(Manuscript No: I12528-11)

April 19, 2012 / Accepted: April 25, 2012

1

Experimental Model of The Semicircular
Laminated Composite Curved Bars
Serhii Meckaelovech Vereshaka
Sumy State University
Sumy, Ukraine.
Tel: +380 542 334058, Fax: +380 542 334058
(Email: fcerge@yahoo.com)
Emad Toma Karash
Sumy State University
Sumy, Ukraine.
Tel: +380 542 334058, Fax: +380 542 334058
(Email: emadbane2007@yahoo.com)
Abstract - The classical anisotropic elasticity theory was used to construct multilayer theory for the calculation
of the stress and deformation fields induced in the multilayered composite semicircular curved bar subjected to
end forces. The radial location and intensity of the open mode radial stresses, tangential stresses were calculated
and compared with the results obtained from the experiments results, anisotropic cont inuum theory and ANSYS
method. The multilayer theory gave more accurate prediction of the location and intensity of the open mode
radial stresses, tangential stresses and displacements than those calculated from the anisotropic continuum
theory. The experimental results were identical to the results of multilayer theory.
Keywords: Multilayer theory, Delamination, Anisotropic continuum theory, ANSYS method.
Introduction
Lightweight structures that meet even exceed the performance and safety requirements in the strictest sense are
gaining more importance. Fibres reinforced polymer composites have been shown to perform successfully in
many structural applications, and it is expected their use will increase further in the upcoming years. Application
of composite materials can be found from aerospace, marine, automotive areas to biomedical implants.
Composite materials fall into the general category of anisotropic materials, for which the material properties
exhibit directional characteristics. On the other hand the most common engineering materials such as steel etc.,
are considered isotropic for which there is no dependence of material properties on direction. Isotropic materials
can be characterized by two independent material constants only, but for anisotropic materials the number of
constants can be as high as 21depending on the number of planes of material symmetry the material possesses
[1-6]. In most engineering applications, laminated composite structures have certain curvatures (for example,
curved panels and curved beams). If the curved composite structure is .subjected to bending that tends to flatten
the composite structure, tensile stresses can be generated in the thickness direction of the com-posites. Also,
shear stresses could be induced if the bending is not a "pure" bending. Under normal operations, if the above
type of bending occurs cyclically, open-mode delaminations or shear-mode delaminations could nucleate at the
sites of peak interlaminar tensile stresses or at the sites of peak interlaminar shear stresses. Continuation of these
bending cycling will cause the delamination zones to grow in size and ultimately cause the composite
structures to lose their structural integrity (loss of stiffness and strength) due to excessive delaminations. The
type of delamination failure (open mode or shear mode) depends on which type of interlaminar strength (tensile
or shear) is reached first [7-10]. The MATH-CAT 14 method were used to perform similar delamination
analysis of the multilayered semicircular composite curved bar subjected to end forces and end moments. The
resulting predictions of locations and intensities of peak radial stresses are compared with the results of the
anisotropic continuum theory presented in reference [9].


International Journal Of Structronics & Mechatronics
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Composite curved bar
In Fig. 1 shows the geometry of a composite curved bars thickness t, having cylindrical anisotropy. Curved
beams in terms limited to two concentric circles of radii r
i
and r
o
, as well as two radial planes which form an
angle u = t / 2. It is assumed that the material is orthotropic bar and a plane of elastic symmetry coincides with
the middle surface of the rod. Anisotropy axis is perpendicular to the planes of elastic symmetry through the
common center of concentric circles and coincides with the z axis of the cylindrical coordinate system. The axis
of x, from which the measured polar angleu, coincides with the y-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system. It is
believed that the curved side of r = r
i
and r = r
o
is not loaded. At the ends of the hinged beam are oppositely
directed vertical forces P. Thus, using the principle of superposition of the given load (Fig. 2) can be represented
as the sum of the concentrated force P and a concentrated bending moment M = F. d

Figure 1 : Laminated composite curved-bar coupon for study

Figure 2 : Bending of curved bar by forces at its ends
Anisotropic continuum theory
For bending a linearly elastic continuous curved bar with cylindrical anisotropy. The Airy stress function F.
written in cylindrical coordinate system takes on the following functional forms [5].
Multilayer theory
Figure 3 shows the multilayer (N-layers), semicircular curved bar subjected to both end forces and end moments
M. The stress field and displacement field in each layer i (i=1, 2 N) For each loading case may be obtained
from the results given in section 3.
Serhii Meckaelovech Vereshaka, Emad Toma Karash
3

Discrete structure theory of laminated beams with ideal contact layers
In Fig. 3 shows a multilayer flat bar bent in the shape of semicircles in the plan, each of the ends of which are
concentrated transverse force P and bending moment M. Model consists of N layers. Field of stresses and
displacements of each layer i (i = 1, 2... N)


Figure 3: Bending of laminated anisotropic semicircular curved bar by end forces
Discrete structure theory of laminated beams with non-ideal contact layers
Let a plane between the layers of curved rod (Fig. 3) for certain values of external load due to the destruction of
the adhesive layer [11] may cause an elastic slip two neighboring layers relative to each other. In this case the
difference between the displacement in the circumferential direction
) , a ( u ), , a ( u
i
) i (
i
) i (
u u
u u
1 +
the mating
surfaces of adjacent layers and shear stresses
) , a (
i
) i (
r
u t
u
, when
i
a r =
(. 3), there is a relationship.
1.
) ( (i) ) 1 ( ) (
K ) , ( ) , (
i
r i
i
i
i
a u a u
u u u
t u u =
+

In general, the parameter ) , a ( K K
i
(i) (i)
u = . As the limit of equation (37) we have two options: the
0 1 =
(i)
/K
- There is a perfect slip at
0 =
(i)
K
perfect contact. Assuming that the radial stresses
) , a (
i
) i (
r
u o

) , a ( u
i
) i (
r
u

when passing through the surface of the layer jump are not static and kinematic conditions of non-ideal contact
for the given external loads.
Finite element approach
By using Ansys 10.0 finite element analysis software, a static failure analysis was performed on an element of a
composite curved bar. First element type was defined with solid layered 46 Figure 4. Solid46 is a layered
version of the 8-node structural solid element designed to model layered thick shells or solids. The element
allows up to 250 different material layers. The element may also be stacked as an alternative approach. The
element has three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions.
International Journal Of Structronics & Mechatronics
4


Figure 4: SOLID46 Geometr
Real constant sets were defined for 54 layers, various orientation angle and each layers thickness was entered
0.37 mm. After material properties was defined, linear orthotropic material was chosen and the mechanical
properties of graphite-epoxy composite material was added as EX, EY, EZ, PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ, GXY, GYZ
and GXZ. In order to calculate failure criteria, ultimate tensile strength, compressive strength and shear strength
were entered both in fiber direction and in matrix direction. Then a volume block was modeled and material
properties, real constant sets and element type were appointed to this volume. After that the model was meshed
by using hexahedral sweeped elements.

Figure 5- Shows the model design and results deformed shape model under end force F
Results and Dissection
A. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS
As an example, the calculation considered the stress-strain state of flat curved bars in bending. Bruce takes the
form of semicircles in plan and is made of laminated glass with 16 layers of unidirectional stacking with the
specified scheme. Geometrical parameters of a rod (Fig. 1): cross-sectional dimensions - h = 48 mm, t = 4 mm,
the radii of the inner and outer surfaces of the timber - a = 96 mm, b = 100 mm, the radius of the middle surface
of am = (a + b) / 2 = 98 mm.
Serhii Meckaelovech Vereshaka, Emad Toma Karash
5

The elastic characteristics were determined by the glass method proposed in [12]. The elastic moduli, shear
modulus and Poisson's ratio wound tapes, recruited from the alumina borosilicate fibers, respectively. As the
matrix glass epoxy resin with the following parameters of elasticity: Each monolayer thickness of 0.25 mm
volume occupied by the ribbons, about 70% of the total.
Technical constant of laminated glass under consideration for different schemes of reinforcement are
summarized in Table 1.
reinforcement
scheme
P E, P G,
ij
v
ji
v
k
] 0 / 75 / 0
/ 75 / 75 /
0 / 75 / 0 [
4 2
2 4

22280
36300
25920
r
z
=
=
=
E
E
E
u

6624
5014
7493
z
=
=
=
u
u
r
z r
G
G
G

397 . 0
397 . 0
234 . 0
z
=
=
=
r
r z
u
u
v
v
v

265 . 0
311 . 0
221 . 0
z
=
=
=
u
u
v
v
v
r
z r



1.276


2.705
] 0 / 75 / 75 / 0 [
2 2

22380
33280
28380
r
z
=
=
=
E
E
E
u

6203
5438
7747
z
=
=
=
u
u
r
z r
G
G
G

394 . 0
395 . 0
188 . 0
z
=
=
=
r
r z
u
u
v
v
v

265 . 0
311 . 0
221 . 0
z r
z
=
=
=
u
u
v
v
v
r



1.219


2.658
] 0 / 75 / 75 / 0 [
2 2

22350
34630
2732
r
z
=
=
=
E
E
E
u

6391
5250
7642
z
=
=
=
u
u
r
z r
G
G
G

396 . 0
396 . 0
178 . 0
z
=
=
=
r
r z
u
u
v
v
v

255 . 0
324 . 0
226 . 0
z r
z
=
=
=
u
u
v
v
v
r



1.245



2.679
Table 1 the elastic characteristics of the GRP.
We consider three computational models of the rod. The first model is a timber as an anisotropic continuum
] 0 / 75 / 0 / 75 / 75 / 0 / 75 / 0 [
4 2 2 4



with the following physic-mechanical characteristics (Table1):
P E 36300 =
u
,
P 22280
r
=
,
P G
r
6620 =
u
,
396 . 0
r
=
u
v
,
705 . 2 = |
,
276 . 1 k =
.
The following boundary conditions. It is believed that at the end of the rod, at u = 0, the displacement in the
circumferential direction are zero, i.e.
0 ) 0 , ( = r u
P
u
,
0 ) 0 , ( = r u
M
u
. In addition, based on the symmetry conditions
of shear strain, a cross-section of the rod with coordinate u = t / 2 will be equal to zero, i.e.
0 ) 2 / , ( = t
u
r
P
r
,
0 ) 2 / , ( = t
u
r
M
r
.
Discrete structure theory with a perfect contact of adjacent layers of lumber used in the calculation of the second
model. It was believed that the beam consists of three layers of unidirectional (N = 3). The first (i = 1) and third
(i = 3) layers of code
] 75 / 75 / 0 [ 3

] 0 / 75 [ 4

have the following options
MPa E E 37300
) 3 ( ) 1 (
= =
u u
,
P 22300 E E
3
r r
= =
) ( (1)
,
P G G 6760
) 3 (
r
) 1 (
r
= =
u u
,
397 . 0
) 3 ( ) 1 (
r
= =
r u u
v v
,
658 . 2
) 3 ( ) 1 (
= = | |
,
219 . 1 k k
) 3 ( ) 1 (
= =
; the second layer (i = 2) with the code
] 0 / 75 / 75 / 0 [
2 2

respectively
P E P E 22320 , 34600
) 2 (
r
) 2 (
= =
u
,
P G 6380
) 2 (
r
=
u
,
394 . 0
) 2 (
r
=
u
v
,
679 . 2
) 2 (
= |
,
245 . 1 k
) 2 (
=
. For the continuous the third model beam, which corresponds to a discrete structure theory
with imperfect contact of adjacent layers, identical to the second model. The main difference between these two
models - different contact conditions on the mating surfaces of adjacent layers. In Fig. 4 shows graphs of normal
tangential stresses o u P beam thickness, depending on the conditions of contact on the mating surfaces of
adjacent layers. Graphs of displacement in the radial direction along the outer face of the timber. The results
presented here were obtained by the action of concentrated tensile force P = 180 N (Fig. 2b) is applied without
eccentricity. For a comparative analysis considered three simulation models of the rod. Graphs of stresses and
displacements obtained under continuous structural theory are given by dash dotted lines. The solid lines show
the results that correspond to discrete structural theory of multilayer timber according to both ideal and non-
ideal contact associated facial surfaces of adjacent layers. The values of coefficients K
i
(i=1, 2) for the
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considered three-layer beam (1) are identical, i.e. for the considered three-layer beam (1) are identical, i.e. K
1
=
K
2
= K.
B. EXPERIMENT DETAILS
Filament wound composite materials are used in commercial industries such as fuel tank, portable oxygen
storage, and natural gas .The fibers used were semicircular bars. The bars typically 192 mm inner diameter , 200
mm outer diameter, 4 mm thickness, 48 mm width . WE linked twelve Strain gauges on the model from inside
and outside shown in Figure 6 (a, b, c).

Figure 6: Shown the bars, strain gauges and instruments were used in experiment
Table 2 summarizes all the values of (r, , Ur, U) calculated from different theories and experimental results.

U

U
r

out

medium

in

rout

rmedium

rin

Theory


7.62 8.37 -142.2 0 139.8 0 1.39 0 Anisotropic continuum
5.97 7.25 -127 13.8 147.7 0 1.4 0 SYANA
1.53 1.39 -109.4 11.4 98 0 1.36 0
Multilayer theory
ideal contact
8.3 8.17 -201.7 23.4 184 0 1.49 0
Multilayer theory
Non- ideal contact
57.6 457.61 4.5 - 4711 4.1 5 57.. 5 Experiment results
Table 2 Intensities and locations of delamination stresses in semicircular curved bar end force



Serhii Meckaelovech Vereshaka, Emad Toma Karash
7

Conclusion
In summary, compare between experimental results and based on the classical theory of elasticity of anisotropic
bodies and discrete structure theory of multilayer investigation of the stress strain state of the flat curved bars,
allows the following conclusions. Model of laminated timber, where the elastic slip allowed the mating surfaces
of adjacent layers relative to each other, partly reflects the real picture of the deformation of such a structural
element. Compare the results extracted from the various theories with the experimental work, it is clear that the
results were in the match is acceptable with the experimental work, as well as that the results derived from the
theory of multi layers to be more robust in terms of design to radial stresses and tangential stresses, as well as be
more resistant to the horizontal and vertical displacements.
References
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Program Execution, NASA CR-158970-1, Dec. 1978.
2. Ko, William L., Delamination Stresses in Semicircular Laminated Composite Bars, NASA TM-4026, Jan.
1988.
3. Ko, William L. and Raymond H. Jackson, Multilayer Theory for Delamination Analysis of a Composite
Curved Bar Subjected to End Forces and End Moments, NASA TM-4139, Sept. 1989. Also published in
Composite Structures 5, I. H. Marshall, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989, pp. 173198.
4. Ko, William L. and Raymond H. Jackson, Open-Mode Delamination Stress Concentrations in Horseshoe
and Elliptic Composite Curved Bars Subjected to End Forces, NASA TM-4164, Jan. 1990.
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Program Execution, NASA CR-15897o-1, 1978.
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1996.
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Vienna, Austria, 2005 thesis.
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