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List of antibiotics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of antibiotics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Following is the list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a bacterial infection.[1] See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria. Antibiotics by class Generic name Brand names Common uses [2] Aminoglycosides Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Tobramycin Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Neo-Fradin[3] Netromycin Nebcin Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyltRNA from the A-site to the Psite and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Possible side effects [2] Mechanism of action

Hearing loss Vertigo Kidney damage

Paromomycin

Humatin

Ansamycins Geldanamycin Herbimycin Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Carbacephem Loracarbef Lorabid Discontinued prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
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Carbapenems Ertapenem Doripenem Imipenem/Cilastatin Invanz Doribax Primaxin Bactericidal for both Grampositive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broadspectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea Inhibition of cell Seizures wall synthesis Headache Rash and allergic reactions

Meropenem

Merrem

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Cefalotin or Cefalothin Duricef Ancef (discontinued) Good coverage Keflin against Gram (discontinued) positive infections. Keflex Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Cefamandole Cefoxitin Cefprozil Cefuroxime Distaclor Mandol (discontinued) Less gram positive Mefoxin cover, improved (discontinued) gram negative cover. Cefzil Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Cefdinir Cefditoren Cefoperazone
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Cefalexin

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef Improved Cefobid (discontinued) coverage of Gram negative Same mode of Gastrointestinal action as other upset and beta-lactam diarrhea antibiotics:
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Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone

Claforan Vantin Fortaz Cedax Cefizox (discontinued) Rocephin

organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram positive cover.

Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cefepime

Maxipime

Covers pseudomonal infections.

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Same mode of action as other Gastrointestinal beta-lactam upset and antibiotics: diarrhea disrupt the Allergic synthesis of the reaction peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Ceftaroline fosamil

Teflaro

Used to treat MRSA

Ceftobiprole

Zeftera

Used to treat MRSA

Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin

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Targocid (UK) Vancocin

inhibiting peptidoglycan
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Telavancin Clindamycin

Vibativ Lincosamides Cleocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Lipopeptide

synthesis

Lincomycin

Lincocin

Possible C. difficilerelated pseudomembranous enterocolitis

Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis

Daptomycin

Cubicin

Gram-positive organisms

Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis

Macrolides Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Troleandomycin Telithromycin Spectinomycin Spiramycin
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Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone

Streptococcal infections, syphilis, Biaxin upper respiratory Dynabac tract infections, (discontinued) lower respiratory tract infections, Erythocin, mycoplasmal Erythroped infections, Lyme disease Tao (discontinued) Ketek Trobicin Rovamycine Pneumonia Gonorrhea Mouth infections

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses) Prolonged QT interval (especially erythromycin) Jaundice Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[4]

inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

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Monobactams Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Nitrofurans Furazolidone Furoxone Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis

Aztreonam

Azactam

Nitrofurantoin

Macrodantin, Urinary tract Macrobid infections Penicillins

Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azlocillin Carbenicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin

Novamox, Amoxil Principen (discontinued) Geocillin (discontinued) Tegopen (discontinued) Dynapen (discontinued) Floxapen (Sold to European generics Actavis Group)

Flucloxacillin

Mezlocillin Methicillin Nafcillin

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Wide range of infections; penicillin Mezlin used for (discontinued) streptococcal infections, syphilis, Staphcillin (discontinued) and Lyme disease Unipen

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions Brain and kidney damage (rare)

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
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Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Penicillin G Temocillin Ticarcillin

(discontinued) Prostaphlin (discontinued) Pentids (discontinued) Veetids (PenVee-K) (discontinued) Pipracil (discontinued) Pfizerpen Negaban (UK) (discontinued) Ticar (discontinued) Penicillin combinations Augmentin Unasyn Zosyn Timentin Polypeptides Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane Eye, ear or Coly-Mycin-S bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given Kidney and nerve by injection, damage (when given although the use of by injection) intravenous colistin is experiencing a
[5]

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Ampicillin/sulbactam Piperacillin/tazobactam Ticarcillin/clavulanate

The second component prevents bacterial resistance to the first component

Bacitracin

Colistin

Interact with the gram negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane. It displaces bacterial counter ions, which
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Polymyxin B

resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug resistant organisms.

destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.

Quinolones Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin Mafenide Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine
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Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox Sulfamylon Prontosil Sulamyd, Bleph-10 Micro-Sulfon Silvadene

Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, communityacquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea

inhibit the bacterial DNA Nausea (rare), gyrase or the irreversible damage topoisomerase to central nervous IV enzyme, system (uncommon), thereby inhibiting tendinosis (rare) DNA replication and transcription.

Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Sulfonamides Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS
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Sulfamethizole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole

Thiosulfil Forte Gantanol Azulfidine Gantrisin

Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns)

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Bactrim, (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Septra

vomiting, and diarrhea Allergy (including skin rashes) Crystals in urine Kidney failure Decrease in white blood cell count Sensitivity to sunlight

catalyses the conversion of PABA (paraaminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.

Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Doxycycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Declomycin Vibramycin Minocin Terramycin Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. Gastrointestinal upset Sensitivity to sunlight Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent) transient depression of bone growth

Tetracycline

Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin

inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNAribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.

Drugs against mycobacteria Clofazimine Dapsone

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Lamprene Avlosulfon

Antileprotic Antileprotic
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Capreomycin Cycloserine Ethambutol Ethionamide Isoniazid Pyrazinamide

Capastat Seromycin Myambutol Trecator I.N.H. Aldinamide Rifadin, Rimactane

Antituberculosis Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis mostly Grampositive and mycobacteria Mycobacterium avium complex Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Others Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity As other aminoglycosides Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription Inhibits peptide synthesis

Rifampicin (Rifampin in US)

Rifabutin Rifapentine Streptomycin

Mycobutin Priftin

Arsphenamine

Salvarsan

Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Chloramphenicol

meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal Chloromycetin treatment. Historic: Rarely: aplastic anemia. typhus, cholera. gram negative, gram positive, anaerobes

Fosfomycin

Monurol

Acute cystitis in women

Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis Thrombocytopenia Produces toxic free radicals which disrupt

Fusidic acid Linezolid

Fucidin Zyvox VRSA

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Metronidazole

Flagyl

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, Giardiasis

DNA and proteins. This Discolored urine, non-specific headache, metallic taste, nausea ; alcohol mechanism is responsible for its is contraindicated activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts

Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Rifaximin Synercid Xifaxan Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli A chloramphenicol Gram-negative, analog. May Gram-positive, Lacks known anemic inhibit bacterial anaerobes. widely side-effects. protein synthesis used in veterinary by binding to the medicine. 50S subunit of the ribosome Tigacyl Tindamax Fasigyn Proloprim, Trimpex Brand Names Common Uses [2] Possible Side Effects [2] Mechanism of action protozoan infections upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness

Thiamphenicol

Tigecycline Tinidazole Trimethoprim Generic Name

References
1. ^ Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1999) Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance, In: Microbiology Conceptsand Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, U.S.A. pp. 478-479. 2. ^ a b c d For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.
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3. ^ "Neomycin Drug Information" (http://www.uptodate.com/contents/neomycin-drug-information? source=search_result&search=neomycin&selectedTitle=1~135) . uptodate. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/neomycin-drug-information? source=search_result&search=neomycin&selectedTitle=1~135. Retrieved 2/11/2012. (Subscription required) 4. ^ Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News. 5. ^ Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/12/3223) K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger

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