IMMUNITZATION

INTRODUCTION Immunitzation is a process of protecting an individual form a disease through introducation of live or killed or attenuated organisms in the individual system. It is one of the best buys in community health and one of cost effective health intervention. Immunity is the security againt a particular disease effects and nonusceptibility of the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of angenic substances. Acquired immunity can be active or passive. Active immunity is produced stimulation immunological defense mechanism though administration infection. Active immunizing agents are known as vaccines. Passive immunity is produced temporality by supplying performed exogenous animal or human antibody to suppress the disease give soon after or perior to exposure o infections. VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES: Six killer vaccine---1, poliomyelitis 2, Tuberculosis 3, Diphtheria 4, Pertuusis 5, Tetanus 6, Measles

Other vaccine; HepitisB. Mumps. Rubeela. Hemophilus infuenzae, typhoid, meningococcal meningitis, malaria, cholera, plague ,rabies, pmeumonea. VACCINES Vaccines are immuno-biological substances which process specific protection against a given disease. It stimulates active production of protective antibody and other immune mechanisms. 1. LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES Bacterial ------------BCG, Typhoid .plague. viral --------------oral polio, meales, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, influenza. Rickettsial -----------thyphus 2. KILLED OR INACTIVED VACCIVES Bacterial -------pertussis, Typhoid, Cholera, Plague, Meningits. Viral -----------Rabies, Hepatitis B, Influenza, Salk polio, Japances encephalitis. Toxides --------bacterial diphtheria tetanus Cellular fractions -------------meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines Combinations----------DPT ,MMR,MT,

BENEFICIA RIES Infant

AGE At birth 6weeks 10weeks 14weeks 9months

16-24 month 5-6year 10-16year

VACCINE BCG/OPV DPT-1/OPV-1 DPT-2/OPV-2 DPT-3/OPV-3 MEASLES DPT/OPV

DT TT

DOSE Single/zero dose I Dose 2Dose 3Dose Single Booster Single/2nd DT Single/2nd TT 1st 2nd

ROUTE
Interdermal/or al

AMOUNT
0.05ml/2drope 0.5ml/2drope 0.5ml/2drop 0.5ml/2drop 0.5ml

IM/oral IM/oral IM/oral

subcutaneous

Children

IM/oral IM IM IM IM

0.5ml/2dope 0.5ml

0.5ml

Pregnant women

Earily in pregency One month after

0.5ml

TT-I TT-II

0.5ml

BCG VACCINE PURPOSE; Prevention agienst tb this is also used a protection against leprosy and astest of TB it is eto cssential to given BCG injection to children below 1 year of age. It can be given immedietaly after birth. Source: This is live attenuated bovin form of Tbbercle bacilli. It is available in virals and kept bet 28*c and 8*c temperature. Method ; it is injected in the dose of 0.1 ml interdermally. By tuberculin syringe above deltoid muscle. Generally in the left arm. At the site of prick a round mark or protusion should form. This gets absorbed in the body it self and it is not visible after 30minutes after 3-4 week, the spot become reddish and gets swelling their appears to be growth.

Complication; fever,wond formation, scar formation, cold abscess, diddeminated TB may also develop at time. POLIO VACCINE; *Purpose;-----To protect children from polio and prevation againt handicap and d disability. *Source ;1)oral polio vaccine 2) salk polio vaccine. * ORAL POLIO VACCINE; Is prepared by lived attenuated virues. It was invented by saini hence it is also alled savin polio vaccine. It administered through mouth. *salk polio vaccine is prepared form killed viruses and is administered by injection under specific conditions. It is also inactivated polio vaccine. *method; according to national immunization schedule only oral polio vaccine is used for vaccination.2to3 dropes of vaccine should be directly dropped in mouth on the tongue of the child. If the dose is thrown not be administered once again. *complications; generally it doesnt give rise to any complications, but some children may complaion of nausea. Loss of appetite.or losse motions which gets curred automatitecally .some pediatricians recommend 5 doses of the vaccine due to the higher rate of failure noticed after 3dosers. VACCINE OF DPT ,DT ,AND TT; *Purpose; DPT or triple vaccine is given to the children as a protection against diphtheria, pertusis(whooping cough) and tetanus.DT given protecton against diphtheria and tetanus. While TT is only for tetanus. * sorrce; DPT is a mixed vaccine which includes toxid of diphtheria, pertusis, and tetanus DT has the toxoid of diphtheria and tetanus while as the name also suggests TT has the tetanus toxoid. METHOD;age group of vaccine

DPT=6weeks to 12months. DT=5to6 year(whooping cough vaccine not need) TT=pergancy DOSE AND MODE; all of the mentioned vaccine are given in the dose of 0.5ml and intermuscularly. These can be injected in the muscles of thigh, hip or arm. Vaccine of children suffering form high fever seizures or convulsions and nervous impairments should be post poned,but there is no restriction for those having mild cold and fever. COMPLICATIONS; mild fever, local swelling can be detected as general reaction,while serve complications like convulsions, encephalitis, or damage of brain may be noticed rarely general symptoms may be treatd with a simple tablet of paracetamol. HEPATITIS B VACCINE; Vaccine of hepatitis Bis given to provid protecation against hepatitis b for this vaccine prepared form plasma that HBsAG hepatitis b surfaced antigen or the ine prepared form yest thst is RDNA yeast derived vaccine can be used. This vaccine can given to such newbron babies whose mothers had suffered form hepatitis B. It used to protect doctors, nursing staff , laboratory technicians.against hepitits B infecations.