1 WORK Work is said to be done when a force applied to a body causes it to move in the direction of the force.

. The distance must be measured along the line of action of the force. If the force is constant, work is measured by the product of Force F and distance (S) through which the force moves. Thus if F if the force and S the distance moved : Work done = FX S If the force F is in Newtons and the distance moved in meters then the units of work are Newton metres and derived SI units of work of 1Nm is defined as the joule denoted by J. Thus the unit of work is the joule defined as the work done when the point of application of a force on one Newton is displaced through a distance of one metre in the direction of the force. Hence Work Done = FX s (Joules) Work may also be expressed in multiples of the joule, thus 1 giga joules (GJ) = 109 1 mga joule (MJ) =106 1 Kilo joule (KJ) = 103 If there is no motion in the direction of the force then there is no work done e.g. in lifting the centre of gravity of a load of weight W through a height the work done against the force of is Wh. But since weight act vertically downwards no work is done against gravity in displacing the load horizontally. When a body is moved against a resisting force, work is said to be done against the resistance

Example 1 The load shown is pulled 20mm along the horizontal by a force of 0,4kN at 600 to the horizontal. Calculate the work done. Diagram -

Solution - Components of pull in the direction of motion = 0,4 cos600 = 0,2kN Work done = force x distance = 0,2x103 x 20x10-3 = 4J 1

The vertical component of the force does not move vertically and therefore does no work. Example 2 - The block shown below is constrained to move along fixed guides. A horizontal force of 950N is required to move the block upwards along the slope a distance of 0,3m. Calculate the work done Diagram

If the blocks mass is 60kg and there is frictional force opposing the motion of the block, find the magnitude of the frictional force. - Solution Work done = force x distance Horizontal distance moved by force = 0,3cos450 = 0,212m Work done = 950 x 0,212 = 202J The work done is made of a. The work done against gravity b. The work done against frictional force F. Thus work done against gravity equals weight x height block is raised = (60 x 9,81)(0,3sin450) = 125J Therefore work done against frictional force = 202 125 = 77J Thus frictional force x distance moved by block along the slope =77J Work done = F X S, Thus F = (work done) S F = 77/0,3 =257N

ENERGY Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work and is measured in the same units as work done i.e. the joules.(J) It exists in many forms such as mechanical energy, electrical, heat and chemical energy and so on. We will deal with chemical energy which is of two distinct types namely potential energy and kinetic energy. KINETIC ENERGY(K.E) The Kinetic energy of a body is the energy it possesses due to its velocity. This energy can be made available to do work against a resistance if the moving body is brought to rest. Let a constant unresisted force F Newtons act on a body of mass m kg initially at rest and displace it in a straight line distance s meters. Then the work done is FX s Joules. If a (m/s2) is the acceleration produced then acceleration Force F = ma so that work done = (ma) x s. If the velocity reached in a distance s meters is v m/s then from the equation v2 = u2 + 2as 2as= v2 u2 s = (v2- u2) /2a s = v2/2a (since u =0) Substituting for s in work done = (ma)s We have work done = (ma) x v2/2a = mv2/2 = mv2

The units of work done = kg x m2/s2 =kg x m x m/s2 = kgm/s2 x m = Nm = joules (since ma = F) Now the expression = mv2 = is the kinetic energy possessed by the body when moving with the velocity vm/s. Hence the work done by the force to set the body in motion will be stored in the body in the form of kinetic energy so that kinetic energy KE = mv 2 joules Work is the process by which energy is transferred to a body and the energy thus gained by the body could be in the form of either potential energy or kinetic energy.

Example 1 Amotor vehicle of mass 2 tonnes is travelling at 50,4km/h. Determine the kinetic energy of the vehicle at its speed. Solution KE of vehicle =mv2 (m = 2000kg, v = 50,4km/h =14m/s. Therefore KE = x 2000 x142 = 196000J =196kJ Example 2 A vehicle of mass 1600kg increases its speed uniformly from 36km/h to 72km/h by the action of a resultant force of 2,4kN . Determine the increase in the kinetic energy of the vehicle during the 3

4 acceleration period. Show that this increase in kinetic is equal to the work done by accelerating force. Solution Increase in KE = m(v2- u2),m =1600kg,u = 36km/h = 10m/s, v = 72km/h = 20m/s) KE = x 1600(202 -102) = 240000J = 240kJ

KE is equal to the work done by accelerating force From F = ma thus a = F/m 2400/1600 =1,5m/s2 Distance covered v2 = u2 +2as s = v2 u2/2a s = (202)/2x1,5 s = 100m Work done = FX s 2400 x 100 240kJh and this is equal to KE POTENTIAL ENERGY Stored energy that puts a potential to a body to do work The P.E of a body is the energy it possesses due to its position in a gravitational field i.e. due to its height above the ground or any convenient reference level. If a body mass mkg is lifted through a vertical distance of h metres above the ground work is done because the body is being lifted against the gravitational force which acts on the body. Diagram

Work done = Force x vertical distance = mgh this amount of work done will be stored in the body as potential energy by Virtue of its position relative to the ground. In other words the body will be capable of doing mgh joules of work if allowed to fall back to the ground. Thus energy is transferred to a body when it is lifted. *(P.E) = mgh joules

5 Example 1 A body of mass 5kg is supported 12m above the ground. Determine the P.E possessed by the body due to its position with respect to the ground. Solution M = kg, g = 9,81m/s2 h =12mbn PE = 5x9,81x12 = 588,6j THE PRINCIPLES OF CONVERSATION OF ENERGY The principle of conservation of energy states that the energy can neither be created or destroyed. Energy can be readily converted from one form to another, but it is found that a loss of energy in any form is always accompanied by an equivalent increase in another form.e.g. change electrical to heat energy. In all such conversions, therefore the total amount of energy remains constant. In practice if friction is present and work has to be done in overcoming the frictional resistance (this amount of work is dissipated as heat) thus in such cases, : final energy = work done against friction. If a body is allowed to fall freely from a height until it is just about to strike the ground then all its available potential energy will be given up. If no external work is done on or by the body during its time of fall then by the principle of conservation of energy the body will gain kinetic energy equal in amount to the initial potential energy. Suppose the body reaches a speed of v m/s before contact with ground. Then since energy is conserved we may write KE on reaching the ground = initial PE. i.e. mv2 = mgh mv2 = 2mgh v2 = 2mgh/m v2 = 2gh v= Examples An engine has a mass of 150kg and is suspended from a crane by a sling 4m above ground level. a. Determine the potential energy of the engine due to its position above ground. b. Due to a fault in the sling the engine falls freely to the ground from that height. Calculate the velocity and kinetic energy of the engine at the point of impact with ground. c. Determine the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the engine after falling 3m (neglect air resistance) Solution a. PE of engine =mgh =150 x 9,81x 4 = 5886J b. V = = /2x 9,81 x4 = 8,859m/s KE = X 150 X 8,8892 = 5886J = initial PE (since air resistance is neglected) c. KE gained by engine after falling a distance (x = 3m) equals PE given up. 5

6 = mgh= = 150x9,81x3 = 4414,5J Potential energy still possessed by engine = 5886 4414,5 = 147,5J

Example2 A motor vehicle of mass 800kg stands on an incline whose gradient is 1 in 10. The hand brake is released and the vehicle runs down in the incline. If the frictional resistance to motion is 40N find the speed of the vehicle after running 200m down the incline. Solution V= 200sin =200 x 1/10 = 20m Potential PE at top of incline = mgh = 800x9,81 x20 = 156900J Work done against friction = FXs = 40 X 200m = 8000J KE gained at the bottom of incline = PE work done = 156960 8000 = 148960J juuj KE = mv2 V = V = V = 19,3m/s WORK Work is done when a force moves through a distance in the direction of the force. The distance must be measured along the line of action of the force. W = force x distance through which the force moves. POWER is the rate of doing work average power is measured by the ratio of work done/ time taken. The unit of work is therefore the joule (j) and the unit of time is the seconds (s) The unit of power is therefore the joule per second (j/s). The SI unit of power is the watt(w) =J/s If a body moves at a speed v meters per second under the action of a force (F) Newton which acts in the direction of motion then rate of working = work done per second = F Xs/t = F x v (j/s) Power = F X v (watts) TORQUE 6

WORK DONE BY TORQUE In the diagram below the arm OA of length r rotates about the fixed axis O. Consider the work done by a force F at A the line of action of F is always perpendicular to the radius OA i.e. tangent to the circle traced out by the point AA. Diagram

When the point A moves to A through a distance AA measured round the circumference of the circle O, the work done by the force F is F X AA . Now the distance AA is equal to r where (radians) is the angle turned through by arm OA. Thus work done by force F = F x r, but F x r is the moment of F about the centre O, i.e. the applied torque T hence work done = T. Take note that it is no longer necessary to know either the force F or the radius r for one to obtain the work done. The work done may be obtained directly from the knowledge of the applied torque and rotation. Therefore the work done by torque in turning through an angle is T If the torque is constant and the time taken for OA to sweep out the angle is t then work done per unit = T/t = Tw Where w is angular velocity. If the torque T is in Newton metres and angular velocity in radians per second the rate of working (power) = Tw(Nm/s) Now if n is the speed of rotation of arm in revolution per second, then w = 2In radians per second and Power = Tw = 2