CHM 3609 - Inorganic Chemistry

Chapter 8: Periodic Table of the elements Types of Elements and Compounds: Elemental forms: Solid, Liquids and Gases

Mark D. Jackson

jacksonm@fau.edu

Monatomic gases: rare gases (non reactive under most conditions; F compounds) Diatomic elements: halogens, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Discrete molecular units: S (cyclic S8), P, Se, C60 (fullerenes) Extended covalent structures: C (diamond, graphite); Si, P, S; Ge, As, Se; Sn, Sb, Te; Bi Metals: most common type of element High coordination; CCP, HCP (12x), BCC (8 + near 6; center of a cube) Nuclei + delocalized electrons; AOs form electronic bands Some overlap in molecular - extended - metal categories Chemical compounds: Ionic-covalent- metallic bonding spectrum Ionic compounds, some soluble in water, others insoluble. Molecular solids and molecular units. Complex anions and cations Transition metal compounds: non-bonding ligand and metal-ligand bonded Overview of periodicity: * The chemistry of an element depends almost solely on the number of valence electrons, with only slight variations as you pass down a column/family of elements. * Cation and anions change size a bit, but over all properties are very similar; the addition of d-orbitals can lead to some new properties, such as an expanded octet. * Cause: Inner electrons screen (diminish) the nuclear-valence-electron interaction; roughly, the outermost n th electron feels much less than +n charge, it may feel an effective nuclear charge of +2 or +3. Review periodic trends: 1. Comparable valence electronic structure for elements in the same family; therefore similar chemical and physical properties. Atoms or ions simply get a bit larger as you go down the column. 2. Ionization energies - most obvious variable to examine; trends validate Noble Gases as most stable. Show the effect of inner shell electron screening and Z-dependence of energy. 3 .Atomic radii and ionic radii - These are not really properties of the atom, since they must be calculated from experimental structural data; how do you define the limit of the electron cloud? Ionic radii always depend on the ionic charge, the counter ion, and coordination (crystal type). Atomic radii: you must consider covalent radii based on either diatomic molecules or solids (the latter may also vary with structural form - metal or extended solid).

Beware the chemical form of the element..... density (g or s?); physical properties (metal or diatomic or ?) Development of the Periodic Table: some elements were predicted based on holes in the Periodic Table.

Types of problems: i. Major types of elemental forms ii. Understand trends in the ionization potential, ionic and covalent radii. iii. Compare covalent, ionic and metallic bonding. iv. Recognize the diverse range of structures found for the elements.