AASHTOPavementThicknessDesignGuide

Whendesigningpavementthicknessforflexibleandrigidpavements,thefollowingconsiderations shouldbeused. 1. Performancecriteria(serviceabilityindexes).Conditionofpavementsareratedwithapresent serviceabilityindex(PSI)rangingfrom5(perfectcondition)to0(impossibletotravel). a. Initialserviceabilityindex(Po)PoisconsideredtobethatPSIimmediatelyafterthe pavementisopen.AASHTOvaluesare4.5forrigidpavementand4.2forflexiblepavement. b. Terminalserviceabilityindex(Pt)PtisconsideredtobethatPSIthatrepresentsthelowest acceptablelevelbeforeresurfacingorreconstructionbecomesnecessary. Pt=2.00forSecondaryRoads,LocalResidentialStreets. Pt=2.25forMinorCollectors,IndustrialandCommercialStreets. Pt=2.50forMajorCollectorsandallArterials. c. Serviceabilityloss(dPSI)dPSIisthedifferencebetweenPoandPt(PoPt).ThedPSIisthe basisforthepavementdesign. 2. Designvariables a. Analysisperiod(n)nistheperiodoftimeforwhichtheanalysisistobeconducted. Normally50yearsforconcreteand30yearsforasphalt. b. DesignTraffic(ESALs)ESALsistheestimateofnumberofEquivalent18kipSingleAxle Loads(ESALs)duringtheanalysisperiodisrequired.Thisvaluecanbeestimatedbasedon: TheAverageAnnualDailyTraffic(AADT)inthebaseyear Theaveragepercentageoftrucksexpectedtousetheroad Theaverageannualtrafficgrowthrate,and Theanalysisperiod ToestimatethedesignESALs,thefollowingproceduremaybeused. 1.) ObtainanestimateofthedesignAADTforthebeginning,orbaseyearofthe analysisperiod. 2.) ObtainanestimateoftheaveragepercentageoftheAADTthatwillbetrucks. 3.) CalculatetheESALsforthebaseyear. 4.) Calculatethegrowthfactorbasedontheannualtrafficgrowthrate(r%)andthe analysisperiod(n).GrowthFactor=(((1+r)^n)1)/r 5.) MultiplythebaseyearESALsbytheGrowthFactortoobtainthetotalESALsforthe analysisperiod.

c. Reliability(R%)/NormalDeviation(ZR)Ristheprobabilitythatthedesignwillsuccedfor thelifeofthepavement.Thefollowingreliabilityandnormaldeviation(ZR)valuesare recommended. LocalStreets: R=80%,ZR=0.841 CollectorStreets: R=88%,ZR=1.270 ArterialStreets: R=95%,ZR=1.645 d. Overallstandarddeviation(So)SoisthecoefficientwhichdescribeshowwelltheAASHTO RoadTestdatafitstheAASHTODesignEquations.Thelowertheoveralldeviation,the bettertheequationsmodelthedata.Thefollowingrangesarerecommended. RigidPavements: 0.30to0.40 FlexiblePavements: 0.40to0.50 3. Materialpropertiesforstructuraldesign a. Roadbedsoilresilientmodulus(MR)MRisthepropertyofthesoilwhichindicatesthe stiffnessorelasticityofthesoilunderdynamicloading.MRisalsoadjustedforseasonal fluctuationfromtemperatureetc. b. Modulusofsubgradereaction(kandkc)kisthemodulusofthesubgradesoil. c. ApproximaterelationshipofktoMR: k=MR/19.4 d. Compositemodulusofsubgradereaction(kc)kcisthecompositemodulusofthesubbase materials,whichwilltakeintoaccountanybaseplacedontopofthesubgrade.Ifabaseis usedkcisinputintotheequationratherthank.
TypeofSoil Subgrade Strength KValueRange (pci) (Rigid Pavement) 50 100 Resilient Modulus MR,(psi) (Flexible Pavement 10002700 CBR

Siltsandclaysofhighcompressibility(liquid limit>=50),naturaldensity(notrecommended forsubgradeswithouttreatment) Finegrainsoilsinwhichsiltandclaysize particlespredominate(lowcompressibility, liquidlimit<50) Poorlygradessandsandsoilsthatare predominatelysandywithmoderateamountsof siltsandclays(welldrained) Gravelysoils,wellgradedsands,andsandgravel mixturesrelativelyfreeofplasticfines

VeryLow

3or less 3to 5.5 5.5 to12 >12

Low

100 150

27004000

Medium

150 220

40005700

High

220 250+

>5700

Approximatecompositemodulusofsubgradereaction(kc)forvariouspavementconditions.
SubgradekValue 50 100 150 200 UntreatedSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=1) 4in 6in 8in 27 31 34 43 47 51 57 62 66 70 74 78 10in 37 56 71 85

SubgradekValue 50 100 150 200 BituminousSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=0) 4in 6in 8in 84 112 141 144 198 243 221 277 334 284 351 419 CementTreatedSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=0) 4in 6in 8in 101 145 193 185 258 334 265 360 460 341 457 577 LeanConcreteSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=1) 4in 6in 8in 104 156 205 192 271 354 274 378 488 353 480 612 10in 170 288 392 487

Crushedstoneusek=100andkc=150for6to12inofthickness.

SubgradekValue 50 100 150 200 10in 245 414 563 700

SubgradekValue 50 100 150 200 10in 262 443 603 750

e. ConcretepropertiesModulusofElasticity(Ec)andModulusofRupture(Sc).Scisthe28 dayFlexuralStrengthoftheconcrete.EccanbederivedfromScasfollowsEc=5700(Sc). FlexuralStrength(Sc)canalsobeapproximatedfromcompressivestrength(fc)asfollows: Sc=2.3fc^0.667(psi). f. Layercoefficients.Structurallayercoefficients(ai)arerequiredforflexiblepavement design.Avalueforthesecoefficientsisassignedtoeachlayermaterialinthepavement structureinordertoconvertactuallayerthicknessintostructuralnumber(SN). Component Coefficient Minimum Thickness Surface/IntermediateCourse HotMixAsphaltwithTypeAAggregate 0.44 2 HotMixAsphaltwithTypeBAggregate 0.40 2 BaseCourse 3

TypeBHotMixAsphalt 0.40 2 AsphaltTreatedBaseClassI 0.34 4 BituminousTreatedAggregateBase 0.23 6 AsphaltTreatedBaseClassII 0.26 4 ColdLaidBituminousConcreteBase 0.23 6 CementTreatedGranular(Aggregate)Base 0.20 6 SoilCementBase 0.15 6 Crushed(Graded)StoneBase 0.14 6 MacadamStoneBase 0.12 6 PortlandCementConcreteBase(New) 0.50 OldPortlandCementConcrete 0.40 CrackandSeatedPCC 0.250.30 RubblizedPCC 0.20 ColdinPlaceRecycled 0.220.27 SubbaseCourse SoilCementSubbase 0.10 6 SoilLimeSubbase 0.10 6 GranularSubbase 0.10 4 SoilAggregateSubbase 0.05 4 4. Pavementstructuralcharacteristics a. Coefficientofdrainage(CdorMi)Cdisthecoefficientofdrainageforrigidpavement designusedtoaccountforimprovedordecreasedqualityofdrainage.Miisthecoefficient ofdrainageforflexiblepavementdesignusedtomodifylayercoefficients.Waterunder pavementisoneoftheprimarycausesofpavementfailure.Thiswillcontributeto pavementpumpingunderlargenumbersofheavyloads. Thefollowingdefinitionsareusedasaguide: ExcellentdrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin2hours. GooddrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin1day. FairdrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin7days. PoordrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin1month. VerypoordrainageMaterialdoesnotdrain. BasedonthesedefinitionstheCdorMivalueforFairdrainagewouldbe1.00.Avalueof 1.00wouldhavenoimpactonpavementthickness.Lowervaluesincreasetherequired pavementthickness;highervaluesdecreasetherequiredpavementthickness. RecommendedvaluesofCdforrigidpavement
PercentofTimePavementstructureisexposedtomoisturelevelsapproachingsaturation Qualityof <1% 1 5% 5 25% >25% Drainage Excellent 1.251.20 1.20 1.15 1.15 1.10 1.10

Good Fair Poor VeryPoor

1.201.15 1.151.10 1.101.00 1.000.90

1.15 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.80

1.10 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.70

1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70

RecommendedvaluesofMiformodifyingstructurallayercoefficientsofuntreatedbaseand subbasematerialsinflexiblepavements
PercentofTimePavementstructureisexposedtomoisturelevelsapproachingsaturation Qualityof <1% 1 5% 5 25% >25% Drainage Excellent 1.401.35 1.35 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 Good 1.351.25 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.00 1.00 Fair 1.251.15 1.15 1.05 1.00 0.80 0.80 Poor 1.151.05 1.05 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.60 VeryPoor 1.050.95 0.95 0.75 0.75 0.40 0.40

b. Loadtransfercoefficientsforjointedandcontinuousreinforcedpavements.Theoneitem whichdistinguishesconcretepavement,isthetypeofjointusedtocontrolcrackingand whetherornotsteeldowelsareusedinthejointforloadtransfer.Eachdesignprovidesa differentleveloftransferofloadfromonesideofpavementjointtotheother.Toadjust projectedpavementperformanceforvariousdesigns,theloadtransfercoefficient(J)is used.

LoadTransfercoefficients(J)fortypicaldesigns E18sMillions Doweled&Mesh Aggregate InterlockEdge Support No Yes No Yes Upto0.3 3.2 2.7 3.2 2.8 0.3to1 1to3 3to10 10to30 Over30 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.6 Continuous Class Reinforcement No 2.9 3.0 3.1 Yes 2.5 2.6 2.6 Local Streets/Roads Local Streets/Roads Local Streets/Roads Arterials/Highways Arterials/Highways Arterials/Highways

c. Lossofsupportfactor(LS)LSisincludedinthedesignofrigidpavementstoaccountfor thepotentiallossofsupportarisingfromsubbaseerosionand/ordifferentialverticalsoil movement. TypicalrangesofLSforvarioustypesofbasematerials.

TypeofMaterial CementTreatedGranularBase (E=1,000,000to2,000,000psi) CementAggregateMixtures LossofSupport(LS) 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0

(E=500,000to1,000,000psi) AsphaltTreatedBase (E=350,000to1,000,000psi) BituminousStabilizedMixtures (E=40,000to300,000psi) LimeStabilized (E=20,000to70,000psi) UnboundGranularMaterials (E=15,000to45,000psi) FineGrainedorNaturalSubgradeMaterials (E=3,000to40,000psi)

0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 3.0

5. PavementReinforcement a. General.Therearetwotypesofreinforcedrigidpavements.JointedReinforcedConcrete Pavement(JRCP)andContinuouslyReinforcedConcretePavement(CRCP).Themajor differenceisthatJRCPhasjointsandCRCPdoesnot. b. JRCP 1) Slablength(L)distancebetweentransversejoints. 2) Steelworkingstress(fc)typicallyavalueequivalentto75%ofthesteelyieldstrength isusedforworkingstress.ForGrade40andGrade60steel,thefcwouldbe30,000psi and45,000psi,respectively. 3) Frictionfactor(F)Faccountsforthefrictionalresistancebetweenthebottomofthe slabandthetopoftheunderlyingsubbaseorsubgradelayerandisbasicallyequivalent toacoefficientoffriction. Recommendedfrictionfactors(F)
TypeofMaterialBeneathSlab SurfaceTreatment LimeStabilization AsphaltStabilization CementStabilization RiverGravel CrushedStone Sandstone NaturalSubgradeMaterials FrictionFactor(F) 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.9