Beruflich Dokumente
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Problem 6.1 :
A three-element array of isotropic sources has the phase and magnitude relationships shown in the figure below. The spacing between the elements is d = l 2 . a) b) Find the array factor. Find the nulls.
z #2 -1 d #1 d #3 +1 -j y
Method I :
a) AF = -e + jkd cos q - j + e - jkd cos q = -2 j sin ( kd cos q ) - j To normalize the array factor so that its maximum equals unity, the normalization factor has to be -3j. AFn = 1 ( 1 + 2 sin ( kd cos q ) ) 3 = 1 ( 1 + 2 sin ( p cos q ) ) 3
b)
2 sin ( p cos qn ) = -1 p cos qn = sin-1 1 ( 2 ) = - p , - 56p , - 136p ,..., 76p , 11p , 196p = x 6 6
n
Method II :
a)
Here, the phase centre is in the physical center of the array (element #1) Using the trigonometric identities:
AF = =
3 1 1 sin 2 y sin y cos 2 y + cos y sin 2 y = 1 1 sin 2 y sin 2 y 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 2 sin 2 y cos 2 y ) cos 2 y + ( cos2 2 y - sin2 2 y ) sin 2 y 1 sin 2 y
b)
Problem 6.2 :
Design an ordinary end-fire uniform linear array with only one maximum so that its directivity is 20 dBi (above isotropic). The spacing between the elements is d = l 4 , and its length is much greater than the spacing. Determine the a) b) c) d) e) number of elements, overall length of the array (in wavelengths), approximate half-power beamwidth (in degrees), progressive phase between the elements (in degrees), amplitude level (compared to the maximum of the major lobe) of the first minor lobe (in dB). see slide 5.28 d D0 = 4N l D0 = 20 dB = 100
a)
( )
100 = 4N
( d ) = 4N ( 4ll ) = N l
l = 24.75l 4
N = 100
b)
L = ( N - 1 )d = 99
c)
qh = cos-1 1 -
d)
see slide 5.15 x = kd = 90 For small values of y the normalized array factor can be written as (Slide 5.12)
e)
sin AFn =
N y 2
sin
( N y ) = 1 2
s
or when
qs = cos-1
{ 2ld -x 3Np } p
(N y ) = 2
s
sin AFn =
N y 2 s
2 = 0.212 3p
which is in dB equal to
Problem 6.3 :
Determine the azimuthal and elevation angles of the grating lobes for a 10 by 10 element uniform planar array when the spacing between the elements is . The maximum of the main beam is directed toward q0 = 60 , f0 = 90 and the array is located on the xy-plane.
q0 = 60 ,
f0 = 90
Grating lobes occur if the following conditions are fulfilled: (Slide 5.46)
x = kd x sin cos + x = 2m y = kd y sin cos + y = 2n
3 n f = tan-1 2 m
for
0 f 360
(1)
for
0 q 180
(2)
With dx = dy = follows kdx = kdy = 2 and the limits of m and n are given as:
kdx ( sin q cos f - sin q0 cos f0 ) = 2p ( sin q cos f ) = 2m p m = -1, 0,1 since: - 1 sin q cos f 1 3 kdy ( sin q sin f - sin q0 sin f0 ) = 2p sin q sin f = 2n p 2 n = -1, 0 2+ 3 3 2- 3 -1.866 sin q sin f 0.1339 2 2 2
This means that the main radiation lobe and the grating lobes can occur in the directions given by (1) and (2) for m = -1,0,1 and n = -1,0 (i.e., six combinations).
Case I: n = 0 , m = -1 :
From (1):
From (2):
3 -40.8934 319.11 f = tan-1 = 2 139.1066 sin-1 ( -1.3228 ) -1 -1 q = sin cos f = -1 sin ( +1.3228 ) and -1 3 / 2 sin ( -1.3228 ) q = sin-1 = -1 sin f sin ( +1.3228 ) , respectively.
This means that there is no solution for case I. Case II: n = 0 , m = 0 ( main radiation) : 90 -1 ( ) = f = tan 270 From (1): 0 q = sin-1 0 , meaning that the term " 0 / 0 " can be anything, and From (2):
()
sin-1 ( 0.866 ) = 60 or 120 q = sin -1 sin ( -0.866 ) = -60 or - 120 q ( 0 q 180 ), the main radiation occurs Because of the limits of at f = 90 and q = 60 and (because of the symmetry) at f = 90 and q = 120 .
-1
3 /2 sin f =
Case III: n = 0 , m = 1 :
From (1):
From (2):
q = sin-1
From (1):
From (2):
3 / 2 - 1 7.63 f = tan-1 = -1 187.63 -1 sin ( -1.009 ) 270 -1 -1 q = sin cos f = -1 sin ( 1.009 ) 90 and
q = sin
3 /2 - 1 sin f =
The approximate solution of the arcsin-fuction means that there is no perfectly constructive interference of the waves originating from the respective array elements, but rather an almost constructive interference. As shown by the plots below, a large and significant almost grating lobe does exist.
Because of the limits of q ( 0 q 180 ), a grating lobe occurs at f = 187.63 and q = 90 .
90 ) = f = tan 270 From (1): 0 q = sin-1 0 , where the term " 0 / 0 " can be anything, and From (2): -7.69 or - 172.31 -1 3 / 2 - 1 q = sin sin f = 7.69 or 172.31 0 q 180 ), two grating lobes occur Because of the limits of q ( at f = 270 , q = 7.69 and at f = 270 , q = 172.31 .
-1 (
Case V: n = -1 , m = 0 :
()
Case VI: n = -1 , m = 1 :
-1
From (1):
From (2):
3 / 2 - 1 -7.63 352.37 f = tan = 1 172.37 -1 sin ( 1.009 ) 90 -1 -1 = q = sin cos f -1 sin ( -1.009 ) 270 and -1 sin ( 1.009 ) 90 -1 3 / 2 - 1 q = sin sin f = sin-1 ( -1.009 ) 270
The approximate solution of the arcsin-fuction means that there is no perfectly constructive interference of the waves originating from the respective array elements, but rather an almost constructive interference. As shown by the plots below, a large and significant almost grating lobe does exist.
Because of the limits of q ( 0 q 180 ), a grating lobe occurs at f = 357.37 and q = 90 .
The 3D array factor is shown in the figure below in linear and logarithmic scale.
linear z
grating lobe (case V) grating lobe (case IV)
y x
symmetric main beam (case II) grating lobe (case V)
dB z
y x
Problem 6.4 :
A corner reflector consists of two semi-infinite perfectly conducting planes at angle of 90 to each other. A l / 2 dipole is placed parallel to the intersection line of the two planes and at the distance d from the same line. The minimum distance to each plane from the dipole is equal. a) b) Determine the far-field if the input current of the dipole is I 0 . Determine the nulls of the radiation pattern in the case d = l / 2 .
Feed
a) Thanks to image theory the corner reflector problem can be transformed into an array consisting of four elements:
r2 (a) (b) y Image #2 Plate #1 Image #2 r3 r r1
d d Feed #1
Image #3
d d d d
Feed #1
r2 x
Image #4
Plate #2
The distances from the four dipoles to the observation point r are
E tot
p j hI 0e - jkr cos 2 cos q = 2 [ cos ( kd sin q cos f ) - cos ( kd sin q sin f ) ] 2pr sin q
b) Here, the zeros of the single element pattern and of the array factor have to be determined. For the array factor AF , the nulls are occurring for:
cos ( kd sin q cos f ) - cos ( kd sin q sin f ) = 0 cos A - cos B = 2 sin
where:
sin
This gives
A+B =0 2
or
sin
A-B = 0. 2
cos
( p cos q ) = 0 . 2
sin q
0 , and thus the rule of l'Hospital has to be 0 applied to check if a null of the radiation pattern is occuring at q = 0
p p sin cos q sin q f (q) f (0) 2 = lim = 2 lim q 0 g (q) q 0 g (0) cos q
= 0.
q =0
This result was to-be-expected given the geometry of the problem: the dipole has a null in the direction =0, so does a planar group of four parallel dipoles.
Problem 6.5 :
Assume an antenna array composed of 3 infinitesimal horizontal dipoles positioned along the z -axis, as shown in figure below. The currents on the dipoles are constant along the wire and have the following time dependence: D1: D2: D3:
a) b) c)
Calculate the array factor AF (q, d ) and the complete far field EFF (q, d, r ) of this antenna array in function of d , q and r . Which angle q maximizes the AF , having distance d of half a wavelength? Calculate distance d for which the array radiates in end-fire direction.
a)
The phase difference between D2 and D1 is 90 . As well the phase difference between D3 and D2 is 90 . So we have an array with uniform spacing d and progressive phase x ( = 90 ). The far field radiation of one single infinitesimal dipole is located in the origin and oriented like shown in figure is
Eq = j h I 0le - jkr cos q 4pr
The sum of the far field contributions of the 3 dipoles can be written as
Eq = j h I 0l cos q 4pr
p - j (kr -kd cos q + p ) - j (kr +kd cos q + ) 2 + 2e - jkr - e 2 e p j (kd cos q - p ) - j (kd cos q + ) 2 + 2 -e 2 e
AF = 2 + e
-j
p 2
AF = 2 + 2 sin ( kd cos q )
The total field becomes
EFF = j h I 0l - jkr e cos q ( 2 + 2 sin ( kd cos q ) ) 4pr
b) The maximum of the AF (AFmax = 4) appears if the argument of the sine function is
kd cos q =
p + 2n p, 2
where
n = 0, 1, 2, ......
qmax
A real solution occurs only for arguments of the arcos whose modulus is smaller or equal to one. Therefore the only possible n is n = 0 .
150
2 1
30
180
210
330
240 270
300
c)
The endfire direction of the given array is either q = 0 or q = 180 . In order to achieve radiation in the endfire direction the argument of the cosine function has to be maximized.
AF(d , q) = 2 + 2 sin ( kd cos q ) = 4 for p + 2n p 2 where n = 0,1, 2,.... q = 180 : p p + 2n p kd = -2n p 2 2 kd cos q = -kd = d = nl l , 4 q = 0 :
where n = 1, 2,....
The following picture shows the AF for d = / 4. (note: direction for positive z / =0 pointing horizontally in the picture)
90 120 3 150 2 1 30 4 60
180
210
330
240 270
300