Industrial Centrifugal Pumps

Bronze Aluminum Polyester Plastic Seal Replacement Instructions

Bronze
General specs in chart below. For more detailed information, click here to view the list of spec sheets available.

Flow: 1-100 GPM (3 - 380 LPM) Pressure: 0-60 PSI (0-4.1 BAR) Performance: Flow drops to zero with maximum pressure output. Suction Lift (Water): Zero for straight centrifugal. 15 ft. with foot valve (4.6 meters) Self-priming models to 20 ft. (6.1 meters) Liquid Cleanliness Clean or contaminated. Cannot pump viscous liquids above and Viscostiy: 2000 SSU. Liquid Compatibility: Most common liquids. Noise: Extremely quiet. Power Required: Least amount to start and operate; maximum amount at wide open flow and zero pressure; power demand decreases with pressure increase. Discharge Line: May shut off for extended time periods. Bearing Lubrication No Required: -40 degrees F. to 250 degrees F. ( -40 degrees C to 122 Temperature: degrees C) Seal Arrangement: Mechanical Types: Close coupled and pedestal

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Aluminum

Flow: 0-100 GPM (0 - 380 LPM) Pressure: 0-60 PSI (0 - 4.1 BAR) Performance: Flow drops to zero with maximum pressure output. Suction Lift (water): Zero for straight centrifugal. 15 ft. with foot valve. (4.6 meters) Self-priming models to 20 ft. (6.1 meters) Liquid Cleanliness Clean or contaminated. Cannot pump viscous liquids above and Viscosity: 2000 SSU. Liquid Compatibility: Compatible liquids Noise: Extremely quiet Power Required: Least amount to start and operate; maximum amount at wide open flow and zero pressure; power demand decreases with pressure increase. Discharge Line: May shut off for extended periods. Bearing Lubrication No Required: -40 degrees F. to 250 degrees F. (-40 degrees C to 122 Temperature: degrees C) Seal Arrangement: Mechanical Types: Close coupled and pedestal

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Plastic
Flow: 0-200 GPM (0 - 75 LPM) Pressure: 0-50 PSI (0-3.5 BAR) Performance: Flow drops to zero with maximum pressure output. Suction Lift (water): Self-priming models to 20 feet. (6.1 meters) Liquid Cleanliness and Clean or contaminated. Cannot pump viscous liquids above 2000 Viscosity: SSU. Liquid Compatibility: Corrosive liquids and chemicals. Noise: Extremely quiet. Power Required: Least amount to start and operate; maximum amount at wide open flow and zero pressure; power demand decreases with pressure increase.

Discharge Line: May shut off for extended periods. Bearing Lubrication Required: No Temperature: 0 degrees F. to 180 degrees F. (-18 degrees C to 82 degrees C) Seal Arrangement: Mechanical Types: Close coupled or pedestal

3/4HP & 1HP PROSSER SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

PART NO. 9-01011-28FK 9-01012-28FK 9-01311-28FK 9-01312-28FK HP .75 .75 1 1 VAC PH HZ RPM 115 230 115 230 1 1 1 1 60 60 60 60 3450 3450 3450 3450 START CODE G G D D FULL LOAD AMPS 11.0 5.8 12.0 6.7 LOCKED AMPS 36.2 18.1 36.2 18.1 CORD CORD SIZE TYPE 14/4 14/4 14/4 14/4 SOW SOW SOW SOW

PUMPS AVAILABLE IN OTHER VOLTAGES. CALL FOR INFORMATION (800) 928-7763. Specs & Performance Curves: .75HP & 1HP Prosser Pumps

2HP, 2.5HP & 2.75HP PROSSER SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

PART NO. 9-20111-13 9-20112-13 9-27112-13 HIGH HEAD 9-25132-03 HIGH VOLUME 2.5 230 3 60 3450 J 6.8 49.2 12/4 SOW HP VAC PH HZ RPM 2 2 115 1 60 3450 230 1 60 3450 START CODE F G D FULL LOAD AMPS 23.4 11.7 12.5 LOCKED AMPS 92.5 51.0 52.6 CORD SIZE 12/4 12/4 12/4 CORD TYPE SOW SOW SOW

2.75 230 1 60 3450

9-25132-53

2.5 230 3 60 3450

7.8

49.2

12/4

SOW

PUMPS AVAILABLE IN OTHER VOLTAGES. CALL FOR INFORMATION (800) 928-7763. Specs & Performance Curves: 2HP Prosser Pump Specs & Performance Curves: 2.5HP Prosser Pump Specs & Performance Curves: 2.75HP Prosser Pump

3.5HP & 5HP PROSSER SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

PART NO. 9-35112-03 1 STAGE 9-50132-03 5 230 3 60 3450 H 15.5 87.8 12/4 SOW HP VAC PH HZ RPM 3.5 230 1 60 3450 START CODE F FULL LOAD AMPS 18.5 LOCKED AMPS 84.0 CORD SIZE 12/4 CORD TYPE SOW

2 STAGE HIGH HEAD 9-55132-03 5 230 3 60 3450 H 15.2 87.8 12/4 SOW

PUMPS AVAILABLE IN OTHER VOLTAGES. CALL FOR INFORMATION (800) 928-7763. Specs & Performance Curves: 3.5HP Prosser Pump Specs & Performance Curves: 5HP Prosser Pump Specs & Performance Curves: 5HP 2 Stage Prosser Pump

10HP, 15HP & 25HP PROSSER SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

PART NO. HIGH HEAD 9-81032-23 9-81034-23 9-81532-23 9-81534-23 9-82532-43 9-82534-43 HIGH VOLUME 9-81032-03 9-81034-03 9-81532-03 9-81534-03 9-82532-33 9-82534-33

HP VAC PH HZ RPM

START CODE

FULL LOAD AMPS

LOCKED AMPS

CORD SIZE

CORD TYPE

10 230 3 60 3450 10 460 3 60 3450 15 230 3 60 3450 15 460 3 60 3450 25 230 3 60 3450 25 460 3 60 3450

K K J J J J

30.0 15.0 39.5 19.7 65.8 32.9

208.0 104.0 288.0 144.0 464.0 232.0

6/4 12/4 6/4 12/4 4/4 4/4

SOW SOW SOW SOW SOW SOW

10 230 3 60 3450 10 460 3 60 3450 15 230 3 60 3450 15 460 3 60 3450 25 230 3 60 3450 25 460 3 60 3450

K K J J J J

30.0 15.0 39.5 19.7 65.8 32.9

208.0 104.0 288.0 144.0 464.0 232.0

6/4 12/4 6/4 12/4 4/4 4/4

SOW SOW SOW SOW SOW SOW

PUMPS AVAILABLE IN OTHER VOLTAGES. CALL FOR INFORMATION (800) 928-7763. Specs & Performance Curves: 10HP Prosser Pump Specs & Performance Curves: 15HP Prosser Pump Specs & Performance Curves: 25HP Prosser Pump

50HP PROSSER SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

PART NO. HIGH HEAD 9-85034-24 HIGH VOLUME 9-85034-04 50 460 3 60 3450 G 56.0 360.0 4/4 SOW 50 460 3 60 3450 G 56.0 360.0 4/4 SOW HP VAC PH HZ RPM START CODE FULL LOAD AMPS LOCKED AMPS CORD SIZE CORD TYPE

NOTE: PUMPS AVAILABLE IN OTHER VOLTAGES. CALL FOR INFORMATION (800) 9287763. Specs & Performance Curves: 50 HP Prosser Pump

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Review of the irrigation equipment manufacture and supply sector in India, C.R.S. Sundaram
C.R.S. Sundaram Secretary, Southern India Engineering Manufacturing Association Coimbatore, India

Pump industry in India Special criteria for motor and pump design Small industries testing and research centre (SITARC) Product quality and performance Types of pumps, performance range and price Spares, accessories, availability and supply Service assistance for installation and maintenance Joint venture with local private people Conclusion Acknowledgements

India's economy is based mainly on agriculture and it is the backbone of the country. India's agriculture depends upon the timely monsoon and the amount of rainfall in any year. To avoid the uncertainty and vagaries of the monsoon, farmers in India resort to various methods of irrigation. India, being a vast country with much variation in geographical conditions, needs several irrigation techniques. In areas of shallow water levels (1-6 metres head) axial flow or mixed flow pumps are used to lift water. Where water levels are at 6-40 metres head or on river sides, mostly radial flow pumps are used. For deep bore wells submersible or jet or compressor pumps are used depending on head and discharge requirements and on availability of water in the bore well (yield).

Pump industry in India

The first electric motor in India was manufactured in Coimbatore in 1930 and thereafter the motor pump industry expanded rapidly there. Today 60% of India's requirements of domestic and agricultural pumpsets are made in Coimbatore. The Southern India Engineering Manufacturers' Association (SIEMA) (established in 1952) has 215 members, most of whom manufacture motors and pumps of various types. Indian pumps are made according to the specifications of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Coimbatore (with 1.2 million population) is also famous for Textile machinery manufacture and is rated sixth in the World. It is called the "Manchester" of South India due to the presence of hundreds of spinning mills, cloth and

garment manufacturing units in and around Coimbatore. Besides Coimbatore, Ahmedabad, Baroda, Calcutta and Dewas are the other places where agricultural pump industries are situated. Similarly Rajkot, Agra and Kolhapur are famous for oil engines and Rajkot alone accounts for 50 percent of engine production.

Special criteria for motor and pump design

Apart from the general requirements for motor and pump design such as rating, power factor, head, discharge and efficiency, the following factors are to be considered during design of pumpsets. TABLE 1 Production particulars Product type Single phase monoblock pumpsets 0.5 HP to 2 HP range Three phase monoblock pumpsets 2 HP to 30 HP range Submersible pumpsets 3 HP to 30 HP range Diesel engines up to 10 HP above 10 HP Quantity per year 2 million sets 600 000 sets 600 000 sets 200 000 engines 12 000 engines $ 500 million Value

1) In India, the three phase electricity power supply to villages varies from 240 - 450 volts with a 47.5 to 51 cycle frequency (standard 415 volt and 50 cycle frequency). Average power supply is 6 to 8 hours daily during summer and most of the time, power supply is around 240 - 300 volts. In the single phase, voltage varies from 140 - 250 volts.

2) During summer the ambient temperature is 35 to 40 C with dry humidity, when heat dissipation by motors or engines is poor. Hence pumpsets are designed for such extreme conditions. 3) The literacy level in Indian villages is very low as is the economy. Consequently, people cannot afford to spend on the maintenance of equipment. Hence, motors, pumps and engines are designed for easy installation, trouble free operation, and easy maintenance for a long service period.

Small industries testing and research centre (SITARC)

This Centre was set up in 1986 for testing motors, pumps, monoblocks, submersible pumps, raw materials and for calibration of instruments. SIEMA contributed an 8 000 m2 piece of land to SITARC where the testing centre is now functioning. The present cost of the land is approximately US$ 500 000. SITARC has the following divisions and facilities:

Mechanical, electrical, materials testing and meteorology divisions Research and development, design and engineering divisions HRD/consultancy/information cell Prototyping products and tools in model tool room

SITARC is approved as a research centre by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. It is accredited by NABL in the disciplines of mechanical, electrical, chemical and fluid flow and recognized by the Bureau of Indian Standards for ISI testing. Test certificates are recognized by the Export Inspection Agency, RITES, Ministry of Defence, State Electricity Board and the State Water and Drainage Board. SITARC Pump Institute funded by UNDP, UNIDO, Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu, is in the process of setting up the most modern pump testing institute. The cost of the project is US$ 5 million.

Product quality and performance

The BIS assists exporters and industry to meet international standards and quality specifications for global acceptance through its standards formulation, certification, technical and other related activities. BIS is actively involved in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC) and also participates in various technical committees of ISO and IEC. Product quality begins from the selection of raw materials. The BIS has defined materials specifications for each component of pumps and motors and has specified time schedules for calibration of gauges, meters and other tools used in regular testing of pumps. All industries are required to keep calibration records of their equipment and meters. It is mandatory that qualified and properly trained technicians and inspectors are appointed to conduct testing. Most industries have their own quality control system which are used during the manufacturing stages of each component. A few SIEMA member units are beginning to obtain ISO 9001 and ISO 9002 system certification. Medium and large scale industries use the latest model CNC machines and fully computerized testing facilities to achieve the desired quality. BIS has issued separate standard specifications for each type of pump. Similarly, testing facilities for agricultural, jet and submersible pumps are also specified by BIS to be followed by the industries. Each pump manufactured will undergo the following testing procedure before despatch: Routine test for Motor:
1) No load current, watts, speed (clock wise and anti clockwise) 2) Breakaway test to find starting torque

3) Full load test of watts, amps, speed, power factor, efficiency slip and temperature 4) For single phase motor, test for moisture proof and current leakage for user safety

Routine test for Monoblock in addition to motor test:

5) Test for overall efficiency of the monoblock 6) Test for guarantee of performance at duty point 7) Overload test in operational range

Because of such a stringent quality control system, pumpsets thus manufactured will have high reliability and superior performance.

Types of pumps, performance range and price

1) Axial flow pumps 2) Monoblock pumps - single phase (240 Volts) 3) Jet centrifugal combination pumps 4) Monoblock pumps - three phase (415 Volts) 5) Submersible pumpsets 6) Direct coupled or belt driven centrifugal pumps

Axial flow pumps Axial flow pumps or propeller pumps are used for a head range of 1-6 metres and give high discharge. No priming is necessary for this pump and it operates at 80-90 percent of pump efficiency. Capacity Head Range (cm) Output Ips 5 - 30 HP 1 - 6M 60/300 Prices for Axial flow pumps vary depending on the requirements of head and discharge. Single phase 2880 rpm centrifugal monoblocks These pumpsets are easy to install, lightweight, ruggedly built and designed for trouble free operation. They are of monoblock construction with a common shaft for the motor and pump. High efficiency of these pumps minimizes power charges. Numerous applications include irrigation of small land holdings, gardens, domestic water supply and circulating systems. Motors are made of TEFC body and covers are of cast iron with capacitor start and run, Class "B" insulation running at 2880 RPM and enclosures with protection IP44 & IP 55. Pumps are of end suction, centrifugal design. Casings are of cast iron. Impellers are bronze and dynamically balanced. These Monoblocks are fitted with high quality mechanical seals for long reliable life.

Capacity Head range (m) Output LPM Average price FOB Durban ($) 0.5 HP 1.0 HP 1.5 HP 2.0 HP 6 - 20 6 - 25 6 - 30 8 - 30 220/70 400/75 440/90 480/150 105 135 165 182

Jet centrifugal pump combination sets These pumpsets are used in borewells and openwells where suction depth is 8 - 60 metres. They are easy to install on borewells of 75 mm (3") and larger. As there are no moving parts inside the borewell jet units, maintenance is easier than with submersible pumps. Jet units are available in many sizes for various suction lifts. Range Suction head range (m) Output LPH Average price FOB Durban ($) 0.5 HP 9/15 2000/1100 135 1.0 HP 1.5 HP 2.0 HP 9/30 15/40 15/50 2700/1200 2500/1200 2900/1100 175 205 233

Three phase monoblock pumpsets Motors are the TEFC 1440/2880 RPM squirrel case induction type. Pumps are the single stage, end suction type and are fitted with cast iron impellers and casings. Stainless steel bushes and brass impeller locking nuts are provided at the pump end. Gunmetal gland, stainless steel studs and brass nuts are fitted to avoid rusting and to make it easy to replace asbestos packing ropes. Various models are available in monoblock range for selection to meet specific requirements. Capacity Head range (m) Output LPM Average price FOB Durban ($) 2.0 HP 3.0 HP 5.0 HP 7.5 HP 10.0 HP 12.5 HP 15.0 HP 20.0 HP 30.0 HP 6/20 6/24 8/30 8/42 8/53 8/62 8/72 20/80 30/80 400/220 1 580/380 2 000/500 3 200/500 3 720/480 4 000/560 4 000/520 2 300/420 2 500/900 220 280 330 455 560 640 695 890 1 260

Three phase submersible pumpsets

Submersible motors are designed to operate with 250/450 volts, 50 Hz, 3 phase AC supply. They are fitted with wet type, water-filled, water-lubricated squirrel cage induction motors. The motor casing is of stainless steel. The starter winding is made of PVC/Polyester film, wrapped around waterproof copper winding wires. The rotor laminations are fitted with electrolytic grade copper rods, and the ends are brazed with forged copper end rings, mounted on a stainless steel shaft, which is hardened and ground to ensure long life. The shaft is supported by two sets of leaded bronze journal bearings lubricated by water. The axial thrust generated by the pump is absorbed by a thrust bearing fitted at the bottom of the motor. The motor is seated on radial seal rings. The pump is of multistage centrifugal design, with radial or mixed flow impellers which are of bronze and dynamically balanced. The diffusers are designed to give best possible efficiency and are built into the casings with replaceable guide bushes for easy maintenance. The pump shaft is made of stainless steel hardened and ground. A strainer is fitted at the inlet of pump to prevent entry of solid particles. Single phase submersible pumpsets suitable for 100 and 115 mm borewells are also available. Submersible pumps can be installed in bore wells and very deep wells for irrigation schemes, domestic uses and industrial requirements. Submersible pumps are versatile and are suitable for sprinkler irrigation schemes as booster pumps. Submersible pumps suitable for 1 50 mm bore diameter Motor HP Price FOB Durban Radial flow pump price Mixed flow pump price 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.50 10.00 12.00 15.00 315 328 350 390 450 510 580 620 Basic 3 stage pump - $ 110 Every additional stage cost extra - $ 18 can offer up to can offer up to 20 stage Basic 3 stage pump $ 188 Every additional stage cost extra - $ 36 can offer up to 12 stages

Direct coupled and belt driven centrifugal pumps Direct coupled and belt driven centrifugal pumps are single stage, radial flow end, suction type with horizontal shaft and vertically split casings. Pumps are fitted with pulleys or with flexible couplings, to be driven by electric motors or diesel engines. Direct coupled pumps are supplied with a common base plate for fixing the drive units. Direct coupled and belt driven centrifugal pumps Size in HP reqd. Head range (m) Output LPM Average price FOB Durban ($)

64 X 50 75 X 65 75 X 75 100 X 75 100 X 100 125 X 125 150 X 150 Diesel engine

3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.5 10.0

9/15 9/18 9/15 6/13 6/12 6/13 6/10

800/500 110/600 1 440/900 1 600/1 000 2 000/1 200 2 700/1 800 4 000/2 000

130 140 140 150 220 290 310

Vertical four stroke cycle, single cylinder compression ignition "water cooled"/"air cooled" cold start diesel engine Diesel engines are designed as prime movers for agriculture, with high efficiency, low fuel and lubricating oil consumption. Grade: 15 and Grade: 20 cast iron and EN 9 materials are used in the manufacture of these engines. Rigid inspection of components at every stage of the assembly makes every part easily interchangeable. Each engine is tested thoroughly for speed, output and fuel consumption according to the BIS specifications. Thermo - Syphen or a fresh water system is used for water cooled engines. A blower is attached with a fly wheel for air cooled engines. Single cylinder diesel engines are manufactured up to 10 HP and for above 10 HP, multi cylinder diesel engines are manufactured according to specifications. Single Cylinder Water Cooled Engine Average Price FOB Durban ($) 5.0 HP 1 500 RPM 420 6.5 HP 1 500 RPM 7.5 HP 1 500 RPM 10.0 HP 1 500 RPM Single Cylinder Air Cooled Engine: 5.0 HP 1 500 RPM 6.5 HP 1 500 RPM 7.5 HP 1 500 RPM 10.0 HP A500 RPM Double Cylinder Water Cooled Engines 10 HP 13 HP 15 HP Double Cylinder Air Cooled Engines 480 495 560 690 930 960 990 430 480 615

10 HP 13 HP 15 HP Electrical Starters and Switches

1010 1030 1060

Starters for direct-on-line or manually operated Star-Delta models are suitable for 220 and 440 v - 50 Hz, three phase or single phase - A.C. These are built-in with over load and single phase protection with bimetal relay arrangements, silver oxide bimetal contacts and other standard features to protect the electric motor from varying supply conditions. Product Average Price FOB Durban $ 39 24 58 64

Three Phase Direct ON line starters to suit 3 to 10 HP range Single Phase Direct ON line starters to suit 0.5 - 2 HP range Star Delta air break manually operated motor starters 3 to 10 HP range 12.5 - 15 HP range Star Delta Oil dash pot manually operated motor starters 3 - 10 HP range 101 12.5 - 15 HP range 106 Three Phase Iron clad switches (rewireable): Capacity rating Average Price FOB Durban ($) 16 amps 16 32 amps 30 63 amps 69 100 amps 140

Spares, accessories, availability and supply

For each pump, a trouble shooting and repairing manual, installation and maintenance hand book and spare parts catalogue is supplied to help the customer understand the procedure to follow in dismantling, reassembling and ordering spare parts. Centrifugal, monoblock, jet and submersible pumps consume minimum spares during their lifetime. The manufacturer will specify the required spares for each pump or batch of pumps ordered and these spare parts, can be supplied with the consignment. As most of the items are in regular production, any requirement can be met at short notice and delivery can be arranged.

Service assistance for installation and maintenance

Centrifugal pumps are easy to install and run. For submersible arid jet pumps, an installation guide book is provided with each pump. Proper training can be provided for a few mechanics at the suppliers' premises. SITARC will also have training facilities for pump assembly, testing as well as installation techniques which can also be utilized. Further a few engineers can be made available to train local people at various centres by organizing seminars and classes.

Joint venture with local private people

In India economic reforms have been in progress since 1991. Joint ventures, either in India or with African countries are encouraged, depending on the requirements. Joint venture in Africa is possible when the requirement of pumpsets by value is US$ 3 to 4 million per year. Interested parties can contact SIEMA.

Conclusion
It is hoped that the above information is useful. The similarity between India and Southern and East African countries in respect of soil, monsoon pattern, climate, water table, literacy levels, electric system and user method, makes Indian pumps ideal one for African countries. ANNEXURES
1) Performance curves for single phase monoblocks 2) Performance curves for three phase monoblocks 3) Performance curves for submersible pumpsets i) Radial Flow Pumps ii) Mixed Flow Pumps
This site is 2011 WCT Product

WhisperFlo High Performance Pump

Energy Efficient Swimming Pool Pump

40% glass-filled thermoplastic with the Cam & Ramp "see thru" lid design. Self-priming, high flow with patented Funnel-Flo diffusers. 2 in. suction and discharge ports. Motor features threaded shaft and durable commercial duty 56 frame motor with NEMA square flange.

Features

Oversized strainer basket and volute - industry standard in pool pumps Standard and Energy-efficient Square Flange Motors available Lower HP's deliver higher performance than industry standard Compatible with all cleaning systems, various filters and jet action spas Heavy-duty/durable construction is designed for long life Designed for residential and commercial applications New motor increases life, energy, efficiency, ease of installation and better cooling for long service life

Product Specifications
ENERGY EFFICIENT SINGLE SPEED FULL RATED Product Model Voltage 011511 WFE-2 011512 WFE-3 011513 WFE-4 Full Load Amps HP SF SFHP Primary Listings and Port Size Carton Certifications3 (NPT) Wt(Lbs) 2" x 2" 2" x 2" 2" x 2" 2" x 2" 2" x 2" 2" x 2" 41 41 46 54 55 56 Curve Key E F G H I J

115/2088.8/4.5-4.4 1/2 1.90 0.95 UL1, NSF2 230 115/208- 11.2/6.0230 5.6 115/208- 14.8/7.8230 7.4 9.6-8.8 3/4 1.67 1.25 UL1, NSF2 1 1.65 1.65 UL1, NSF2

011514 WFE-6 208-230 011515 WFE-8 208-230 011516 WFE208-230 12

11.47 2.20 UL1, NSF2 1/2 1.30 2.60 UL1, NSF2 1.15 3.45 UL1, NSF2

11.0-10.2 2 15.0-13.6 3

ENERGY EFFICIENT SINGLE SPEED UP RATED Product Model Voltage Full Load Amps HP SF SFHP Primary Listings and Port Size Carton Certifications3 (NPT) Wt(Lbs) Curve Key

011517 011518 011519 011520

WFE- 115/208- 11.2/6.024 230 5.6 WFE- 115/208- 14.8/7.826 230 7.4 WFE208-230 28 WFE208-230 30 9.6-8.8 11.0/10.2

1.25 1.25 UL1, NSF2

2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2"

41 46 54 55

F G H I

11.10 1.65 UL1, NSF2 1/2 2 1.10 2.20 UL1, NSF2

21.04 2.60 UL1, NSF2 1/2

STANDARD EFFICIENCY SINGLE SPEED FULL RATED Product Model Voltage Full Load Amps HP SF SFHP Primary Listings and Certifications3 Port Size Carton (NPT) Wt(Lbs) 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 41 41 46 54 55 56 Curve Key E F G H I J

011578 WF-2 115/230 10.5/5.4 011579 WF-3 115/230 14.2/7.1 011580 WF-4 115/230 16.0/8.0 011581 WF-6 115/230 22.4/11.2 011582 WF-8 230 011583 WF12 230 11.5 14.1

1/2 1.95 0.95 UL1, NSF2 3/4 1.67 1.25 UL1, NSF2 1 1.65 1.65 UL1, NSF2

11.5 2.20 UL1, NSF2 1/2 2 3 1.30 2.60 UL1, NSF2 1.15 3.45 UL1, NSF2

STANDARD EFFICIENCY SINGLE SPEED UP RATED Product Model Voltage 011771 011772 011773 011774 011775 WF23 WF24 WF26 WF28 WF30 Full Load Amps HP SF SFHP Primary Listings and Certifications3 Port Size Carton (NPT) Wt(Lbs) 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 41 41 46 54 55 Curve Key E F G H I

115/230 10.8/5.4 115/230 14.2/7.1 115/230 16.0/8.0 115/230 22.4/11.2 230 11.5

3/4 1.24 0.95 UL1, NSF2 1 1.24 1.25 UL1, NSF2

11.10 1.65 UL1, NSF2 1/2 2 1.10 2.20 UL1, NSF2

21.04 2.60 UL1, NSF2 1/2

ENERGY EFFICIENT SINGLE SPEED FULL RATED - 3 PHASE Product Model Voltage Full Load HP SF Amps 3.23.0/1.5 3.83.6/1.8 5.04.6/2.3 6.45.8/2.9 7.16.8/3.4 Port Primary Listings and SFHP Size Certifications3 (NPT) Carton Wt(Lbs) Curve Key E F G H I J

340061 WFK-2 208/230/460 011021 WFK-3 208/230/460 011568 WFK-4 208/230/460 011569 WFK-6 208/230/460 011570 WFK-8 208/230/460 011571

1/2 1.90 0.95 NSF2 3/4 1.65 1.25 NSF2 1 1.65 1.65 NSF2

2" X 2" 39 2" X 2" 42 2" X 2" 46 2" X 2" 54 2" X 2" 56 2" X 2" 58

11.47 2.20 NSF2 1/2 2 3 1.30 2.60 NSF2 1.15 3.45 NSF2

WFK11.0208/230/460 12 10.4/5.2

ENERGY EFFICIENT TWO SPEED 3450 RPM, LOW SPEED 1725 RPM FULL RATED Product Model Voltage 012530 011486 011522 011523 WFDS115 3 WFDS230 4 WFDS230 6 WFDS230 8 Full Load Amps 14.6/4.7 7.8/3.0 10.0/3.5 11.0/4.0 HP SF SFHP Primary Listings and Certifications3 Port Size Carton (NPT) Wt(Lbs) 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 2" X 2" 42 47 55 56 Curve Key A, F B, G C, H D, I

3/4 1.67 1.25 UL1, NSF2 1 1.65 1.65 UL1, NSF2

11.47 2.20 UL1, NSF2 1/2 2 1.30 2.60 UL1, NSF2

ENERGY EFFICIENT TWO SPEED 3450 RPM, LOW SPEED 1725 RPM UP RATED Product Model Voltage 012485 WFDS115 24 Full Load Amps 14.6/4.7 7.8/3.0 HP SF 1 1SFHP Primary Listings and Certifications3 Port Size Carton (NPT) Wt(Lbs) 2" x 2" 2" x 2" 42 47 Curve Key A, F B, G

1.25 1.25 UL1, NSF2 1.10 1.65 UL1, NSF2

012518 WFDS- 230

26 011524 011525 WFDS230 28 WFDS230 30 10.0/3.5 11.0/4.0

1/2 2 1.10 2.20 UL1, NSF2 2" x 2" 2" x 2" 55 56 C, H D, I

21.04 2.60 UL1, NSF2 1/2

1: 'UL' indicates that pump bears a UL mark signifying evaluation to U.S. Standards UL1081 for Permanently Connected Swimming Pool and Spa Pumps and to Canadian Standards CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 108-01 Liquid Pumps for Swimming Pools Only (Enclosure 3). 2: 'NSF' indicates that pump bears a NSF mark signifying evaluation to NSF Standard 50 for Self-Priming Centrifugal Pumps for Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs. 3: Product may have been evaluated to other state and local regulatory standards. Listing status may change. Always confirm status with appropriate agency if in doubt.

Types of pumps, performance range and price

1) Axial flow pumps 2) Monoblock pumps - single phase (240 Volts) 3) Jet centrifugal combination pumps 4) Monoblock pumps - three phase (415 Volts) 5) Submersible pumpsets 6) Direct coupled or belt driven centrifugal pumps Axial flow pumps Axial flow pumps or propeller pumps are used for a head range of 1-6 metres and give high discharge. No priming is necessary for this pump and it operates at 80-90 percent of pump efficiency.

Capacity Head Range (cm) Output Ips 5 - 30 HP 1 - 6M 60/300 Prices for Axial flow pumps vary depending on the requirements of head and discharge. Single phase 2880 rpm centrifugal monoblocks These pumpsets are easy to install, lightweight, ruggedly built and designed for trouble free operation. They are of monoblock construction with a common shaft for the motor and pump. High efficiency of these pumps minimizes power charges. Numerous applications include irrigation of small land holdings, gardens, domestic water supply and circulating systems. Motors are made of TEFC body and covers are of cast iron with capacitor start and run, Class "B" insulation running at 2880 RPM and enclosures with protection IP44 & IP 55. Pumps are of end suction, centrifugal design. Casings are of cast iron. Impellers are bronze and dynamically balanced. These Monoblocks are fitted with high quality mechanical seals for long reliable life. Capacity Head range (m) Output LPM Average price FOB Durban ($) 0.5 HP 1.0 HP 1.5 HP 2.0 HP 6 - 20 6 - 25 6 - 30 8 - 30 220/70 400/75 440/90 480/150 105 135 165 182

Jet centrifugal pump combination sets These pumpsets are used in borewells and openwells where suction depth is 8 - 60 metres. They are easy to install on borewells of 75 mm (3") and larger. As there are no moving parts inside the borewell jet units, maintenance is easier than with submersible pumps. Jet units are available in many sizes for various suction lifts. Range Suction head range (m) Output LPH Average price FOB Durban ($) 0.5 HP 9/15 2000/1100 135 1.0 HP 1.5 HP 2.0 HP 9/30 15/40 15/50 2700/1200 2500/1200 2900/1100 175 205 233

Three phase monoblock pumpsets Motors are the TEFC 1440/2880 RPM squirrel case induction type. Pumps are the single stage, end suction type and are fitted with cast iron impellers and casings. Stainless steel bushes and brass impeller locking nuts are provided at the pump end. Gunmetal gland, stainless steel studs and brass nuts are fitted to avoid rusting and to make it easy to replace asbestos packing ropes. Various models are available in monoblock range for selection to meet specific requirements.

Capacity Head range (m) Output LPM Average price FOB Durban ($) 2.0 HP 3.0 HP 5.0 HP 7.5 HP 10.0 HP 12.5 HP 15.0 HP 20.0 HP 30.0 HP 6/20 6/24 8/30 8/42 8/53 8/62 8/72 20/80 30/80 400/220 1 580/380 2 000/500 3 200/500 3 720/480 4 000/560 4 000/520 2 300/420 2 500/900 220 280 330 455 560 640 695 890 1 260

Three phase submersible pumpsets Submersible motors are designed to operate with 250/450 volts, 50 Hz, 3 phase AC supply. They are fitted with wet type, water-filled, water-lubricated squirrel cage induction motors. The motor casing is of stainless steel. The starter winding is made of PVC/Polyester film, wrapped around waterproof copper winding wires. The rotor laminations are fitted with electrolytic grade copper rods, and the ends are brazed with forged copper end rings, mounted on a stainless steel shaft, which is hardened and ground to ensure long life. The shaft is supported by two sets of leaded bronze journal bearings lubricated by water. The axial thrust generated by the pump is absorbed by a thrust bearing fitted at the bottom of the motor. The motor is seated on radial seal rings. The pump is of multistage centrifugal design, with radial or mixed flow impellers which are of bronze and dynamically balanced. The diffusers are designed to give best possible efficiency and are built into the casings with replaceable guide bushes for easy maintenance. The pump shaft is made of stainless steel hardened and ground. A strainer is fitted at the inlet of pump to prevent entry of solid particles. Single phase submersible pumpsets suitable for 100 and 115 mm borewells are also available. Submersible pumps can be installed in bore wells and very deep wells for irrigation schemes, domestic uses and industrial requirements. Submersible pumps are versatile and are suitable for sprinkler irrigation schemes as booster pumps. Submersible pumps suitable for 1 50 mm bore diameter Motor HP Price FOB Durban Radial flow pump price Mixed flow pump price 3.00 315 Basic 3 stage Basic 3 stage pump 4.00 5.00 6.00 328 350 390 pump - $ 110 Every additional stage cost extra - $ 18 $ 188 Every additional stage cost extra

7.50 10.00 12.00 15.00

450 510 580 620

can offer up to can offer up to 20 stage

- $ 36 can offer up to 12 stages

Direct coupled and belt driven centrifugal pumps Direct coupled and belt driven centrifugal pumps are single stage, radial flow end, suction type with horizontal shaft and vertically split casings. Pumps are fitted with pulleys or with flexible couplings, to be driven by electric motors or diesel engines. Direct coupled pumps are supplied with a common base plate for fixing the drive units. Direct coupled and belt driven centrifugal pumps Size in HP reqd. Head range (m) Output LPM Average price FOB Durban ($) 64 X 50 3.0 9/15 800/500 130 75 X 65 75 X 75 100 X 75 100 X 100 125 X 125 150 X 150 Diesel engine Vertical four stroke cycle, single cylinder compression ignition "water cooled"/"air cooled" cold start diesel engine Diesel engines are designed as prime movers for agriculture, with high efficiency, low fuel and lubricating oil consumption. Grade: 15 and Grade: 20 cast iron and EN 9 materials are used in the manufacture of these engines. Rigid inspection of components at every stage of the assembly makes every part easily interchangeable. Each engine is tested thoroughly for speed, output and fuel consumption according to the BIS specifications. Thermo - Syphen or a fresh water system is used for water cooled engines. A blower is attached with a fly wheel for air cooled engines. Single cylinder diesel engines are manufactured up to 10 HP and for above 10 HP, multi cylinder diesel engines are manufactured according to specifications. Single Cylinder Water Cooled Engine Average Price FOB Durban ($) 5.0 HP 1 500 RPM 420 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 9/18 9/15 6/13 6/12 6/13 6/10 110/600 1 440/900 1 600/1 000 2 000/1 200 2 700/1 800 4 000/2 000 140 140 150 220 290 310

6.5 HP 1 500 RPM 7.5 HP 1 500 RPM 10.0 HP 1 500 RPM Single Cylinder Air Cooled Engine: 5.0 HP 1 500 RPM 6.5 HP 1 500 RPM 7.5 HP 1 500 RPM 10.0 HP A500 RPM Double Cylinder Water Cooled Engines 10 HP 13 HP 15 HP Double Cylinder Air Cooled Engines 10 HP 13 HP 15 HP Electrical Starters and Switches

430 480 615 480 495 560 690 930 960 990 1010 1030 1060

Starters for direct-on-line or manually operated Star-Delta models are suitable for 220 and 440 v - 50 Hz, three phase or single phase - A.C. These are built-in with over load and single phase protection with bimetal relay arrangements, silver oxide bimetal contacts and other standard features to protect the electric motor from varying supply conditions. Product Average Price FOB Durban $ 39 24 58 64

Three Phase Direct ON line starters to suit 3 to 10 HP range Single Phase Direct ON line starters to suit 0.5 - 2 HP range Star Delta air break manually operated motor starters 3 to 10 HP range 12.5 - 15 HP range Star Delta Oil dash pot manually operated motor starters 3 - 10 HP range 101 12.5 - 15 HP range 106 Three Phase Iron clad switches (rewireable):

Capacity rating Average Price FOB Durban ($) 16 amps 16 32 amps 30 63 amps 69 100 amps 140

Spares, accessories, availability and supply

For each pump, a trouble shooting and repairing manual, installation and maintenance hand book and spare parts catalogue is supplied to help the customer understand the procedure to follow in dismantling, reassembling and ordering spare parts. Centrifugal, monoblock, jet and submersible pumps consume minimum spares during their lifetime. The manufacturer will specify the required spares for each pump or batch of pumps ordered and these spare parts, can be supplied with the consignment. As most of the items are in regular production, any requirement can be met at short notice and delivery can be arranged.

Service assistance for installation and maintenance

Centrifugal pumps are easy to install and run. For submersible arid jet pumps, an installation guide book is provided with each pump. Proper training can be provided for a few mechanics at the suppliers' premises. SITARC will also have training facilities for pump assembly, testing as well as installation techniques which can also be utilized. Further a few engineers can be made available to train local people at various centres by organizing seminars and classes.

Joint venture with local private people

In India economic reforms have been in progress since 1991. Joint ventures, either in India or with African countries are encouraged, depending on the requirements. Joint venture in Africa is possible when the requirement of pumpsets by value is US$ 3 to 4 million per year. Interested parties can contact SIEMA.

Conclusion
It iTYPICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CLS DUPLEX VACUUM HEATING PUMP

Furnish one Duplex Automatic Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump Model ______________. The pump shall be manufactured by the NES Company, Pine Brook, NJ. Each condensate pumping unit shall be driven by a motor rated for _______horsepower. Each air pumping unit shall be driven by a motor rated for ____ horsepower. Motors are to be general purpose type suitable for ___phase, _____cycle, ____volts A.C. Each condensate pump shall have a capacity of not less than _______ gallons of condensate per minute at 70F from _____inches mercury vacuum against ______PSI discharge pressure. Each air pumping unit shall have a capacity of not less than _____ cubic feet per minute of dry air at 70F and at _____inches mercury vacuum. The equipment must be capable of delivering simultaneously the full rated condensate and air capacities as defined above. Equipment to be included is one receiving tank, two condensate pumping units, two air pumping units, accessories and control as listed below. The pump shall of the type in which condensate and air are separated in the receiving tank under vacuum, condensate being pumped by centrifugal elements; air and vapor being pumped by rotary type vacuum elements in which gravity flow of condensate is used as the displacement medium. Separate hurling or sealing water compartment shall not be required. The receiving tank is to be _______gallon capacity cast iron. Accessories to be supplied by the pump manufacturer shall consist of inlet strainer, water level gauge

glass, air inlet check valves, vacuum gauge, thermometer, and vacuum relief valve. Condensate pumps are to be controlled by a single mechanical alternating float switch allowing alternate operation of the 2 pumps under normal operation; both pumps together under peak load conditions, and function as a single switch when only one pump is in service. Vacuum pumps are to be controlled by 2-pole diaphragm type vacuum switches to provide primary and back-up operation. The primary switch is to be set to cycle between 3 and 8 inches Hg vacuum and wired to electrically alternate the vacuum pumps in normal operation. The back-up vacuum switch will cycle between 2 and 8 inches Hg vacuum and operate both pumps together under start-up and peak load conditions and insure single operation when only one pump is in service. The installing contractor shall secure from the pump manufacturer drawings and installation instructions which must be submitted to the specifying Engineer for approval prior to actual installation. Upon approval, the installation is to be made in full accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS AIR PUMPS: industrial type rotary liquid ring vacuum pump with shrouded rotor. Rotating member is dynamically balanced for quietness and freedom from vibration. Air pump sizes MVF15 through MHF120 have rotors rigidly mounted on motor shaft and the pump and motor assembly is mounted on receiving tank. Air pump sizes SC2 and SC3 are separately mounted on

bases and are driven through flexible couplings by motors. WATER PUMPS: Bronze fitted centrifugal pump with single suction impeller rigidly mounted on motor shaft. Pump casing fitted with renewable bronze sealing ring and mechanical shaft seal. Suction passages designed for unusually low velocities to prevent vapor binding and cavitation. Rotating member is dynamically balanced for quietness and freedom from vibration. Pump and motor assembly is mounted on receiving tank. Suction butterfly valves are available for all condensate pumps. These allow one pump to be removed from service without the need to shut down the entire unit. Special blanking flanges are not required. RECEIVING TANK: Cast iron with air separating chambers. RETURN LINE CONNECTIONS: Center of return lines are located at following elevations listed by tank size: STRAINER: Heavy duty type with lift out basket. Strainer screen is stainless steel mesh and is easily removable for cleaning. SEPARATOR FLOAT VALVE: Bronze fitted valve actuated by bronze rod and seamless copper float. Valve is self aligning and self cleaning type with hemispherical monel metal closure. RELIEF VALVE: Bronze air relief valve is supplied for pumps to be operated below 15 Hg vacuum. No relief valve is needed nor supplied if pump is to be operated at or above 15 Hg. MOTORS: Open drip protected ball bearing type made by leading motor manufacturers. Single phase motors are capacitor type, polyphase motors aresquirrel cage induction type. Motors are provided with

heavy duty bearings and are designed to operate under continuous full load with minimum temperature rise. VACUUM SWITCH: Double pole switch. Diaphragm type. Switch is easily adjustable. FLOAT SWITCH: Two pole type actuated by stainless steel rod and seamless ball float. Modified and Full Duplex units use mechanical alternating float switch. STARING SWITCHES: Across-the-line magnetic type in general purpose steel enclosures. Starts provide thermal overload protection and under-voltage release. Starters for air pumps are supplied with three position selector switches to provide Hands-Off-Automatic control. Starters for water pumps on Duplex and Modified Duplex outfits are supplied with three position selector switch marked Hand-OffAutomatic. WIRING: Motor connections are made up for voltage of the order.COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES SUPPLPIED AS STANDARD EQUIPMENT s hoped that the above information is useful. The similarity between India and Southern and East African countries in respect of soil, monsoon pattern, climate, water table, literacy levels, electric system and user method, makes Indian pumps ideal one for African countries. ANNEXURES 1) Performance curves for single phase monoblocks 2) Performance curves for three phase monoblocks 3) Performance curves for submersible pumpsets i) Radial Flow Pumps ii) Mixed Flow Pumps

Types
[edit] Positive displacement pump

A lobe pump

lobe pump internals

Mechanism of a scroll pump A positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps work using an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation. [edit] Positive displacement pump behavior and safety Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, will in theory produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are "constant flow machines". However due to a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases, a truly constant flow rate cannot be achieved. A positive displacement pump must not be operated against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shut-off head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve will continue to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line will increase, until the line bursts or the pump is severely damaged, or both. A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve should in general only be used

as a safety precaution, an external relief valve installed in the discharge line with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank is recommended. [edit] Positive displacement types

Screw pump A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid:

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, helical twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid ring vacuum pumps. Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston or diaphragm pumps. Linear-type positive displacement: Rope pumps and chain pumps.

[edit] Rotary positive displacement pumps

Rotary vane pump Positive displacement rotary pumps are pumps that move fluid using the principles of rotation. The vacuum created by the rotation of the pump captures and draws in the liquid. Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient because they naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleed the air from the lines manually. Drawbacks: Positive displacement rotary pumps also have their weaknesses. Because of the nature of the pump, the clearance between the rotating pump and the outer edge must be very close, requiring that the pumps rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids will cause erosion. Rotary pumps that experience such erosion eventually show signs of enlarged clearances, which allow liquid to slip through and reduce the efficiency of the pump. Rotary positive displacement pumps can be grouped into three main types:

Gear pumps - a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between two gears. Screw pumps - the shape of the internals of this pump usually two screws turning against each other pump the liquid. Rotary vane pumps - similar to scroll compressors, consisting of a cylindrical rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor turns, the vanes trap fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps

Main article: Reciprocating pump

Simple soap pump

Hand-operated, reciprocating, positive displacement, water pump in Koice-ahanovce, Slovakia (walking beam pump). Reciprocating pumps are those which cause the fluid to move using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers or membranes (diaphragms). Reciprocating-type pumps require a system of suction and discharge valves to ensure that the fluid moves in a positive direction. Pumps in this category range from having "simplex" one cylinder, to in some cases "quad" (four) cylinders or more. Most reciprocating-type pumps are "duplex" (two) or "triplex" (three) cylinder. Furthermore, they can be either "single acting"

independent suction and discharge strokes or "double acting" suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered by air, steam or through a belt drive from an engine or motor. This type of pump was used extensively in the early days of steam propulsion (19th century) as boiler feed water pumps. Reciprocating pumps are now typically used for pumping highly viscous fluids including concrete and heavy oils, and special applications demanding low flow rates against high resistance. These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation. Typical reciprocating pumps are:

plunger pumps - a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed by suction on the way back. diaphragm pumps - similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids. piston displacement pumps - usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel manually. An example is the common hand soap pump.

Various positive displacement pumps The positive displacement principle applies in the following types of pumps:

rotary lobe pump Progressive cavity pump rotary gear pump piston pump diaphragm pump screw pump gear pump Hydraulic pump vane pump regenerative (peripheral) pump peristaltic pump rope pump

[edit] Gear pump

Gear pump Main article: Gear pump This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears rotating in a closely fitted casing. Fluid is pumped around the outer periphery by being trapped in the tooth spaces. It does not travel back on the meshed part, since the teeth mesh closely in the centre. It is widely used on car engine oil pumps, and also in various hydraulic power packs.
[edit] Screw pump

Main article: Screw pump Screw pumps are a more complicated type of rotary pumps, featuring two or three screws with opposing thread - that is, one screw turns clockwise, and the other counterclockwise. The screws are each mounted on shafts that run parallel to each other; the shafts also have gears on them that mesh with each other in order to turn the shafts together and keep everything in place. The turning of the screws, and consequently the shafts to which they are mounted, draws the fluid through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump's casing is minimal.
[edit] Progressing cavity pump

Main article: Progressive cavity pump Widely used for pumping difficult materials such as sewage sludge contaminated with large particles, this pump consists of a helical shaped rotor, about ten times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central core of diameter x, with typically a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x, although of course in reality it is made from one casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness typically x also. As the shaft rotates, fluid is gradually forced up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at quite low volumes.
[edit] Roots-type pumps

Named after the Roots brothers who designed and invented it, this lobe pump works by displacing the liquid trapped between two long helical twisted rotors, each fitting into the other when perpendicular at 90, rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge.

This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates and results with gentle performance, more fit for some applications. Some applications are:

High capacity industrial air compressors Roots Type Superchargers on internal combustion engines. A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.

[edit] Peristaltic pump

360 Degree Peristaltic Pump Main article: Peristaltic pump A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A rotor with a number of "rollers", "shoes" or "wipers" attached to the external circumference compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or "occludes") thus forcing the fluid to be pumped to move through the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam ("restitution") fluid flow is induced to the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.
[edit] Plunger pumps

A plunger pump compared to a piston pump Main article: Plunger pump Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive displacement pumps.

They consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger in them. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge valve. Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and "water hammer" may be a serious problem. In general the problems are compensated for by using two or more cylinders not working in phase with each other.
Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps

One modern application of positive displacement diaphragm pumps is compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation. Commonly seen in all areas of industry from shipping to processing, Wilden Pumps, Graco, Sandpiper or ARO are generally the larger of the brands. They are relatively inexpensive and can be used for almost any duty from pumping water out of bunds, to pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependent on how the pump is manufactured elastomers / body construction). Lift is normally limited to roughly 6m although heads can reach almost 200 Psi
[edit] Rope pumps

Main article: Rope pump Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made from very simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a PVC pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope pump. For this reason they have become extremely popular around the world since the 1980s. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grass roots organizations and the techniques for making and running them have been continuously improved.[2]

[edit] Impulse pumps

The pulser pump Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure which can push part of the liquid upwards.

Impulse pumps include:

Hydraulic ram pumps - uses pressure built up internally from released gas in liquid flow. (see below) Pulser pumps - run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only. Airlift pumps - run on air inserted into pipe, pushing up the water, when bubbles move upward, or on pressure inside pipe pushing water up.

[edit] Hydraulic ram pumps

Airlift pump vs. Geyser pump A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower. It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.

[edit] Velocity pumps

A centrifugal pump uses a spinning "impeller" which has backward-swept arms

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure can be explained by the First law of thermodynamics or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle. Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is achieved.[3] These types of pumps have a number of characteristics: 1. Continuous energy 2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity) 3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head One practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is their ability to operate under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace the fluid; hence closing a valve downstream of a positive displacement pump will result in a continual build up in pressure resulting in mechanical failure of either pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time). [edit] Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pump

Open Type Centrifugal Pump Impeller

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge through smaller heads. Centrifugal pumps are most often associated with the radial flow type. However, the term "centrifugal pump" can be used to describe all impeller type rotodynamic pumps[4] including the radial, axial and mixed flow variations.
[edit] Radial flow pumps

Often simply referred to as centrifugal pumps. The fluid enters along the axial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially). Radial flow pumps operate at higher pressures and lower flow rates than axial and mixed flow pumps.
[edit] Axial flow pumps

Axial pump (propeller in pipe) Main article: Axial flow pump Axial flow pumps differ from radial flow in that the fluid enters and exits along the same direction parallel to the rotating shaft. The fluid is not accelerated but instead "lifted" by the action of the impeller. They may be likened to a propeller spinning in a length of tube. Axial flow pumps operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial flow pumps.
[edit] Mixed flow pumps

Mixed flow pumps, as the name suggests, function as a compromise between radial and axial flow pumps, the fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 090 degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed flow. [edit] Eductor-jet pump Main article: Eductor-jet pump

This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure. This low pressure sucks in fluid and propels it into a higher pressure region.

[edit] Gravity pumps

Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain and there also important qanat or foggara systems which simply use downhill flow to take water from far-underground aquifers in high areas to consumers at lower elevations. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes referred to as a gravity pump.

[edit] Steam pumps

Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's, the Pulsometer steam pump or the Steam injection pump. Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are now a cost effective opportunity.

[edit] Valveless pumps

Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves are present to regulate the flow direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein. For instance, blood circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even when the hearts valves fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood long before the development of discernable chambers and valves. In microfluidics, valveless impedance pump have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids.

[edit] Pump repairs

Examining pump repair records and MTBF (mean time between failures) is of great importance to responsible and conscientious pump users. In view of that fact, the preface to the 2006 Pump Users Handbook alludes to "pump failure" statistics. For the sake of convenience, these failure statistics often are translated into MTBF (in this case, installed life before failure).[5] In early 2005, Gordon Buck, John Crane Inc.s chief engineer for Field Operations in Baton Rouge, LA, examined the repair records for a number of refinery and chemical plants to obtain meaningful reliability data for centrifugal pumps. A total of 15 operating plants having nearly 15,000 pumps were included in the survey. The smallest of these plants had about 100 pumps;

several plants had over 2000. All facilities were located in the United States. In addition, considered as "new," others as "renewed" and still others as "established." Many of these plantsbut not allhad an alliance arrangement with John Crane. In some cases, the alliance contract included having a John Crane Inc. technician or engineer on-site to coordinate various aspects of the program. Not all plants are refineries, however, and different results can be expected elsewhere. In chemical plants, pumps have traditionally been "throw-away" items as chemical attack can result in limited life. Things have improved in recent years, but the somewhat restricted space available in "old" DIN and ASME-standardized stuffing boxes places limits on the type of seal that can be fitted. Unless the pump user upgrades the seal chamber, only the more compact and simple versions can be accommodated. Without this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations are generally believed to be around 50 to 60 percent of the refinery values. It goes without saying that unscheduled maintenance often is one of the most significant costs of ownership, and failures of mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. Keep in mind the potential value of selecting pumps that cost more initially, but last much longer between repairs. The MTBF of a better pump may be one to four years longer than that of its non-upgraded counterpart. Consider that published average values of avoided pump failures range from $2600 to $12,000. This does not include lost opportunity costs. One pump fire occurs per 1000 failures. Having fewer pump failures means having fewer destructive pump fires. As has been noted, a typical pump failure based on actual year 2002 reports, costs $5,000 on average. This includes costs for material, parts, labor and overhead. Let us now assume that the MTBF for a particular pump is 12 months and that it could be extended to 18 months. This would result in a cost avoidance of $2,500/yrwhich is greater than the premium one would pay for the reliability-upgraded centrifugal pump.[5][6][7]

[edit] Applications

Metering pump for gasoline and additives. Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc. Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low pressure, and from high volume to low volume.

[edit] Priming a pump

Liquid and slurry pumps can lose prime and this will require the pump to be primed by adding liquid to the pump and inlet pipes to get the pump started. Loss of "prime" is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps used for liquids and other more viscous fluids cannot displace the air due to its lower density.

[edit] Pumps as public water supplies

First European depiction of a piston pump, by Taccola, c.1450.[8] One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or 'pitcher pump'. It would be installed over a community water well that was used by people in the days before piped water supplies. In parts of the British Isles, it was often called "the parish pump". Although such community pumps are no longer common, the expression "parish pump" is still used. It derives from the kind of the chatter and conversation that might be heard as people congregated to draw water from the community water pump, and is now used to describe a place or forum where matter of purely local interest is discussed.[9] Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. Modern hand operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low cost option for safe water supply in resource poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps like the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple

parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these areas.[citation needed]

[edit] Sealing multiphase pumping applications

Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all fluid stream properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having just one massive pump. For midstream and upstream operations, multiphase pumps can be located onshore or offshore and can be connected to single or multiple wellheads. Basically, multiphase pumps are used to transport the untreated flow stream produced from oil wells to downstream processes or gathering facilities. This means that the pump may handle a flow stream (well stream) from 100 percent gas to 100 percent liquid and every imaginable combination in between. The flow stream can also contain abrasives such as sand and dirt. Multiphase pumps are designed to operate under changing/fluctuating process conditions. Multiphase pumping also helps eliminate emissions of greenhouse gases as operators strive to minimize the flaring of gas and the venting of tanks where possible.[10] [edit] Types and features of multiphase pumps Helico-Axial Pumps (Centrifugal) A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft requiring two mechanical seals. This pump utilizes an open-type axial impeller. This pump type is often referred to as a "Poseidon Pump" and can be described as a cross between an axial compressor and a centrifugal pump. Twin Screw (Positive Displacement) The twin screw pump is constructed of two intermeshing screws that force the movement of the pumped fluid. Twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions and fluctuating inlet conditions. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts. Progressive Cavity Pumps (Positive Displacement) Progressive cavity pumps are single-screw types typically used in shallow wells or at the surface. This pump is mainly used on surface applications where the pumped fluid may contain a considerable amount of solids such as sand and dirt. Electric Submersible Pumps (Centrifugal) These pumps are basically multistage centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well applications as a method for artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped fluid is mainly liquid. Buffer Tank A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in case of a slug flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smoothes any fluctuations in the incoming flow and acts as a sand trap.

As the name indicates, multiphase pumps and their mechanical seals can encounter a large variation in service conditions such as changing process fluid composition, temperature variations, high and low operating pressures and exposure to abrasive/erosive media. The challenge is selecting the appropriate mechanical seal arrangement and support system to ensure maximized seal life and its overall effectiveness.[10][11][12]

Specifications
Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate, outlet pressure in feet (or metres) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or metres) of head. The head can be simplified as the number of feet or metres the pump can raise or lower a column of water at atmospheric pressure. From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed the specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.

Pump material
The pump material can be Stainless steel (SS 316 or SS 304), cast iron etc. It depends on the application of the pump. In the water industry and for pharma applications SS 316 is normally used, as stainless steel gives better results at high temperatures.

Pumping power
Main article: Bernoulli's equation The power imparted into a fluid will increase the energy of the fluid per unit volume. Thus the power relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of the pump mechanism and the fluid elements within the pump. In general, this is governed by a series of simultaneous differential equations, known as the Navier-Stokes equations. However a more simple equation relating only the different energies in the fluid, known as Bernoulli's equation can be used. Hence the power, P, required by the pump:

where P is the change in total pressure between the inlet and outlet (in Pa), and Q, the fluid flowrate is given in m^3/s. The total pressure may have gravitational, static pressure and kinetic energy components; i.e. energy is distributed between change in the fluid's gravitational potential energy (going up or down hill), change in velocity, or change in static pressure. is the pump efficiency, and may be given by the manufacturer's information, such as in the form of a pump curve, and is typically derived from either fluid dynamics simulation (i.e. solutions to the Navierstokes for the particular pump geometry), or by testing. The efficiency of the pump will depend upon the pump's configuration and operating conditions (such as rotational speed, fluid density and viscosity etc.)

For a typical "pumping" configuration, the work is imparted on the fluid, and is thus positive. For the fluid imparting the work on the pump (i.e. a turbine), the work is negative power required to drive the pump is determined by dividing the output power by the pump efficiency. Furthermore, this definition encompasses pumps with no moving parts, such as a siphon.

Pump efficiency
Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a function of the discharge and therefore also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency) and then declines as flow rates rise further. Pump performance data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers reduce in size). One important part of system design involves matching the pipeline head loss-flow characteristic with the appropriate pump or pumps in order to operate at or close to the point of maximum efficiency. Pump efficiency is an important aspect and pumps should be regularly tested. Thermodynamic pump testing is one method. Pump selection is done by performance curve which is curve between pressure head and flow rate, with power supply also taken care of. Pumps are normally available that run at 50 Hz or 60 Hz.