Understanding Hardy Weinberg

Name __________________________

Use pages 263-266 in the lab manual to answer the questions below. The HW theorem is only true if the following 5 things are trueFill in the blanks: The population is very _________ __________ mating No mutation. No _______. There is ______ selection. Complete the following true sentence. A population at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is not ____________. Imagine a gene that has 2 possible alleles for example sickle cell anemia. You must be homozygous for the allele- in other words 2 copies of the disease allele-- to actually have the disease. If you have just one copy- you do not have the disease but you are a carrier of the disease. Draw a punnett square for 2 carriers of sickle cell anemia using the letter a: little a is sickle cell big A is normal.

List all of the possible genotypes ________________________.

Instead of a letter like a for populations and in Hardy Weinberg calculations we use ps and qs. p=A and q=a Lets say the frequency of p=0.8. What does that mean? It means that _____% of the alleles in the population are normal. If there are only 2 possible alleles (A and a) in the population what must q=___? We can determine the PROBABILITY that there are people with sickle cell anemia (homozygous for a in a population if we know the allele frequency. Lets say you tested 1,000 people to determine how many have an allele for sickle cell anemia. Assume you find out the probabilities p=0.8 q=0.2 We can now calculate the frequency of the different genotypes in the population.

The probability of homozygous A = p2= The probability of homozygous a = q2= What about the probability of heterozygous Aa ? Look in the punnett square. Either the father had the sickle cell allele ie. ( Aa = pq) or the mother did (aA = qp) so the equation should be 2pq The probability of heterozygous Aa =pq+qp in other words heterozygous Aa= 2(pq) What does p2+2pq=q2= From the above example we can say what the genotypic frequency of sickle cell amemia is (q2)__________ Or what the allelic frequency of sickle cell is (q) ___________ Lets say the genotypic frequency of q2= 0.16 What would the allelic frequency of q be?____________ Now draw a punnett square for p=0.8 and q=0.2 What are the allelic frequencies? What are the possible genotypes? What are the genotypic frequencies? What if there were 30 individuals how many individuals of each genotype would there be?

You can also work backwards for example you may know that the population has the following individuals: 15AA 10Aa 40aa What are the observed genotypic frequencies? (Determine the total number of individuals in the population and make a fraction for each genotype.)

What are the observed allelic frequencies? (Add up the individual alleles and divide by the total number of alleles in the population).

What are the expected genotypic frequencies for the next generation assuming the population is in HW equilibrium?