which has been the best movie that you have seen?? Which is been the best film you have ever seen? Perfect past (uses and form) The perfect past is in use for speaking on two times simultaneously: the past and another past previous to this one. Structurally it is like the perfect present but instead of the auxiliary "have" / "you" "have" is in use "had". With the perfect past two verbs are in use: the corresponding form of the verb "have" as verb auxilar and the form " past participle " of the principal verb. In the third person with "I" "have", "she" and "it" the auxiliary one is " had, " and in the others also. Inside this form, there are two types of verbs: the regular verbs and the irregular verbs: Regular verbs: Estos son verbos como "walk" (andar), "talk" (hablar), "rate" (categorizar), "raise" (levantar),"hate"(odiar),"help"(ayudar),"like"(gustar),"want"(querer),"raid"(asaltar,redar), "last" (durar), "gore" (cornear), "wash" (lavar), "ask" (preguntar), "work" (trabajar), "show" (mostrar), "use" (usar), "look" (mirar a un objeto fijo), "watch" (mirar a una actividad en progreso),"listen"(escuchar),etc.Parahacerel"pasadoperfecto"deestosverbos,simplemente hayqueaadirlaterminacin"ed"asuinfinitivo.Porejemplo,elparticipiopasadode"walk"es "walked", "talk" = "talked", "rate" = "rated", "raise" = "raised", "hate" = hated", "help" = "helped", "like" = "liked", "want" = "wanted", "last" = "lasted", "gore" = "gored", "wash" = "washed","ask"="asked","work"="worked","show"="showed","use"="used","look"=

"looked","watch"="watched","listen"="listened",etc. The basic structure of the negative of the perfect past: I You He She It We You They had had had had had had had had not not not not not not not not eaten something. Nohabacomidoalgo. talked tosomebody. Nohabashabladoconalguien. listened tosomething. Nohabaescuchadoalgo.(l) read something. Nohabaleidoalgo.(ella) gone somewhere. Nohabaidoaalgnsitio. looked atsomething. Nohabamosmiradoalgo. worn something. Nohabaisllevadoalgopuesto. sat somewhere. Nosehabiansentadoenalgnsitio.

Whenwespeakaboutsomethingthathasnotchanged(stillitistrue)orthatisinthefuture,we donothavetochangetheverbaltime. Reportedspeech(sinceitisused) Thereportedspeech,unlikethedirectspeech,doesnotusetheinvertedcommasanddoesnot needtobeawordforword.Ingeneral,whenthedirectspeechisused,theverbaltimechanges.Later youhaveanexplicacinofthechangesthatsuffertheverbaltimes. Examples: 1)"IamgoingtoLondonnextweek,"shesaid.("VoyaLondreslasemanaqueviene,"elladijo.) 2) "DoyouhaveapenIcouldborrow,"heasked.("Tienesunbolgrafoquepuedasprestarme,"l pregunt.) 3)Alicesaid,"Ilovetodance."(Alicedijo,"Meencantabailar.") 4)Chrisasked,"Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithmetomorrownight?"(Chrispregunt,"Tegustara cenarconmigomaanaporlanoche?") Sometimes it is used "that" in the affirmative and negativephrases to introduce what anotherpersonhassaid.Ontheotherhand,intheinterrogativephrasesitispossibletouse"if"or "whether".

DirectSpeech PresentSimple

ReportedSpeech PastSimple

"He'sAmerican"shesaid. "I'mhappytoseeyou,"Marysaid. Heasked,"Areyoubusytonight?" PresentContinuous "DanislivinginSanFrancisco,"shesaid. Hesaid,"I'mmakingdinner." "Whyareyouworkingsohard?"theyasked. PastSimple "Wewenttothemovieslastnight,"hesaid. Gregsaid,"Ididn'tgotoworkyesterday." "Didyoubuyanewcar?"sheasked. PastContinuous "Iwasworkinglatelastnight,"Vickisaid. Theysaid,"Weweren'twaitinglong." Heasked,"WereyousleepingwhenIcalled?" PresentPerfectSimple Heathersaid,"I'vealreadyeaten." "Wehaven'tbeentoChina,"theysaid. "Haveyouworkedherebefore?"Iasked. PresentPerfectContinuous Stevesaid,"We'vebeendatingforoverayear now." "Haveyoubeenwaitinglong?"theyasked. PastPerfectSimple "I'dbeentoChicagobeforeforwork,"hesaid. PastPerfectContinuous Shesaid,"I'dbeendancingforyearsbeforethe accident."

ShesaidhewasAmerican. Marysaidthatshewashappytoseeme. HeaskedmeifIwasbusytonight. PastContinuous ShesaidDanwaslivinginSanFrancisco. Hetoldmethathewasmakingdinner. TheyaskedmewhyIwasworkingsohard. PastPerfectSimple Hetoldmetheyhadgonetothemovieslastnight. Gregsaidthathehadn'tgonetoworkyesterday. SheaskedmeifIhadboughtanewcar. PastPerfectContinuous Vickitoldmeshe'dbeenworkinglastnight. Theysaidthattheyhadn'tbeenwaitinglong. HeaskedifI'dbeensleepingwhenhecalled. PastPerfectSimple Heathertoldmethatshe'dalreadyeaten. Theysaidtheyhadn'tbeentoChina. Iaskedherwhethershe'dworkedtherebefore. PastPerfectContinuous Stevetoldmethatthey'dbeendatingforovera year. TheyaskedwhetherI'dbeenwaitinglong. PastPerfectSimple(*NOCHANGE) Hesaidthathe'dbeentoChicagobeforeforwork. PastPerfectContinuous(*NOCHANGE) Shesaidshe'dbeendancingforyearsbeforethe accident.

"I'vebeenstudyingEnglishfortwoyears,"hesaid. Hesaidhe'dbeenstudyingEnglishfortwoyears.

* Women ploughs safer because they're dwell cautious ", said the inspector. ("Lasmujeressonmssegurasporquesonmscuidadosas",dijoelinspector) * Theinspectorthinksthatthesexofthedriverwasirrelevant.

(Elinspectorpiensaqueelsexodelconductornotenaimportancia)

Hebelievesthattheloadyoucarryinyourcarmakesadifference.

(Elcreequelacargaquellevasentuautohaceladiferencia)

ReportedSpeech(ReportedSpeech) Indirectstyle,unlikethedirectstyle,doesnotusethequotesandneednotbewordforword.Ingeneral, whenusingthedirectstyle,thetensechanges.Belowisanexplanationofthechangesexperiencedby tenses. Itissometimesused"that"intheaffirmativeandnegativesentencestointroducewhattheotherperson says.Ontheotherhand,intheinterrogativesentencescanbeused"if"or"whether." Whenwetalkaboutsomethingthathasnotchanged(yettrue)orthatisinthefuture,weneed notchangethetense. Examples: "I'm 30 years old," she said. She said she is 30 years old. Dave said, "Kelly is sick." Dave said Kelly is sick. "We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. They said they are going to Tokyo next week. "I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow. *Makeaglossaryofwordswiththeinstrumentsofcivilconstructionlabotrario Cement;iscalledabinderformedfromamixtureoflimestoneandclaycalcinedandthen ground,whichhasthepropertyofhardeningoncontactwithwater.Mixedwithstoneaggregates(gravel andsand)andwater,createsauniformmixture,malleableandplasticsetsandhardens,becomingstony consistency,calledconcrete(inSpain,partofSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeanHispanic)orconcrete (inMexicoandpartofSouthAmerica).Itsuseiswidespreadinconstructionandcivilengineering. Rebar,steelbarofcircularsectionwithagroovedsurface,obtainedbyhotrollingofbillets.Itis usedprimarilyasreinforcementinreinforcedconcreteconstruction. Inadditiontoweightsandmeasuresspecifiedinthetablebelow,ourrodscanbemanufacturedinother gradesanddesignationsaccordingtopreviousagreementbetweenthebuyerandthecompany.

Aboulderorpebbleisapieceoflooserock,capableofbeingtransportedbynaturalmeans, suchaswaterflows,landslides,etc..Althoughthereisnodistinctionofform,ingeneral,aboulder becomesamorphologymoreorlessrounded,subroundedoroblong,withnosharpedgesandsmooth surface,duetodamagecausedtotheerosionprocesses,usuallycausedbycorrosion,runningwater (watererosion)orwind(winderosion). A spade is a hand tool used for digging or moving relatively small cohesive materials. Is basicallyaflatsurfacewithaslightcurvaturewhichservestodigintothegroundandtransportthe materialandametalorwoodenhandlewithwhichithandles.Themetalpartisusuallysmoothandthe handle ends in a handle which can be straight or curved to exert more force with one hand. Theshovelwasusedsinceancienttimesinagricultureandconstruction . Itsdevelopmenthasledtothebulldozersandloaders,veryimportanttasksofearthworkforremodeling andrefurbishmentofland,constructionofurbaninfrastructure,creationofbasements,preparationof foundationsofbuildings,etc. Thetopographiclevel,alsocalledopticalorequialtmetrolevelisaninstrumentthataimsto measuregapsbetweenpointsthatareatdifferentheightsortransferringdimensionsofaknownpointto anotherunknown.

Thesand isasetofdisintegratedrockparticles.Ingeologycalledcompositesandparticles ranginginsizefrom0.063to2mm.Anindividualparticleinthisrangeiscalledgrainofsand.A consolidatedrockcomposedoftheseparticlesarecalledsand(Sinpsammitic).Particlesbelow0.063 mmandupto0.004mmarecalledsilt,andfarabovethegrainofsandto64mmarecalledgravel.

rocessedandselected stonefortheconstruction,manufacturingcolumns,floors,platabanda P andconstructionintheareaofmasonryingeneral.justbsf.:160.00themt3(cubicmeter)freightinthe centerofthecountry(araguaandcarabobo)aamountsrequestedbyagreeing