Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 1 You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files

dog, cat and horse. What command should you use? tail -15 dog cat horse The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file. Who owns the data dictionary? The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. You routinely compress old log files. You now need to examine a log from two months ago. In order to view its contents without first having to decompress it, use the _________ utility. zcat The zcat utility allows you to examine the contents of a compressed file much the same way that cat displays a file. You suspect that you have two commands with the same name as the command is not producing the expected results. What command can you use to determine the location of the command being run? which The which command searches your path until it finds a command that matches the command you are looking for and displays its full path. You locate a command in the /bin directory but do not know what it does. What command can you use to determine its purpose. whatis The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the specified command. You wish to create a link to the /data directory in bob's home directory so you issue the command ln /data /home/bob/datalink but the command fails. What option should you use in this command line to be successful. Use the -F option In order to create a link to a directory you must use the -F option. When you issue the command ls -l, the first character of the resulting display represents the file's ___________. type The first character of the permission block designates the type of file that is being displayed. What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running processes? __________ top The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated. Where is standard output usually directed? to the screen or display

By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display. You wish to restore the file memo.ben which was backed up in the tarfile MyBackup.tar. What command should you type? tar xf MyBackup.tar memo.ben This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar. You need to view the contents of the tarfile called MyBackup.tar. What command would you use? tar tf MyBackup.tar The t switch tells tar to display the contents and the f modifier specifies which file to examine. You want to create a compressed backup of the users' home directories. What utility should you use? tar You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same time as creating it. What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system? syslogd The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log files. You have a file called phonenos that is almost 4,000 lines long. What text filter can you use to split it into four pieces each 1,000 lines long? split The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The default length of each piece is 1,000 lines. You would like to temporarily change your command line editor to be vi. What command should you type to change it? set -o vi The set command is used to assign environment variables. In this case, you are instructing your shell to assign vi as your command line editor. However, once you log off and log back in you will return to the previously defined command line editor. What account is created when you install Linux? root Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the superuser account also known as root. What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each user's defined quotas? repquota The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount of used space. In order to run fsck on the root partition, the root partition must be

mounted as readonly You cannot run fsck on a partition that is mounted as read-write. In order to improve your system's security you decide to implement shadow passwords. What command should you use? pwconv The pwconv command creates the file /etc/shadow and changes all passwords to 'x' in the /etc/passwd file. Bob Armstrong, who has a username of boba, calls to tell you he forgot his password. What command should you use to reset his command? passwd boba The passwd command is used to change your password. If you do not specify a username, your password will be changed. The top utility can be used to change the priority of a running process? Another utility that can also be used to change priority is ___________? nice Both the top and nice utilities provide the capability to change the priority of a running process. What command should you type to see all the files with an extension of 'mem' listed in reverse alphabetical order in the /home/ben/memos directory. ls -r /home/ben/memos/*.mem The -c option used with ls results in the files being listed in chronological order. You can use wildcards with the ls command to specify a pattern of filenames. Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 2 What file defines the levels of messages written to system log files? kernel.h To determine the various levels of messages that are defined on your system, examine the kernel.h file. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group? gpasswd -r The gpasswd command is used to change the password assigned to a group. Use the -r option to remove the password from the group. What command would you type to use the cpio to create a backup called backup.cpio of all the users' home directories? find /home | cpio -o > backup.cpio The find command is used to create a list of the files and directories contained in home. This list is then piped to the cpio utility as a list of files to include and the output is saved to a file called backup.cpio. What can you type at a command line to determine which shell you are using? echo $SHELL

The name and path to the shell you are using is saved to the SHELL environment variable. You can then use the echo command to print out the value of any variable by preceding the variable's name with $. Therefore, typing echo $SHELL will display the name of your shell. What type of local file server can you use to provide the distribution installation materials to the new machine during a network installation? A) Inetd B) FSSTND C) DNS D) NNTP E) NFS E - You can use an NFS server to provide the distribution installation materials to the machine on which you are performing the installation. Answers a, b, c, and d are all valid items but none of them are file servers. Inetd is the superdaemon which controls all intermittently used network services. The FSSTND is the Linux File System Standard. DNS provides domain name resolution, and NNTP is the transfer protocol for usenet news. If you type the command cat dog & > cat what would you see on your display? Choose one: a. Any error messages only. b. The contents of the file dog. c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages. d. Nothing as all output is saved to the file cat. d When you use & > for redirection, it redirects both the standard output and standard error. The output would be saved to the file cat. You are covering for another system administrator and one of the users asks you to restore a file for him. You locate the correct tarfile by checking the backup log but do not know how the directory structure was stored. What command can you use to determine this? Choose one: a. tar fx tarfile dirname b. tar tvf tarfile filename c. tar ctf tarfile d. tar tvf tarfile d The t switch will list the files contained in the tarfile. Using the v modifier will display the stored directory structure. You have the /var directory on its own partition. You have run out of space. What should you do? Choose one: a. Reconfigure your system to not write to the log files. b. Use fips to enlarge the partition. c. Delete all the log files. d. Delete the partition and recreate it with a larger size. d

The only way to enlarge a partition is to delete it and recreate it. You will then have to restore the necessary files from backup. You have a new application on a CD-ROM that you wish to install. What should your first step be? Choose one: a. Read the installation instructions on the CD-ROM. b. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-write. c. Use the umount command to access your CD-ROM. d. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-only. d Before you can read any of the files contained on the CD-ROM, you must first mount the CD-ROM. When you create a new partition, you need to designate its size by defining the starting and ending _____________. cylinders When creating a new partition you must first specify its starting cylinder. You can then either specify its size or the ending cylinder. Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 3 What key combination can you press to suspend a running job and place it in the background? ctrl-z Using ctrl-z will suspend a job and put it in the background. The easiest, most basic form of backing up a file is to _____ it to another location. copy The easiest most basic form of backing up a file is to make a copy of that file to another location such as a floppy disk. What type of server is used to remotely assign IP addresses to machines during the installation process? A) SMB B) NFS C) DHCP D) FT E) HTTP C - You can use a DHCP server to assign IP addresses to individual machines during the installation process. Answers a, b, d, and e list legitimate Linux servers, but these servers do not provide IP addresses. The SMB, or Samba, tool is used for file and print sharing across multi-OS networks. An NFS server is for file sharing across Linux net-works. FTP is a file storage server that allows people to browse and retrieve information by logging in to it, and HTTP is for the Web. Which password package should you install to ensure that the central password file couldn't be stolen easily? A) PAM B) tcp_wrappers

C) shadow D) securepass E) ssh C - The shadow password package moves the central password file to a more secure location. Answers a, b, and e all point to valid packages, but none of these places the password file in a more secure location. Answer d points to an invalid package. When using useradd to create a new user account, which of the following tasks is not done automatically. Choose one: a. Assign a UID. b. Assign a default shell. c. Create the user's home directory. d. Define the user's home directory. c The useradd command will use the system default for the user's home directory. The home directory is not created, however, unless you use the -m option. You want to enter a series of commands from the command-line. What would be the quickest way to do this? Choose One a. Press enter after entering each command and its arguments b. Put them in a script and execute the script c. Separate each command with a semi-colon (;) and press enter after the last command d. Separate each command with a / and press enter after the last command c The semi-colon may be used to tell the shell that you are entering multiple commands that should be executed serially. If these were commands that you would frequently want to run, then a script might be more efficient. However, to run these commands only once, enter the commands directly at the command line. You attempt to use shadow passwords but are unsuccessful. What characteristic of the /etc/passwd file may cause this? Choose one: a. The login command is missing. b. The username is too long. c. The password field is blank. d. The password field is prefaced by an asterisk. c The password field must not be blank before converting to shadow passwords. When you install a new application, documentation on that application is also usually installed. Where would you look for the documentation after installing an application called MyApp? Choose one: a. /usr/MyApp

b. /lib/doc/MyApp c. /usr/doc/MyApp d. In the same directory where the application is installed. c The default location for application documentation is in a directory named for the application in the /usr/doc directory. What file would you edit in your home directory to change which window manager you want to use? A) Xinit B) .xinitrc C) XF86Setup D) xstart E) xf86init Answer: B - The ~/.xinitrc file allows you to set which window man-ager you want to use when logging in to X from that account. Answers a, d, and e are all invalid files. Answer c is the main X server configuration file. What command allows you to set a processor-intensive job to use less CPU time? A) ps B) nice C) chps D) less E) more Answer: B - The nice command is used to change a job's priority level, so that it runs slower or faster. Answers a, d, and e are valid commands but are not used to change process information. Answer c is an invalid command. While logged on as a regular user, your boss calls up and wants you to create a new user account immediately. How can you do this without first having to close your work, log off and logon as root? Choose one: a. Issue the command rootlog. b. Issue the command su and type exit when finished. c. Issue the command su and type logoff when finished. d. Issue the command logon root and type exit when finished. Answer: b You can use the su command to imitate any user including root. You will be prompted for the password for the root account. Once you have provided it you are logged in as root and can do any administrative duties. Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 4 There are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file. Which of the following lists all the fields in the correct order? Choose one: a. username, UID, GID, home directory, command, comment b. username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command c. UID, username, GID, home directory, comment, command

d. username, UID, group name, GID, home directory, comment Answer: b The seven fields required for each line in the /etc/passwd file are username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command. Each of these fields must be separated by a colon even if they are empty. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories? Choose one: a. ls -c home b. ls -aR /home/username c. ls -aF /home/username d. ls -l /home/username Answer: b The ls command is used to display a listing of files. The -a option will cause hidden files to be displayed as well. The -R option causes ls to recurse down the directory tree. All of this starts at your home directory. In order to prevent a user from logging in, you can add a(n) ________at the beginning of the password field. Answer: asterick If you add an asterick at the beginning of the password field in the /etc/passwd file, that user will not be able to log in. You have a directory called /home/ben/memos and want to move it to /home/bob/memos so you issue the command mv /home/ben/memos /home/bob. What is the results of this action? Choose one: a. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos/memos. b. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos. c. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/. d. The command fails since a directory called memos already exists in the target directory. Answer: a When using the mv command to move a directory, if a directory of the same name exists then a subdirectory is created for the files to be moved. Which of the following tasks is not necessary when creating a new user by editing the /etc/passwd file? Choose one: a. Create a link from the user's home directory to the shell the user will use. b. Create the user's home directory c. Use the passwd command to assign a password to the account. d. Add the user to the specified group. Answer: a There is no need to link the user's home directory to the shell command. Rather, the specified shell must be present on your system. You issue the following command useradd -m bobm But the user cannot

logon. What is the problem? Choose one: a. You need to assign a password to bobm's account using the passwd command. b. You need to create bobm's home directory and set the appropriate permissions. c. You need to edit the /etc/passwd file and assign a shell for bobm's account. d. The username must be at least five characters long. Answer: a The useradd command does not assign a password to newly created accounts. You will still need to use the passwd command to assign a password. You wish to print the file vacations with 60 lines to a page. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? Choose one: a. pr -l60 vacations | lpr b. pr -f vacations | lpr c. pr -m vacations | lpr d. pr -l vacations | lpr Answer: a The default page length when using pr is 66 lines. The -l option is used to specify a different length. Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 5 Which file defines all users on your system? Choose one: a. /etc/passwd b. /etc/users c. /etc/password d. /etc/user.conf Answer: a The /etc/passwd file contains all the information on users who may log into your system. If a user account is not contained in this file, then the user cannot log in. Which two commands can you use to delete directories? A) rm B) rm -rf C) rmdir D) rd E) rd -rf Answer(s): B, C - You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command without any specific flags will not delete a directory, it will only delete files. Answers d and e point to a non-existent command. Which partitioning tool is available in all distributions? A) Disk Druid B) fdisk C) Partition Magic D) FAT32 E) System Commander Answer(s): B - The fdisk partitioning tool is available in all Linux

distributions. Answers a, c, and e all handle partitioning, but do not come with all distributions. Disk Druid is made by Red Hat and used in its distribution along with some derivatives. Partition Magic and System Commander are tools made by third-party companies. Answer d is not a tool, but a file system type. Specifically, FAT32 is the file system type used in Windows 98. Which partitions might you create on the mail server's hard drive(s) other than the root, swap, and boot partitions? [Choose all correct answers] A) /var/spool B) /tmp C) /proc D) /bin E) /home Answer(s): A, B, E - Separating /var/spool onto its own partition helps to ensure that if something goes wrong with the mail server or spool, the output cannot overrun the file system. Putting /tmp on its own partition prevents either software or user items in the /tmp directory from overrunning the file system. Placing /home off on its own is mostly useful for system re-installs or upgrades, allowing you to not have to wipe the /home hierarchy along with other areas. Answers c and d are not possible, as the /proc portion of the file system is virtual-held in RAM-not placed on the hard drives, and the /bin hierarchy is necessary for basic system functionality and, therefore, not one that you can place on a different partition. When planning your backup strategy you need to consider how often you will perform a backup, how much time the backup takes and what media you will use. What other factor must you consider when planning your backup strategy? _________ what to backup Choosing which files to backup is the first step in planning your backup strategy. What utility can you use to automate rotation of logs? Answer: logrotate The logrotate command can be used to automate the rotation of various logs. In order to display the last five commands you have entered using the history command, you would type ___________ . Answer: history 5 The history command displays the commands you have previously entered. By passing it an argument of 5, only the last five commands will be displayed. What command can you use to review boot messages? Answer: dmesg The dmesg command displays the system messages contained in the kernel ring buffer. By using this command immediately after booting your computer, you will see the boot messages. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux? Answer: 2 Linux can be installed on two partitions, one as / which will contain all files and a swap partition.

What is the name and path of the main system log? Answer: /var/log/messages By default, the main system log is /var/log/messages. Of the following technologies, which is considered a client-side script? A) JavaScript B) Java C) ASP D) C++ Answer: A - JavaScript is the only client-side script listed. Java and C++ are complete programming languages. Active Server Pages are parsed on the server with the results being sent to the client in HTML

IT Essentials 2: Module questions and answers Module 1: Study questions

1 From which Windows configuration tool can a user perform hardware and network configurations? Window Manager My Computer Control Panel Task Manager

When compared to a command line interface, what is a major disadvantage of a GUI? It requires an understanding of commands. It requires more memory and storage space. It is more difficult to use. Most server operating systems do not support a GUI.

What is a beneficial feature of preemptive multitasking? Applications share the use of the processor by time slicing. The processor dynamically adjusts the amount of memory needed by the application programs. Application programs share memory addresses and exchange information. The operating system controls the allocation of processor time.

Though obsolete in current desktop environments, what are three valid reasons for the continued use of MS-DOS? (Choose three.) MS-DOS supports legacy applications. MS-DOS is an intuitive, high-overhead operating system. MS-DOS rarely crashes because it is a multitasking operating system. MS-DOS is relatively easy to use. MS-DOS can run on inexpensive hardware.

Which acronyms describe the two general categories of OS user interfaces? DOS and UNIX DOS and GUI UNIX and GUI CLI and GUI

Which of the following is a valid concern for a company considering a move from Windows to Linux? Linux generally allows companies to recycle old hardware and software. Users may need special training to become productive with Linux. Special third party software may be necessary to secure and configure Linux. Linux generally requires more disk space than Windows.

What is meant by the statement, "We have to support our legacy system"? Support must be provided for the newest Linux system. Support must be provided for the system called legacy. Support must be provided for the newest Microsoft system. Support must be provided for outdated software.

Which three of the following file systems does Windows 2000 use? (Choose three.) EXT2 FAT16 FAT32 NTFS HPFS

Windows and Linux both use a file system that resembles an upside-down tree. What is the name of this type of file structure? binary hierarchical empirical subsystem

10

Which part of the OS, loaded into memory at boot time, controls memory allocation? user interface application software kernel file system

11

What is the main reason FAT32 was created? New operating systems required the use of filenames greater than eight characters. Earlier versions of FAT used disk space inefficiently. FAT32 was needed to support drives up to 4 GB. The maximum length of file extensions needed to be increased to three characters.

12

Which of the following is generally regarded as the standard GUI for Linux? Red Hat Desktop CDE GNOME Star Office

13

Which two of the following statements are true? (Choose two.) Linux is a true 16-bit operating system that uses preemptive multitasking. Linux supports all Windows applications through the use of cooperative multitasking. Linux operating system code is available for anyone to modify and use. Linux is a true 48-bit operating system that uses minimal virtual memory. Linux is a true 32-bit operating system that uses preemptive multitasking.

14

Which command is entered in the Run dialog box of a Windows XP system to open a command prompt window? run start cmd dosprompt

15

Which two statements describe the security features of Linux? (Choose two.) Compared to Windows, Linux is virtually virus-free. Users must have a valid username and password to log into a Linux system, by default. Linux security is one dimensional. Most security features for Linux must be purchased from a third party.

16

Which two of the following shells are commonly available for Linux? (Choose two.) Bore shell Korn shell Cash shell C shell PC shell

17

With the FAT file system, what is the basic unit of logical storage on a disk? megabyte cluster directory logical drive

18

Which two statements describe security in the Windows operating system? (Choose two.) Windows is less susceptible to viruses than Linux. By default, users must have a username and password to log into Windows. Windows security is generally one dimensional. Windows security is improved through the use of third-party applications. Windows can securely support multiple users with the Terminal service installed by default on personal computers.

19

What are three reasons why a company may choose Linux over Windows as an operating system? (Choose three.) The entire Linux installation can be completed using either a GUI or CLI. The entire Windows installation can be completed using either a GUI or CLI. Windows can be run entirely from a CD. Compared to Windows, Linux is virtually virus-free. Linux is a true multi-user system. Linux has superior one-dimensional security.

20 Network operating systems were designed to provide which of the following tasks? (Select three.) file security multitasking user privileges resource access for a single user resource sharing among multiple users

Module 2: Study questions

1 What does the term media access control describe? the rules for coordinating the use of the medium a list of users allowed to use the network the system administrator's role in controlling access to the network how to determine which media type is best for a network

Which two types of cabling will support 100BASE-X? (Choose two.) Category 2 Category 5 two-strand fiber-optic 50-ohm coaxial

What is one disadvantage of a client/server network? It can have a single point of failure. It does not scale well to large networks. It requires each user to be trained to perform administrative tasks. It is less secure than a peer-to-peer network.

Peer-to-peer and client/server networks share many characteristics. What is unique to the client/server environment? Passwords may be required to access shared resources. Local data files and devices can be shared by several users. Computers typically communicate using request/response protocols. Security and resource management scales easily as the network grows.

Why are open source technologies appealing to many people? A more organized source of funding and development is available. Proprietary technologies involve cooperation between many companies. De facto standards allow for more choice. Users are not bound by copyright laws.

Which of the following statements best describes full-duplex transmission? Data can be sent across bus hubs and switches. Data can be simultaneously sent and received. Data can only be sent in one direction. Data can be sent and then received.

Which access control method is specified in the IEEE 802.3 standard? CSMA/CA CSMA/CD token passing store and forward

What is the physical topology when all the computers in a network connect to a central point? point-to-point star ring bus

Which of the following statements is true of print sharing? It requires a company to purchase more printers. It makes it more difficult for an administrator to control printers. It allows for more efficient use of printers. It limits the user to a single network printer.

10

Which statement is true of peer-to-peer networks? They scale easily as the size of the network grows. Security is easily maintained. Computers may change roles from client to server as needed. At least one computer functions as a dedicated server.

11

What is a major advantage of UTP? It is inexpensive. It is highly resistant to electromagnetic interference. It limits the number of hosts on a network. It is an inexpensive way to interconnect remote locations.

12

Which technology provides the best support for upload-intensive Internet tasks? ISDN cable modem service analog modem service ADSL

13

What do transport layer protocols use to identify the application needed to process data? ports MAC addresses IP addresses DNS flags

14

Which statement best describes a serial link? Bits of information are transmitted across the link one after another. Bits of information are randomly transmitted across the link. Bits of information are sent across a dedicated link in one direction only. Bits of information are only sent using dial-up or ISDN lines.

15

What is one advantage of directory and name services? All directories are kept in a single location. User names have a standardized format. Text names are easier to remember than numeric addresses. Network resources are bound to a physical location.

16

What is an advantage of Linux? Linux is easy to use. With copyrights, Linux experiences fast technological growth. Linux is free for public use. Linux has an organized source of development.

17

What is the purpose of protocols? to provide a controlled sequence of messages between systems to define which users have access to the network to allow the network administrator to decentralize control to limit access to network resources

18

Which of the following is the most popular physical LAN topology? ring star bus fiber

19

Which DSL technology is most commonly used? SDSL ADSL VDSL IDSL

20

Which network layer protocol enables routers to discover the best path between networks using hop count? IP RIP ARP OSPF

21

Which of the following works as a "storage and retrieval" application? Telnet e-mail DNS SNMP

22

Which features are LANs generally designed to accommodate? many users, high speed, limited geographical area many users, high speed, broad geographical area few users, low speed, limited geographical area few users, low speed, broad geographical area

23

What are two advantages of Windows over Linux? (Choose two.) Windows can be used publicly for free. Windows is easier to use than Linux. Unlike Linux, Windows is standardized through the efforts of many independent sources. Unlike Linux, Windows has an organized source of funding and development.

Module 3: Study questions

1 Which list indicates advantages associated with fiber-optic cable? capable of running long distances, inexpensive to install, not susceptible to electromagnetic interference not susceptible to electromagnetic interference, expensive to install, lower data rates not susceptible to electromagnetic interference, higher data rates, capable of running long distances lower data rates, inexpensive to install, capable of running long distances

Which term refers to the path that signals take from one point on a network to another? address resolution logical topology dynamic host configuration physical topology

Which data link layer device can segment a network into different collision domains? a router a switch a gateway a transceiver

What is the function of a DHCP server? It stores websites that are used frequently. It dynamically assigns IP addresses to hosts. It determines the subnet mask of a network. It serves as a "first line of defense" firewall.

Which of the following statements best describes DNS? DNS servers are used to map an IP address to a physical address. DNS servers are used to map a name to an IP address. DNS servers are used to configure logical address information for host computers. DNS servers are used to translate from private addresses to public addresses.

Which three of the following items can a DHCP server provide to a host computer? (Choose three.) subnet mask MAC address default gateway IP address DHCP server address

Which two devices are at the core of wireless communications? (Choose two.) satellites light emitting diodes transmitters receivers modulators

How many bits are in an IP address? 16 64 32 48

What is the main function of the DNS? to scan the network for viruses to translate computer names to their corresponding IP addresses to assign IP addresses to nodes on the network to provide names to all the nodes on a network

10

What are three important considerations when selecting a NIC? (Choose three.) network type operating system system bus network media number of network users

11

Which list contains important considerations when selecting a NIC to use on a network? type of network, type of RAM, type of system bus type of media, type of system bus, type of RAM type of network, type of media, type of system bus type of system bus, processor speed, type of media

12

What are the two most common wireless networking technologies? (Choose two.) radio frequency microwave laser infrared satellite wavelength

13

What is the purpose of the twists in Category 5/5e UTP cable? to prevent the cable from breaking to make the cable easier to install and terminate properly to make the cable cheaper to produce to limit signal degradation caused by cross talk

14

Which of the following options correctly describes APIPA? APIPA allows a privately addressed host to assign itself a public IP address in order to access a remote network. APIPA enables a computer to assign itself an IP address if it cannot contact a DHCP server. APIPA is fault-tolerant feature that allows a server to mirror another server on a local network. APIPA enables a computer to translate domain names into IP addresses if it cannot contact a DNS server.

15

What are three options for assigning logical addresses to hosts? (Choose three.) static dynamic negotiation automatic holistic

16

Which of the following devices is used to segment a network into different broadcast domains? switch active hub bridge router

17

What is a major disadvantage of the bus topology? It is expensive. It requires a lot of cabling. A break in any one part of the cable brings down the entire network. All computers must be placed in a straight line.

18

What is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs? bus star mesh ring

19

What are two advantages of using dynamic address assignment instead of manual address assignment? (Choose two.) On a large network, manually assigning addresses can be very time consuming. Manual address assignment requires network administrators to understand physical addressing. Dynamic address assignment can help segment a large network. Manual address assignment requires network administrators to understand logical addressing.

20 Which two of the following statements accurately describe a default gateway? (Choose two.) A default gateway is used when a host transfers data to another host on the same network segment. A default gateway is the IP address assigned to the near-side router interface. A default gateway is the IP address assigned to the near-side switch interface. A default gateway is used when a host transfers data to a host on another network segment.

Module 4: Study questions

1 What must a computer have when connected to a network? one unique name per function one unique address per service one unique address per connection point one unique network

What is the range of numbers in the first octet of a Class C address? 1-127 192-223 128-191 224-255

A technician needs to log into a remote Linux PC to perform some maintenance. Which application layer protocol could be used? Telnet FTP HTTP SNMP

Which protocol is used to translate a domain name into an IP address? ARP DNS UDP NetBIOS

Which classes of IP addresses are used by commercial organizations for host addressing? A,C,D B,C,D C,D,E A,B,C

Which of the following rely on ICMP? sending an Echo Request logging in to a remote host mapping an IP address to a MAC address resolving a host name

What is subnetting? dividing large networks into smaller ones using the same network number allowing several small networks to communicate over the common carrier infrastructure combining several networks into a single larger network allowing separate companies to share an IP address by taking turns using it

How would a technician permanently change the IP address of an Ethernet card on a Red Hat Linux PC to 192.168.34.4? use the command ifconfig eth0 192.168.34.4 use the command route add default IP 192.168.34.4 dev eth0 use the command ping 192.168.34.4 edit the IPADDRESS line in the file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

Which utility is used in Windows and Linux to view network connections and protocol statistics? arp netstat nbstat ipconfig

10 What is a unique characteristic of the IP addressing scheme? flat addressing hierarchical addressing internetwork addressing single-octet addressing

11 In which layer of the TCP/IP model does ICMP operate? Application Transport Internet Network Access

12 Which address class contains the IP address 168.12.0.0? A B C D

13 How many octets are contained in an IP address? 1 2 4 8

14 Which Linux command is used to temporarily change the default gateway of a host? arp ifconfig netstat route ping

15 What is the primary function of NAT? convert a MAC address to a domain name translate between a local IP address and a global IP address allocate IP addresses to commercial organizations determine the best route through a network 16 Which service is used to enable individual computers to automatically obtain an IP address? WINS DNS ARP DHCP

17 Which service does ARP provide? It resolves a physical address to a TCP port number. It resolves a broadcast address to an IP address. It resolves an IP address to a MAC address. It resolves a URL to a MAC address.

18 What is the range of numbers that can be used in the first octet of a Class A network? 1-126 128-191 192-223 1-255

19 Which IP address range, as indicated by the first octet, is reserved for testing, and includes the loopback address? 127.x.x.x 168.x.x.x 255.x.x.x 192.x.x.x

20 The performance of a network has dropped. Which command should an administrator use in a Linux system to determine which routers are causing the problem? ping traceroute tracert route ifconfig

Module 5: Study questions

1 Which statement correctly describes an NIS slave? An NIS slave is another name for an NIS client. An NIS slave is where the NIS database is maintained. An NIS slave is where the NIS database is created. An NIS slave contains a copy of the NIS database. An NIS slave contains the portions of the NIS database needed by the clients it serves.

What are three characteristics of an intranet? (Choose three.) communication with outside business partners firewalls multiple networks across the company public access local area network only web servers

3Which version of Directory Service does Linux use? NDS NIS NFS NDAP

4Which two protocols are used to control the transfer of web resources from a web server to a client browser? (Choose two.) ASP FTP HTML HTTP HTTPS IP

Which TCP/IP protocol is responsible for file sharing? DNS NFS UDP IPX

Which popular web server software is only available for Windows operating systems? Apache Firefox Internet Explorer Internet Information Server Netscape Server Opera

7Which scripting language can be used on a Linux server to notify users that a print job is complete? batch script JavaScript JScript shell script VBScript

8What is the default order in which print jobs are processed when using a FIFO queue? The last job placed in the queue is the first to be printed. The oldest job in the queue is printed first. Smaller jobs are printed before larger jobs. Larger jobs are printed before smaller jobs. The network administrator determines which jobs are printed first.

Which of the following is a list of common FTP commands? get, put, cd, bye download, upload, dir, chdir, exit send, receive, dir, cd, exit transfer [from | to], list, dir, exit

10

What are two common uses of scripting languages? (Choose two.) automate administrative tasks, such as cycling log files provide user interaction with a compiled program run scheduled tasks at user login deliver files to remote users on request download required drivers to printers

11

Which protocol controls web page transmission?

FTP HTTP SMTP DNS

12

A network administrator is operating in the GNOME desktop environment. Which application would the administrator start in order to establish a command line session with a remote server? gFTP Mozilla Star Office xterm

13

Which syntax is invalid for opening an FTP connection? ftp connect hostname ftp <hostname | IP_address> ftp 192.127.34.219 ftp computer.company.com

14

Which protocol was designed for file sharing on the Internet? HTTP FTP SMTP TCP

15

Where do print jobs wait to be printed? print list print queue wait list print job roster

16

What is the purpose of a directory service? It increases the need for redundant logins. It provides administrators with centralized control of users and resources across the network. It impairs network security and must therefore be used with a firewall. It keeps track of the home addresses and phone numbers of all users.

17

Which of the following is a list of popular scripting languages?

X Window script, vi script, Gnome script XML script, Sequel, Gnomepad UNIX shell script, pico script, EmacsScript VBScript, Linux shell script, JavaScript

Module 6: Practice questions

1Which Linux distribution was built solely for nonprofit uses? Debian GNU/Linux Caldera eDesktop and eServer SuSE Linux LinuxPPC

2Which of the following is open source? all versions of UNIX Windows 2000 all versions of NetWare Linux

3What are two benefits of having more than one processor in a system? support for remote locations and automatic job queuing faster speeds and increased work capacity reduced need for IP addresses and decreased boot time reduced need for IP addresses and increased manageability

4Why might the administrator of a small company choose Windows 2000 Server instead of Windows 2000 Professional? The operating system is to run on a dual-processor system. The system is to act as a DNS server. The company needs an intranet based on a small web server. The server will be accessed by up to ten simultaneous users.

5How is redundancy built into a server system? by including additional hardware components that can take over if other components fail by including a tape back-up system to preserve data by adding redundancy software to the system by keeping duplicates of all data

6Which of the following is a better choice than Telnet for Remote Login Servers on a Linux system? SSL SSH Kerberos Remote Access

7In a Windows NT environment, what is the meaning of the term domain? a dedicated server containing the database of all IP and MAC addresses on the network a group of computers located in a specific physical or geographic region the OU that contains all user accounts groups of computers, users, and resources that form an administrative boundary

8Which program, running on a Linux server, allows Windows-based clients to see the Linux file system without installing client software? NFS Apache Samba KDE

9 What are two important features provided by security on a NOS? authentication and encryption reliable performance and account management virus protection and prevention from spamming processor balance and sustained work load

10Which type of authentication security does Windows 2000 Professional support? Secure Socket Layer Kerberos Samba Apache

11How many Primary Domain Controllers (PDCs) are allowed in a Windows NT environment? 1 2 4 9

12Which of the following criteria must software meet in order to display the Open Source Initiative trademark? It must be easily altered and adapted to all major operating systems and source code must be limited. It must be compatible with third party add-ons and use standard source code. It must be provided in multiple languages and cost must be minimal. It must be freely distributed without restriction and the source code must be available.

13Which client/server file system is used by most varieties of Linux file servers? FAT32 NFS NT SMB

14What are two popular Desktop Environments that run on Linux? GNOME and KDE Apache and Samba Xfree86 and GNOME Apache and KDE

15What are three important considerations when selecting a Linux distribution? (Choose three.) whether the computer will be used as a client or a server whether or not the computer will be connected to a network whether or not a GUI interface is required whether or not a command line user interface is required the experience level of the user

16Windows 2000 Professional supports plug-and-play technology. What is one of the major advantages of this technology? An administrator can add devices from any manufacturer to the system and they will work. Devices no longer need software drivers to interact with the system. Components will interact with the system if plugged in prior to system boot. An administrator or user can easily add components to the system without manual configuration.

17Which one of the following office tools is available for both Linux and Windows? ClarisWorks ApplixWare Lyx StarOffice

18Which statement accurately describes the Slackware Linux distribution? It is designed for Linux novices. It has a range of user interfaces and uses RPM. It is designed for advanced users and uses text-based configuration tools. It is intended solely for non-profit organizations and uses the Debian package manager.

19A user account on a server enables the server to do which of the following? automatically download appropriate applications and print queues to that user authenticate that user and allocate those resources the user is allowed to access assign a specific IP and MAC address to the user's workstation assign the user to a specific domain and user group

Module 7: study questions

1 What must be done when setting up a RAID array in Linux? All the disks must be partitioned as primary partitions. All the partitions need an extended partition. The disks must be mounted using LVM. The disks must be formatted using NFS.

What are two valid file systems for a Linux partition? (Choose two.) ext1 ext2 ext3 HFS boot FAT

Which Windows file performs the same function as the Linux LILO files? HAL NTLDR NTDETECT NTOSKRNL

The figure shows a section of the display from Device Manager. What does it show about the laser printer? The network cable is unplugged. Windows recognized the device but could not locate a suitable driver. Windows does not know the proper name of the device. Windows could not locate the device in the expected location.

When setting up a hard disk, what are the three possible types of partitions? primary, secondary, and logical primary, logical, and extended C, D, and E boot, program, and data

How is the root partition identified in Linux? ? Root /root /

How many partitions can an MS-DOS-type partition table describe? one two four eight

Most NOSs will only run on certain hardware configurations. For which four items are minimum requirements specified? (Choose four.) CPU speed CPU type RAM CD-ROM drive hard disk space NIC

A technician is trying to configure a PC to dual boot with Windows XP and Linux. XP has already been installed and configured in one partition. Linux has been installed in another partition. The technician wishes to replace the LILO loader with grub but is having problems. What is the most likely cause of the problem? The technician did not remove the LILO files first. Grub will not work with XP. Linux should have been loaded first. The technician did not run /sbin/grub-install.

10

The ping command is used to test network connectivity. What is the best IP address to ping for this test? the DNS address the loopback address the local NIC address the default gateway address

11

Which of the following Windows file systems is the most appropriate for a network file server? FAT16 FAT32 NTFS HFS

12

Which four items of information are required for TCP/IP network configuration? (Choose four.) IP address of host subnet mask MAC address IP address of default gateway IP address of DNS server host name

13

Which task should be performed before installing a NOS? Change the system hardware and peripherals before beginning. Verify that the NOS supports all application software that will run on the server. Run the evaluator software prior to loading to establish hardware settings. Be familiar with the NOS so configuration questions can be ignored.

14

Linux systems typically dedicate an entire partition to virtual memory. What is this partition called? the RAM partition the swap partition the pagefile partition the page partition the memory partition

15

Which Windows utility can be used to perform a hardware inventory? Administrative Tools ScanDisk Windows Explorer Device Manager

16

ext3 introduced journaling capabilities to Linux file systems. What is an advantage of a journaling file system? It reduces the time spent recovering a file system after a crash. It allows administrators to determine the owners of files created on the system. It keeps file clusters attached to the files to which they are allocated. It enables Linux systems to interoperate with Windows systems.

17

What is the best source of hardware compatibility information? the World Wide Web a hardware manual a software manual the CD-ROM readme document

18

What is the first step every computer will perform when it is turned on, regardless of the operating system? boot RAM POST SCSI

Module 8: Study questions

1 Which method should an administrator use to provide for securely sharing files on a larger network? arrange for each host on the network to share files with the other hosts on the network to distribute the load only allow clients used by trusted users to share files with others on the network require users to map to a network drive on a network file server on the LAN set up an area on a web server that can then be accessed from anywhere through web browsers

An administrator has written a script in VBScript and saved the file. What must the administrator do to ensure that WSH is aware that this is a VBScript file? The first line of the script file must be VBS. The WSH configuration file needs to be updated with the name of the new script file. The file must have the extension .vbs. WSH must be informed that it is a VBScript file when it is loaded.

3Which command can be used in Windows 2000 to capture the output from a printer port and redirect it to a network printer? net use capture lpt1 > net netprint

4An administrator needs an account that can be used to manage all the computers in a domain. What is the name of the group that Windows 2000 provides to allow the administrator to perform this function? Root Admin Domain Admins Enterprise Admins Administrator

What are three desirable characteristics of a print server? (Choose three.) good graphics fast processor adequate RAM adequate disk space adequate tape backup

In Windows 2000, what is the best way to restore a deleted user account? Select undelete from the popup menu. Create a new account with the same user name. Select undo from the Edit menu. Delete cannot be undone.

Which component of Windows 2000 accommodates many types of scripting languages? VBScript JScript WSH ShellScript

When installing Windows 2000 Professional on a new machine, what must you do to boot from the CD? Nothing, it will automatically boot from the CD. Select the correct install device option from the menu. Enter the CMOS setup and set the boot sequence to boot from the CD-ROM drive first. Insert the Windows 2000 CD in the CD-ROM drive and press Enter.

In Windows 2000, which of the following is a required field when creating a new user account? the full name the password the user name he description

10

What is the main reason that NTFS is the preferred file system for a Windows 2000 partition? It is the only file system that is available to a Windows 2000 administrator. It cannot be accessed by Linux systems. It supports a bigger file system than any of the alternatives. It offers better security than any of the alternatives. Most Windows 2000 administrators are trained to use NTFS.

11

What is the purpose of the user's full name in the New User account box? It is informational only. It authenticates the username. It allows the user to logon. It matches the user to permissions.

12

What is the default method of authentication used by Telnet in a Windows 2000 environment? plain text NTLM kerberos ND5 .net passport

13Which two of the following statements about passwords are correct? (Choose two.) No two users should have the same password. Passwords should be at least five characters long. Passwords should contain at least one non-alphabetic character. Passwords should be easy to remember such as a favorite sports team.

14In Windows 2000, what is the name of the HTTP web service located in the Administrative Tools menu? Default FTP Site Default Web Site Default Web Service Default Internet Information Service

15An administrator has just finished setting up a Windows 2000 PC. What should the administrator do first to ensure that the NIC has been correctly configured? run the ifconfig -a command run the ipconfig /all command ping the local host ping the default gateway

16Which two statements about computer names in Windows 2000 are correct? (Choose two.) A computer name is optional. The maximum length for a computer name is 15 characters. The maximum length for a computer name is 255 characters. There is a default computer name based on the organization name. Computer names on a network do not need to be unique if they have unique IP addresses.

17In the Windows 2000 NOS, which tools must be loaded to run FTP services? FTP Services Network Services Internet Information Services Site Services

18

A network administrator is setting up a web presence for a small company. The company plans to use the address www.thecompany.com but has not created a DNS entry for the server yet. The administrator has set up a new web server on a networked machine with the IP address 111.111.111.111. What should the administrator initially do to determine if the web server is functioning? Run a web browser on the server machine and enter the address http://127.0.0.1. Run a web browser on a host connected to the same network and enter the address http://111.111.111.111. Ask someone outside the organization to try to access the website using the address http://111.111.111.111. Ask someone outside the organization to try to access the website using the address http://www.thecompany.com. Run a web browser on a host connected to the same network and enter the address http://www.thecompany.com.

19

Which Windows tool allows an administrator to easily view or navigate a file system? Internet Explorer Windows Explorer WinNT Explorer File Explorer

20

Which three of the following groups can be created in Windows 2000? (Choose three.) local groups global groups domain local groups domain global groups audit groups

21

What must a Windows 2000 client do in order to assign a logical drive letter to a shared folder on a network file server? map to the network drive link to the file server share the network folder create a path to the file server

22

Which two of the following tasks are performed before the Setup wizard stage of a Windows 2000 installation? (Choose two.) reconfigure hard disk partitions if necessary enter the product registration key format the disk configure networking

Module 9: Study questions

1 You would like to install the samba program on your Linux machine. You have located the file samba-2.0.7.tar.gz. Which command should you use to completely unpack the files in this package? gunzip samba-2.0.7.tar.gz tar -xvf samba-2.0.7.tar.gz tar -xvzf samba-2.0.7.tar.gz gunzip -xvf samba-2.0.7.tar.gz

When is the root account typically created in Linux? at first login during NOS installation when configuring NOS user accounts after user accounts are created

Which term describes the Linux superuser account? sys root power user wheel daemon

What is the name of the X Window package that is supplied with most distributions of Linux? X Window Xfree86 Xfree386 Xlib86 Xlib386

Which of the following are valid boot loader options for most Linux installations? (Choose two.) BOOT.INI AUTOEXEC.BAT LILO GRUB Loadlite RPM Loader

A user wishes to install Linux on a PC with an Intel compatible Pentium class processor and 64 MB of RAM. What is the recommended minimum amount of free space on the hard drive to complete the installation? 200 MB 500 MB 900 MB 1 GB 2 GB

Which of the following commands would assign a default gateway of 172.16.5.3 to the local host? ifconfig eth0 def-gate 172.16.5.3 ifconfig eth0 gw 172.16.5.3 ifconfig eth0 default gw 172.16.5.3 route add def-gate 172.16.5.3 route add gw 172.16.5.3 route add default gw 172.16.5.3

You have formatted a drive while doing a Linux installation for a production server. The formatting revealed that there were several bad blocks. You see that the bad blocks make up about four percent of the total disk. Which of the following would be the best course of action? reformat the drive with a high level format reformat the drive with a low level format replace the drive mark the blocks as "bad" and continue the installation

Which three statements are correct when describing the ifconfig command? (Choose three.) Settings must be saved following this command or they will be lost when the computer is rebooted. Printers can be shared using this command. The NIC card can be set up and configured using this command. The IP address of the local host can be assigned using this command. The hardware address of the local host can be assigned using this command.

10 You are installing RedHat 7.2 and have decided to use the installation class called "Workstation". Which of the following packages will not be installed? (Select two.) X Windows Telnet daemon HTTP daemon Vi editor Sendmail daemon Browser

11Which of the following would be standard file system types that Linux would use during an installation? (Select two.) NTFS FAT16 FAT32 ext2 ext3 VFAT

12Which of the following can be set within the LILO configuration file? an option to ask for a DNS server an option to clear the /tmp directory at boot an option to boot to runlevel 5 an option to use DHCP

13 You would like to perform a high-level format on a hard disk. Which of the following Linux commands will accomplish this? format fdformat hformat mkfs mkhfs

14 Which of the following directories stores the package database for the Red Hat Package Manager? /etc/var/rpm /var/lib/rpm /etc/lib/rpm /var/rpm/db

15A technician is setting up a Linux workstation to automatically get all of the correct IP settings as soon as it boots. Which protocol should be configured on the workstation to accomplish this? DNS ARP DHCP NetBEUI default gateway 16Which of the following is the most widely supported package type available in Linux? RPMs DPMs tarballs gzip

17 You have decided to install your new Linux distribution by using the bootable CD that came with it. What must be configured before you can boot from the CD? CMOS NVRAM BIOS Hard drive

18You have tried to install a particular RedHat package but it keeps telling you that it has a "failed dependency". What would cause this error? The package depends on certain user input. The package depends on operating system input. The package depends on another package being installed. The package depends on hardware that is not present in the computer.

19A file system is written to a partition when a hard drive is formatted. Which three of the following file systems can be used in a typical Linux installation? (Choose three.) NTFS ext2 ext3 FAT FAT32 Reiser

Module 10: Study questions

1 Which of the following commands will allow only the owner of a file named programs to execute the file? chmod 664 programs chmod 544 programs chmod 422 programs chmod 462 programs

In Linux, which command allows users to learn more about any command? cal man help doskey

In Linux, which command is used to switch from the X Window GUI to the CLI? Ctrl+Alt+(F1-F6) Shift+Ctrl+(F1-F6) Shift+Alt+(F1-F6) Ctrl+Delete+(F1-F6)

Which of the following is a translator that allows Linux and UNIX systems using PostScript to print to non-PostScript printers? Printcap Chatscript Linuxscript Ghostscript Printscript

A user wants to disable the Telnet and FTP services in Linux. In the configuration file, which character would the user place at the beginning of the Telnet or FTP line? x ? # !

Which file must be edited by the Linux administrator to manually disable a user's password? /etc/passwd /user/shadow /etc/shadow /root/shadow

In which file does the activation of the Linux FTP service take place? /etc/conf/init.d /etc/conf.d /etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd /etc/activate/inetd

Which command character allows users to enter the vi edit mode? # i e >

Which of the following Linux daemons listens for incoming requests and forwards each request to the appropriate daemon? HTTPD LPD crond syslogd inetd

10 What is X Window? It is server software to setup web services in Linux. It is software that allows users to set the number of open Telnet windows in Linux. It is a GUI interface for Linux. It is mail client software for Linux.

11 What are Pico and vi? versions of Linux Linux CLI commands text editors user desktop environments

12 Which file is used by a Linux computer to determine which printers are online and available for printing? /etc/printcap /etc/lpd /etc/print/lpr /etc/lprd

13 Which of the following configuration files determines the default runlevel at system startup? /etc/rc/init /etc/inittab /etc/init/rc.d /etc/rc.d/inittab

14 Which of the following files can be edited to allow a user other than root to use the umount command? /etc/lilo.conf /etc/fstab /etc/var/mnt /var/mnt

15 On a computer running Linux, which attribute prevents anyone other than the owner of a file, the directory owner, or root from renaming or removing files in a directory?" owner bit no override lock sticky bit

16 In the path /etc/rc.d/rc#.d, what is specified by the #? the number of columns in the file the priority associated with the file in the directory the runlevel associated with the file the number of users who can concurrently access the file

17 In Linux, which command is used to rename a directory? mv cd dir mkdir

18 In Linux, which command is used to create a new directory? md mdir dir mkdir

19 Which of the following indicates only read and write permissions when used with the chmod command? 4 5 6 7

20 Which service can be deployed as a more secure alternative to Telnet? FTP NFS SSH TFTP

21 Which Linux process will automatically run scheduled tasks at a specified time? run crond sched auto

22 Which scripting language is basic to the Linux OS? VBScript shell script JavaScript Perl Script

23 On a Linux system, which configuration files contain user account information? (Choose two.) \etc\shadow /etc/passwd /etc/user/passwd \etc\passwd /etc/shadow /etc/user/passwd

Module 11: Study questions

1 Which Linux command is used to create partitions on a hard disk? mkdev fdisk mkfs fsck

What are two guidelines that an administrator should follow to maintain a healthy hard drive? (Choose two.) limit the amount of RAM available to individual users defragment the hard drive regularly allow users to use all available storage with no limits continually manage available disk space do not limit the size of user home directories

Which statement is true when the SUID bit is set as the root account for a program? Root cannot execute the program. Only root can execute the program. Any user can execute the program using root account permission. Users can execute the program only if they belong to the same group as the owner of the program. Only the owner of the program can execute the program.

Which setting determines if a program will run with the permissions of its assigned group or the permissions of the user's groups? SUID GUID SSID SGID

What are three key concepts when analyzing and optimizing network performance? bottlenecks, baselines, and best practices baselines, base logs, and best practices best practices, base logs, and bottlenecks baseline, bottlenecks, and backups

Which of the following can be used to monitor system resources in Windows XP and Windows 2000? Event Viewer Scandisk Performance Tool Task Scheduler Checkdisk

What is the function of the /etc/crontab file in Linux? to schedule system jobs to schedule user jobs to validate created processes to remove cron jobs

Linux administrators have several CLI commands available to display information on system resources. What is the output associated with using the du command? a display of disk usage for a file system a display of disk usage for a directory a display of disk usage for file information a display of the user's remaining disk space

Which Linux command can be used to terminate processes that are consuming too many system resources? at stop kill term kip

10

Which output does the df command produce when executed from the Linux CLI? detailed information about the file system detailed information about the top-level directory detailed information about CPU and RAM usage detailed information about the data stored on the disk

11

Which file can be studied by programmers to determine the potential cause of a program crash? Core Dump Script Debugger Process Tracker Trace File Error Pack

12

Which of the following statements is true about the use of Performance Tool? Performance Tool is only available for use on Linux computers. Performance Tool should be used sparingly since it uses valuable system resources. Performance Tool can only be used to monitor network computers. Performance Tool can only be used in conjunction with a pre-established baseline.

13

A system unexpectedly shuts down due to power failure. As a result, the file system is damaged. Which Linux command could be used to repair the file system? mkfs fsck diskcheck filrep ps

14

Which of the following can be used to execute a series of Linux commands at a specified time? which run time at when

15

When should a baseline reading of network performance be made? at the busiest time of day when the network is running normally at the least busy time of day when the network is not in use

16

Which of the following tools can be used to analyze Linux system log files? Logcheck Regscan Filecheck Scanfile

17

Which Linux command can be used to terminate a group of processes that have the same name instead of terminating them with their PID numbers? term stop killall halt

18

Which Linux command is used to create filesystems on a partition? mkdev fdisk mkfs fsck

19

Which disk management tool is available to limit the amount of data a user can store on a network? disk quota disk ceiling disk limit disk wall disk container

Module 12: Study questions

1 Which version of the Linux kernel includes ISA PnP support that does not require the isapnp program? 2.1.x 2.2.x 2.3.x 2.4.x

Which insmod option will automatically unload the module when it is no longer being used? -s -p -f -k

Which of the following is an OS-independent component that is responsible for basic hardware and resource configuration before the OS loads? USB ports SCSI BIOS CPU

What would be the most important feature to consider when selecting a video card for a workstation based on performance? warranty amount of on-board RAM manufacturer price

Which two steps should a technician perform first when troubleshooting a new EIDE hard drive installation that a computer does not recognize? (Choose two.) check CMOS to ensure that the hard drive settings are correct ensure that the drive has the correct master or slave jumper settings ensure that the kernel contains the correct drivers for the drive make sure the device number and termination are correct

Which option of the insmod program will send output to a log file instead of the console? -s -p -f -k

A new EIDE hard drive has been added to a Linux workstation. The hard drive is functioning but performance is poor. What should the administrator do first to check the installation? ensure that the ribbon cable connector being used is the one closest to the motherboard ensure that the jumpers on the hard disk are set to configure it as the master drive on EIDE channel 1 repartition the disk to create smaller partitions use the hdparm utility to test the disk and set options

What is the most common cause of core system hardware failure? static discharge overheating incorrect drivers excessive use and age physical damage

Some PCMCIA driver packages allow drivers to be mounted while a device is installed and unmounted when the device is removed from a laptop. Which feature makes this possible? ACPI Card Services lsmod mount sleep umount

10

Which insmod option will instruct the program to load the module even if the module was compiled for a different kernel? -s -p -f -k

11

What is the main concept to be aware of when installing hardware on a Linux system? price type of device compatibility number of slots available

12

Which Linux file needs to be edited to specify an IRQ for an Ethernet card? /lilo.conf /irq.conf /etc/lilo.conf etc/loli.conf /etc/irq.conf

13

A technician is adding an internal PnP modem to a system, but a check of system resources shows that all available IRQs are reserved or being used by other devices. What could the technician do to get the device to work? manually assign the IRQ of another device that is not expected to be used at the same time as the modem use trial and error to find an IRQ that will work with the modem configure the modem to work without an IRQ change CMOS settings to allow the BIOS to free up an unused IRQ configure the modem to use a DMA address instead of an IRQ

14

Which two of the following statements about SCSI devices and configuration are true? (Choose two.) The SCSI controller needs to be terminated if it is at the end of a chain. A forked chain occurs when two SCSI cables are connected to a single controller. Throughput can be reduced if all SCSI devices are not the same variant. All SCSI devices in a chain must have the same device number.

15

Which program is used to insert a single module into the Linux kernel? imsmod smod ismod insmod

16

How is PnP handled in a Linux system? (Choose two.) isapnp program iopnp program ISA configuration option in control panel ISA configuration option in the Linux kernel

17

Which of the following factors should be considered when installing a SCSI drive to ensure system compatibility? (Choose three.) variant RPM ID termination drive size average seek time

18

A module needs to be loaded. However, confirmation that the Linux kernel can load the module is important. Which of the following options of the insmod program will accomplish this task? -s -p -f -k

19

Which of the following Linux files can be viewed to see resource allocations? (Choose three.) /proc/interrupt /proc/dma /proc/imports /proc/ioports /proc/alloc

20 On a Linux system, which of the following files will show the interrupt request number allocation? /dev/interrupt /proc/interrupt /interrupt /var/interrupt

Module 13: Study questions

1 An administrator is responsible for a mixed Linux/Windows network. The administrator has configured a new computer with the Windows XP operating system. The administrator then attempts to ping it from a Linux computer but fails. What should the administrator do next? try to ping the Windows computer from another Windows computer run ifconfig on the Linux machine and specify the IP address of the Windows computer run ipconfig on the Windows machine to ensure it is set up correctly run ping 127.0.0.1 on the Windows system

Which command is used to determine the active TCP connections on a computer? ping ICMP ifconfig traceroute netstat

In a Linux system, the set of recent kernel messages is known as the kernel ring buffer. Which command displays these messages? dmesg imesg kmsg rmesg

What is the simplest and most recommended method of creating a custom emergency boot disk for Linux? Run the btdisk command. Modify one of the existing boot disks. Copy individual boot files to a floppy. Download a custom configuration from a Web site.

Which type of files can be helpful in identifying several types of problems in a Linux server? security files user data files log files text files

What is the easiest way to stop a non-responsive process in a Linux system? issue the stop command issue the kill command log out and log back in again press Ctrl-Alt-Del and click Stop when the Task Manager appears

Which two files are commonly used to access the tape backup devices? (Choose two.) /dev/ht0 /dev/hd0 /dev/nst0 /dev/tp0

Why is it necessary to use the appropriate Sys V script to stop some processes? It is the only way to stop some services. It is the best way to stop zombie processes. It will prevent lock files from causing error messages. It will save the data that has been processed.

While booting a Linux server, the booting process has stopped. Upon troubleshooting, an 'L' error code is discovered. What does this indicate? No part of LILO loaded. The second stage of LILO did not load. The first and second stages both loaded, but the second stage will not run. The disk descriptor table (/boot/map) is corrupt.

10

Which statement best describes the LOADLIN program? It is a text editor. It is an MS-DOS utility used to load a Linux kernel. It is a command line interpreter. It is a Linux kernel program that loads and executes applications.

11

Which parameter can be used with tar to list the contents of an archive? -a -i -l -t

12

In Linux, what is the first program that takes control of the boot process from the BIOS? kernel LILO config.sys linux.sys

13

What is the loopback address that a technician would ping to verify that TCP/IP is correctly installed? 192.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 168.0.0.1 223.0.0.1

14

What is the best way for an administrator to determine if a server is overloaded? ask users if the service has declined keep a record of the frequency of server crashes monitor the network load and note when it becomes very high check the server log files

15 Which Linux log file is most likely to contain the word oops? /var/log/messages /var/log/error /var/log/syslog /var/log/secure

Module 14: Study questions

1 Which two options accurately describe network security? (Choose two.) As security increases, the level of accessibility increases. As security increases, the level of accessibility decreases. Users want more accessibility and administrators want more security. The level of security required is the same for all organizations.

According to SANS, which three of the following services are among the top ten security vulnerabilities of Linux? (Choose three.) Remote Procedure Calls Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol MySQL Secure Shell Apache Web Server RMON

Several computers on a network are running slow and many user tasks are timing out. The administrator checks the network and finds duplicate copies of program code in the active memory of each computer. Which of the following options best describes this selfreplicating code? virus Trojan horse worm bug

Which three of the following terms refer to the public network that acts as a buffer area between a firewall and a boundary router? (Choose three.) Internet DMZ extranet sacrificial LAN dirty LAN demarcation zone

Which directory should be used for decompressing LSAT? /usr/bin /etc/bin /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin /etc/local/bin

Which three of the following items should be included in a security policy to increase the level of password control? (Choose three.) Passwords should expire after random periods of time. Passwords should be familiar names or words, so that users will not have to keep written reminders near computers. Passwords should be a combination of letters and numbers. Written rules should be distributed to advise users of password expiration and lockout policies. All passwords should be changed by the user after a specified period of time.

Which of the following options best describes Network Address Translation? Network Address Translation usually replaces proxy services and packet filters. Network Address Translation uses private addressing to hide inside hosts from outsiders. Network Address Translation is used to alter the destination address of packets leaving a secure network. Network Address Translation allows packets to be filtered as they enter or leave the network.

Which three OSI model layers are used for packet filtering? (Choose three.) Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7

Which statement accurately describes a Smurf attack? The IP headers of ping requests are spoofed so that replies will overwhelm the target host. The IP headers of SYN requests are spoofed so that a target will attempt to reply to itself. This DoS attack overflows buffers by sending illegally large ping requests to the target. This attack exploits the three-way handshake used with TCP.

10

Which of the following options refers to a software-based, real-time network IDS that is designed for smaller networks? PIX Snort Smurf proxy server

11

Which statement is true about username and password standards? Complex usernames are less important than complex passwords. Standards should only be applied to passwords. Users should select their own usernames. Usernames should expire every three months. Passwords should be simple and easy to remember.

12

How can developing an e-mail policy protect a network from viruses? An e-mail policy will state what can be sent and received so that users will no longer need to be made aware of security issues. An e-mail policy will make it safe for users to open all attachments. An e-mail policy will define what can be sent and received to make users more aware of security issues on the network. An e-mail policy will require users to notify the other users on the network as soon as a threat is suspected.

13

Which two of the following options provide a basic firewall solution by using rules to control network traffic? (Choose two.) proxy services ip masquerade packet filters Network Address Translation access control lists

14

Which two of the following protocols are used by IPSec? (Choose two.) Encrypted Secure Header Encapsulating Security Payload Authentication Header Authenticated Secure Header

15

Which of the following options best describes the characteristics of an IDS? hardware, inspects all network activity, denies or permits access using filters, signals an alarm hardware or software, limits access to prevent intrusion, inspects all network traffic software, designed to identify intrusion using a set of patterns, signals an alert inspects all network activity, identifies suspicious patterns, signals an alert

16

Which three of the following vulnerabilities have been overcome in newer versions of operating system software? (Choose three.) ping of death attack land attack Teardrop buffer overflow

17

Which three of the following options are necessary to protect against the threat of viruses? (Choose three.) Outgoing traffic should be filtered at all gateways. Incoming traffic should be filtered at all gateways. Current virus protection software should only be installed on incoming gateways. One administrator should issue all virus warnings. Policies should be created to control outgoing e-mail. Virus protection software should be current on all computers.

18

Which two of the following statements correctly describe audit trails? (Choose two.) Audit trails secure a network. Audit trails help maintain security on a network. Audit trails back up data on a network. Audit trails are used to recover lost data. Audit trails are used to allocate network resources.

19

To create a security policy, which of the following actions should occur first? All servers should be placed in a secure, central location. All users should be surveyed to identify potential security threats. All users should receive written guidelines of what is acceptable and allowed on the network. All users should receive instructions outlining how to install and upgrade virus software.

20 Which DoS attack uses fragments with overlapping reassembly information to take advantage of the way IP handles fragmentation? SYN attack Teardrop ping of death land

Linux Interview Questions and Answers

We saw the mention on the Linux BIOS website about one million devices shipped with Linux BIOS. Could you tell us more about these devices? Yes, these are internet terminals that were built in India, based on the [x86 system-on-chip] STPC chip, I am told; also, there evidently is a Turkish-built digital TV that runs Linux BIOS. I have also heard that there are routers and many other embedded devices running Linux BIOS. I think at this point that 1 million is a low number. I am in contact with other set-top box vendors that are talking about numbers in the 10s of millions for their products. These numbers actually make the OLPC numbers seem small, which is in it amazing. Whats your goal for your talk at FOSDEM? Id like to communicate the basic ideas that Linux is a good BIOS, and why; why Linux BIOS is built the way it is; where we are going; and how people can help. Most importantly, why it all matters and it really matters a lot. Were on the verge of losing control of the systems we buy, and we need to make a conscious effort, as a community, to ensure this loss of control does not happen. That effort will not be without some sacrifice, but if we are to maintain our ability to use and program our machines, and have fun with them, we have to act now. Because, if the computing business stops being fun, whats the point$ If We Send You an Invoice, Then Will You Pay Us? Now SCO says it will send out invoices to the 1500 companies that got the earlier warning from them, and maybe you too, in the next weeks or months. What$ You mean you arent in a hurry to stand before a judge$ Expected response from one and all: yawn. Heres the article: SCO Group Inc is preparing to invoice customers running or developing with Linux, while broadening its copyright net to include manufacturers of embedded systems. . . . Invoices will be dispatched in the next weeks or months a company spokesperson confirmed. Those being billed will include 1,500 end-users who were earlier this year informed by SCO in writing they should seek legal advice as running Linux violated the companys copyright. Customers running Linux who were not on SCOs original mailing list will also be targeted. Chris Sontag says you end user pirates better not wait for the legal case to be over, or youll have to face the consequences: SCO has the right to defend its copyright all the way down to the end user, said Sontag. If necessary we will start picking end users to enforce our

rights. Sontag warned that SCO had no qualms about enforcing its claimed rights anywhere in the world - including the UK. And if that doesnt work, then theyll huff and theyll puff and theyll blow your house down. As most people know, SCO is working with IBM and Sequent (which IIRC IBM bought a while back) to develop a new 64 bit Unix. How will these two OSes work together on your systems$ Are you planning on using Linux only on low-end machines, while Monterey runs on IA-64, or will Linux be a stopgap OS to run on your systems until Monterey is finished$ Once again, we find yet another way any identical code could have come to be in both SCOs code and Linux. We just reported yesterday that Compaq worked with Chinas Red Flag Linux with the goal of scaling to 64-bit. Now we find Old SCO was working hard to do the same thing. You think its possible to write a kernel monitoring utility for Linux without touching or looking at the Linux kernel$ They were donating code by the buckets, apparently, judging from their own statements, and they were proud of it. How in the world they can prove it was IBM that did it, or even IBM that facilitated it, when Old SCO itself was working to make Linux scale in precisely some of the high-end ways they now list in their complaint as an offense, is truly a mystery to me, what with all the possible suspects. And something appears to be off in SCOs historic timeline in its legal papers. Could that be why they took these pages down$ Well, lets not get paranoid or anything. But, you think$ What does your future roadmap for SCO Unix look like$ - Are you going the SGI path and gradually phasing out your own Unix in favor of Linux, or are you pursuing a parallel development path of both OSs$ What features currently in SCO that are not in Linux do you feel is necessary for wider corporate acceptance of Linux$ McCrabb: Our formal product roadmap is undergoing a complete overhaul. When we begin to outline our OS deliverables for the next 18 months, you will see that UnixWare 7 and SCO Open Server 5 will continue moving ahead. Look forward to new developments as well. Enterprises building their businesses on a server platform are interested in reliability and availability. Although we believe in a high degree of reliability that comes from the level of code inspection provided by the Open Source Community, we feel it needs to be quantified with benchmarking statistics like MTBSS. This opens a number of possible further improvements journalizing file systems, support for hot-plug PCI, multi-path I/O things that make is easier to never bring the system down, or to recover the system more quickly. Will SCO be contributing/open-sourcing any technology and/or patents that it holds as part of its Linux adoption effort$ Also, did your market research pan out - is Linux really being used in large businesses or is it still primarily used by small startup companies strapped for cash$

McCrabb: SCO is accelerating its participation in, and contributions to, the Open Source Community. In some cases, we will be taking current technology that we think is needed in the Linux market and driving it forward as the project maintainers. Right now, we are focusing on bringing some of our high-performance Intel development tools to Linux. In other cases, we will make some sources available as reference documents, without a specific intention of driving them forward as projects. How do you see your role fitting into the NCLB goals? With district goals? With building goals? With departmental goals? As Instructional Media and Technology Coordinator, my role is to help others realize the promise of technology to impact teaching, learning and leadership. Effectively integrating technology, using digital content to enhance learning to foster inquiry, analysis, collaboration, and creativity is what NCLB Title 2, Part D is about. Aligning federal, state, district and building goals can only be done by facilitating ever-deepening conversations about what it means to use digital content and technology to change teacher and leadership practices. My role specifically has to focus on helping teachers and administrators SEE what teaching and learning can be like, then supporting them as they grow to discover their own technologyenhanced teaching style. In fact, in my previous position, 3 initiatives were celebrated as success stories in the new Educational Technology Plan. Aside from serving as a leader, Im also committed to handling the day-today aspects of dealing with technology equipment, software and supply purchases. While I am a guide on the side in the use of technology in the classroom, I can take a role that is more active when ensure district compliance with appropriate laws and administrative procedures. Technology can bridge the chasm between classrooms, public perception, and administrative procedure. Increasing transparency of what we are doing is frightening. However, being unafraid in front of your class, your peers, to the benefit of all, is exactly what were called to do as educators. What do you see happening in educational technology in the next 2, 5 and 10 years? Powerful technologies are enhancing the voices of individuals. With the advent of web-based tools for data aggregation/disaggregation, online publishing, communication and mass collaboration, people we never imagined will be joining the dialogue. Ive experienced this first-hand with my foray into blogging and podcasting, and the ability to collaborate with others around the globe. I imagine it will be like when everyone bought modems for their computers. Like that Christmas after the movie War Games where a teenager almost began a global thermonuclear war, when everyone ran out to buy a modem, people are going to congregate in online communities. I was one of those

teenagers who spent many a night having conversations with people around my home town. Now, those conversations are happening with people around the globe. My role in this position will be to facilitate and model the appropriate use of the Read/Write Web. In a world where everyone can contribute, the need for information literacy and problem-solving is critical. My experiences in guiding educators through Big6 information problemsolving approach has not only familiarized me with these approaches, but also helped me guide others. Merging information-problem-solving approaches with the Levels of Technology Implementation (LOTI) framework can help teachers move a lesson activity from a lower level of the revised Blooms Taxonomy, such as synthesis to creation. Mass collaboration and peer production will pull the rug out from traditional educational technology efforts. In 10 years, if not less, educational technology will become THE deciding factor in whether schools are judged successful or not, but will do so from a completely different direction than we imagined. In the past, ed-tech was about individual productivity. Increasingly in the future, it will be about mass communication, mass collaboration, working in virtual environments like Second Life mean that educational technology will become an anachronism. What are MySQL transactions? A set of instructions/queries that should be executed or rolled back as a single atomic unit. Explain multi-version concurrency control in MySQL. Each row has two additional columns associated with it - creation time and deletion time, but instead of storing timestamps, MySQL stores version numbers. Explain MySQL locks. Table-level locks allow the user to lock the entire table, page-level locks allow locking of certain portions of the tables (those portions are referred to as tables), row-level locks are the most granular and allow locking of specific rows. Explain MySQL architecture. The front layer takes care of network connections and security authentications, the middle layer does the SQL query parsing, and then the query is handled off to the storage engine. A storage engine could be either a default one supplied with MySQL (MyISAM) or a commercial one supplied by a third-party vendor (ScaleDB, InnoDB, etc.)

List the main applications of 8 bit microprocessors? 8 bit microprocessors are used in a variety of applications such as appliances , automobiles ,industrial process and control applications. What is NV-RAM? Nonvolatile Read Write Memory, also called Flash memory. It is also know as shadow RAM Can ROM be used as stack? ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not possible to write to ROM. What is stack? Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content of Program Counter and general purpose registers. What is flag? Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about the status of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently Which processor structure is pipelined? All x86 processors have pipelined structure. What is a compiler? Compiler is used to translate the high-level language program into machine code at a time. It doesnt require special instruction to store in a memory, it stores automatically. The Execution time is less compared to Interpreter. Differentiate between RAM and ROM? RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non Voliate Memory. Which transistor is used in each cell of EPROM? Floating .gate Avalanche Injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of EPROM. What is called .Scratch pad of computer.? Cache Memory is scratch pad of computer. What is cache memory? Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used for temporary storage of data & information between the main memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.

What is interrupt? Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the processor so as to request the processor to perform a particular work. Difference between static and dynamic RAM? Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information stored as voltage level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the gate to substrate capacitance. What is the difference between primary & secondary storage device? In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc / Hard disk. Why does microprocessor contain ROM chips? Microprocessor contain ROM chip because it contain instructions to execute data. What is meant by LATCH? Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary storage device controlled by a timing signal, which can store 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data storage. It is used in output devices such as LED, to hold the data for display. What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller? In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling instructions. But in Microcontroller: fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a device that includes micro processor, memory, & input / output signal lines on a single chip. What is the disadvantage of microprocessor? It has limitations on the size of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point operations. Is the data bus is Bi-directional? The data bus is Bi-directional because the same bus is used for transfer of data between Micro Processor and memory or input / output devices in both the direction.

Is the address bus unidirectional? The address bus is unidirectional because the address information is always given by the Micro Processor to address a memory location of an input / output devices. Define HCMOS? High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? The processor made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits. 3. Why 8085 processor is called an 8 bit processor? Because 8085 processor has 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU. Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor? 8-bit Processor - 8085 / Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 / 80486. What is a Microprocessor? Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor is single- chip devices. What command would you use to create an empty file without opening it to edit it? You use the touch command to create an empty file without needing to open it. Answers a and e point to invalid commands, though either of these might actually be aliased to point to a real command. Answers b and c utilize editors, and so do not satisfy the requirements of the question. actually touch is used to change the timestamps of a file if its exits, otherwise a new file with current timestamps will be created Which of the following commands can you use to cleanly restart a Linux machine? The commands used to restart a Linux box are shutdown -r, reboot, and init 6. Answers c and e are incorrect. Both of these are used to shut down a Linux box, not restart it. init 6 command is used to restart the Linux machine .

What do you type to stop a hung process that resists the standard attempts to shut it down? The kill command by itself tries to allow a process to exit cleanly. You type kill -9 PID, on the other hand, to abruptly stop a process that will not quit by any other means. Also, pressing Ctrl+C works for many programs. Answers b and d are only valid in some contexts, and even in those contexts will not work on a hung process. Which command do you use to change run levels? The command used to change run levels is init. Answers a, c, and d point to invalid commands. Answer b is a valid command, but does not set the current run level. The run level command displays the current run level, and the one that was used directly before entering this one. Which two commands can you use to delete directories ? You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command without any specific flags will not delete a directory, it will only delete files. Answers d and e point to a non-existent command. What would you type to send the last 20 lines of a text file to STDIN? Use the command tail -20 filename to see the last 20 lines of a file. The answers for a and d both point to an invalid command. The answer for b points to a valid command. Typing this answer in with a valid file name will even give you some output. However, the last command tells you who is logged in, it does not actually list the contents of any file named in the command. The answer for c, the head command, is used to look at the beginning of a file, not the end. last choice will be correct answer because only tail command is used to see the last content of any file by default it take 10 line Which daemon controls the network service -> POP3 mail service? The intend super daemon controls the POP3 mail service. The POP3 mail service runs through the super daemon, not on its own. Answers c and e point to nonexistent, or at least nonstandard daemons. Answer d points to the Usenet news daemon. Who owns the data dictionary? The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. how we can configure sata hard derive during redhat 9 installation.

Have the data driver on a floppy drive. At the start of installation, when u boot from the CD/DVD, on the prompt, write dd. It will ask for the driver floppy later on and will load the sata driver. Then you can configure/partition the drive using disk druid or fdisk What is difference between AT and CRON? Cron command is used to schedule the task daily at the same time repeatedly ,at command is used to schedule the task only once i.e. to run only one time. What is difference between user right and user permission? user rights:user rights is that user is authorized to used password. if his password/file/dir is expired he is not able to login user permission:permission is user is permitted to use file/directory. that is authentication if he is authentication for particular file or not. it might be true as per my suggestion. What is the real mean of DHCP? Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the s/w keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring an administrator to manage the task. That means new computer can be added to the network without any risk of manually assigning unique IP address. Describe the boot process of your favorite Linux in as much detail as you can. Boot process takes place in 4 scenes with 4 main characters. Scene 1 when the computer is switched on, it automatically invokes BIOS[a ROM chip embedded in the motherboard].The BIOS will start the processor and perform a POST[power on self test] to check whether the connected device are ready to use and are working properly. Once the POST is completes BIOS will jump to a specified location in the RAM and check for the booting device. The boot sector is always the first sector of the hard disk and BIOS will load the MBR into the memory. Scene 2 Here the boot loader takes the control of the booting process.LILO or GRUB is the boot loaders commonly available. It will help the user to select various boot options. Depending on the boot option selected the kernel is loaded. scene 3 After kernel is loaded the kernel will take the control of the booting process and it will initialize all the hardwares including I/O processors etc.kernel then creates a root device and mounts the partitions. Scene 4

INIT is loaded. How to install 8139 realtek drivers in rhel5.0$ Please help me out. Download the driver from internet. then just unzip the tarball using tar -zxvf then for first compile it using make and make install For proper installation of the driver read the INSTALL / README file given in the tarball. You are debugging a new application that is crashing. You want to watch the messages as they are being written to the log. What command should you use? The tail command allows you to keep a log open and see each new message as it is written to the log. Which of the following tasks cannot be accomplished with the touch command? The touch command is usually used to modify either a files access or modification time. It can also be used to create a new file. You want to copy the users home directories to a new location. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? The -r option tells the cp command to recurs the directories. The -P option retains the original permissions. You read an article that lists the following command: dd if=/dev/fd0 bs=512 of=/new What does this accomplish? The dd command is a special copy command often used for floppy disks and tapes. The if= option specifies the source; the bs= is the block size; and the of= option is the output. You attempt to delete a file called sales.mem using the rm command but the command fails. What could be the problem? In order to delete a file, you must have write rights to the directory containing the file. You want to search for sale and sales. What regular expression should you use? Use the asterick (*) to match to zero or more characters. The $ matches to any one character so sale$ would not find sale.

You have a file named kickoff and would like to find every line beginning with a number. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? The command grep ^[0-9] kickoff will cause grep to search the file kickoff for any line beginning with a digit. You want to know how many lines in the kickoff file contains prize. Which of the following commands will produce the desired results? Using the -c option with the grep command will show the total number of lines containing the specified pattern rather than displaying the lines containing the pattern. You want to verify which lines in the file kickoff contain Bob. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? The -n option when used with sed prints only the lines containing the pattern. In this case, the pattern is Bob and the file to be searched is kickoff. You have a file called docs.Z but do not know what it is. What is the easiest way to look at the contents of the file? The .Z extension indicates that this is a file that has been compressed using the compress utility. The zcat utility provides the ability to display the contents of a compressed file. You want to make it possible for your users to mount floppy disks. What do you need to do? If you add the user option to the line in the fstab file that defines how to mount your CD-ROM, then your users will be able to mount it. What is contained in the directory The /proc directory is a virtual file system that contains system information. After copying a file to a floppy disk, what should you do before removing the disk? If you do not unmount the floppy before removing it, the files on the floppy may become corrupted. You have set quotas for all your users but half of your users are using more space than they have been allotted. Which of the following could be the problem? Quotas are set on a partition by partition basis. If your users have home directories on different partitions, you will need to configure quotas for each partition.

What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each users defined quotas? The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount of used space. you have a large spreadsheet located in the /data directory that five different people need to be able to change. How can you enable each user to edit the spreadsheet from their individual home directories? By creating a link to the file in each users home directory, each user is able to easily open and edit the spreadsheet. Also, any changes that are made are seen by all the users with access. You have a file called sales data and create symbolic links to it in bobs home directory. Bob calls you and says that his link no longer works. How can you fix the link? Because the link in bobs directory is a symbolic link, if the file sales data in the /data directory is deleted, the symbolic link will no longer work. You have two files in two different directories with the same inode. What type of link is involved? Hard links all have the same inode number, unlike symbolic links. You need to locate a file called sales data that one of your users created in his home directory but you do not know which one. How could you use the find command to locate this file? When using the find command to locate a file by name you must specify the starting place in the directory hierarchy and the -name option to specify the file to search for. However, when Bob attempts to open the file he is unsuccessful. What command do you need to use to give Bob ownership of the file? The chown command can be used by root to give ownership of a file to any user. What is meant by sticky bit? When the sticky bit is set on a world writable directory, only the owner can delete any file contained in that directory. Your default umask is 002. What does this mean? The digits of your umask represent owner, group and others in that order. The 0 gives read and write for files and the 2 gives read only for files.

Which of the following commands will replace all occurrences of the word rate with the word speed in the file racing? When using sed to do a search and replace, its default action is to only replace the first occurrence in each line. Adding the g makes sed replace all occurrences of the search term even when it occurs multiple times on the same line. You have a tab delimited file called phonenos and want to change each tab to four spaces. What command can you use to accomplish this? By default, expand converts tabs to eight spaces. Use the -t option to change this behavior. You issue the command head *. What would the resulting output be? If the number of lines to display is not specified, the first ten lines of the specified file are displayed. The asterick tells head to display the content of each file in the present working directory. what text filter can you use to display a binary file in octal numbers? The od text filter will dumpt the contents of a file and display it in 2-byte octal numbers. What would be the result of the command paste -s dog cat ? The paste text filter usually joins two files separating the corresponding lines with a tab. The -s option, however, will cause paste to display the first file, dog, then a new line character, and then the file cat. You wish to print the file vacations with 60 lines to a page. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? The default page length when using pr is 66 lines. The -l option is used to specify a different length. What would be the result of issuing the command cat phonenos? The tac text filter is a reverse cat. It displays a file starting with the last line and ending with the first line. You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files dog, cat and horse. What command should you use? The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file.

You have the file phonenos that contains telephone numbers and names separated by a comma. You want to change each comma to a semicolon. Which of the following will accomplish this? The tr utility is used to replace one string by another. Here the input for tr is provided by the cat command and the commas are all replaced by semicolons. If you type the command cat dog > cat what would you see on your display? When you use > for redirection, it only effects the standard output. Any messages sent to standard error would still appear on your display. Which first-level segment of the file system contains a majority of system and server configuration files within its subdirectories? The /etc portion of the file system contains a number of system and daemon configuration files. Answers a, c, d, and e are valid first-level directories, but are incorrect. The /var directory contains items that change on a regular basis, such as log files and print and mail spool directories. The /bin directory contains system binaries, whereas the /sbin directory contains binaries that run with SUID privileges or as a specific user. The /lib directory contains system libraries, both shared and non-shared. What command allows you to set a processor-intensive job to use less CPU time? The nice command is used to change a jobs priority level, so that it runs slower or faster. Answers a, d, and e are valid commands but are not used to change process information. Answer c is an invalid command. Which of the following commands can be used to get information about a package? The man command pulls up man pages, the info command pulls up texinfo pages which have replaced the man pages for some packages, and the apropos command helps you to find related commands. Answers b and e are not methods of getting information about a package Where is a good place to store shell scripts that are for use by the author It is best to keep scripts meant only for your account under ~/bin. Answers b, c, d, and e are all valid locations, but not the best places to keep userspecific scripts. Which hardware considerations should you keep in mind when putting together this mail servers list of components$ [Choose all correct answers] A mail server benefits from a large amount of RAM, a fast CPU, and large amounts of fast-access hard drive space. The reason it benefits from having a lot of memory is that it can then handle groups of mail messages all at once. A fast CPU helps it move through processes more quickly, especially

when it comes to generating postings to large mailing lists. Having a lot of hard drive space ensures that the mail spool will not run out of free room. Answers a and c are unimportant on a machine that is meant to provide mail service. A Linux box serving such a purpose would only be slowed down with a GUI running, and the GUI is the reason to be concerned with both the monitor resolution and video RAM. Of the following technologies, which is considered a client-side script? JavaScript is the only client-side script listed. Java and C++ are complete programming languages . Active Server Pages are parsed on the server with the results being sent to the client in HTML. What type of server is used to remotely assign IP addresses to machines during the installation process? You can use a DHCP server to assign IP addresses to individual machines during the installation process. Answers a, b, d, and e list legitimate Linux servers, but these servers do not provide IP addresses. The SMB, or Samba, tool is used for file and print sharing across multi-OS networks . An NFS server is for file sharing across Linux net-works. FTP is a file storage server that allows people to browse and retrieve information by logging in to it, and HTTP is for the Web What type of local file server can you use to provide the distribution installation materials to the new machine during a network installation? You can use an NFS server to provide the distribution installation materials to the machine on which you are performing the installation. Answers a, b, c, and d are all valid items but none of them are file servers. Inetd is the superdaemon which controls all intermittently used network services. The FSSTND is the Linux File System Standard. DNS provides domain name resolution, and NNTP is the transfer protocol for usenet news. Which password package should you install to ensure that the central password file couldnt be stolen easily? The shadow password package moves the central password file to a more secure location. Answers a, b, and e all point to valid packages, but none of these places the password file in a more secure location. Answer d points to an invalid package.

Which command works in almost all distributions to create a boot disk ? The mkbootdisk command creates a boot disk. Answers b and c are incorrect. The make package is used to compile software , not create boot disks. Answers a and d point to invalid commands. What happens to your ipchains settings when you reboot a machine? They cannot be automatically saved unless you do something like make an alias for the shutdown routine that ensures this happens. Settings for ipchains are lost during a reboot or shutdown and there is no setting to ensure they are automatically saved. Answers a, b, and c are completely incorrect. Answer e is incorrect, but you can save them by hand if you choose to. Which package provides secure remote login sessions, such as secure telnet logins? The ssh package allows you to configure secure telnet sessions and other remote logins. Answer a points to an invalid package. Answer c points to a valid package, but shadow handles passwords, not data encryption. Answers d and e point to firewalling packages, which regulate what passes in and out of a LAN, but do not handle data encryption. Which package can you use to regulate which network traffic is allowed to enter a specific machine, but not on any other machines? The tcp_wrappers package is used to regulate the TCP/IP network traffic coming in and out of a machine. Answers b and c both point to valid firewalling packages, but these packages are used for an entire LAN, not just one machine. Answer d points to the commun-ications protocol used to transmit data over the Internet. Answer e points to an invalid package. What type of server is used to remotely assign IP addresses to machines during the installation process? you can use a DHCP server to assign IP addresses to individual machines during the installation process. Answers a, b, d, and e list legitimate Linux servers, but these servers do not provide IP addresses. The SMB, or Samba, tool is used for file and print sharing across multi-OS networks. An NFS server is for file sharing across Linux net-works. FTP is a file storage server that allows people to browse and retrieve information by logging in to it, and HTTP is for the Web

Which partitioning tool is available in all distributions? The fdisk partitioning tool is available in all Linux distributions. Answers a, c, and e all handle partitioning, but do not come with all distributions. Disk Druid is made by Red Hat and used in its distribution along with some derivatives. Partition Magic and System Commander are tools made by third-party companies. Answer d is not a tool, but a file system type. Specifically, FAT32 is the file system type used in Windows 98. Which first-level segment of the file system contains a majority of system The /etc portion of the file system contains a number of system and daemon configuration files. Answers a, c, d, and e are valid first-level directories, but are incorrect. The /var directory contains items that change on a regular basis, such as log files and print and mail spool directories. The /bin directory contains system binaries, whereas the /sbin directory contains binaries that run with SUID privileges or as a specific user. The /lib directory contains system libraries, both shared and non-shared. Which file do you edit to set partitions to mount at boot time? The file /etc/fstab manages which partitions are automatically mounted onto the file system. Answers b and c refer to valid items, but they are not used to manage the file system. The file /etc/services maps networking services to the ports they utilize, and /etc/smb.conf is the configuration file for the Samba service. Answers d and e point to files that do not exist. Which first-level segment of the file system contains a majority of system and server configuration files within its subdirectories? The /etc portion of the file system contains a number of system and daemon configuration files. Answers a, c, d, and e are valid first-level directories, but are incorrect. The /var directory contains items that change on a regular basis, such as log files and print and mail spool directories. The /bin directory contains system binaries, whereas the /sbin directory contains binaries that run with SUID privileges or as a specific user. The /lib directory contains system libraries, both shared and non-shared. Which file do you edit to set partitions to mount at boot time? The file /etc/fstab manages which partitions are automatically mounted onto the file system. Answers b and c refer to valid items, but they are not used to manage the file system. The file /etc/services maps networking services to the ports they utilize, and /etc/smb.conf is the configuration file for the Samba service. Answers d and e point to files that do not exist.

Which shell do you assign to a POP3 mail-only account? You assign a POP3 only account to the /bin/false shell. Answers b and c both point to the same shell, the bash shell. However, assigning this shell to a POP3 only user gives him or her login access, which is what you are trying to avoid. Answers d and e are both invalid options in a standard setup. What command would you use to create an empty file without opening it to edit it? You use the touch command to create an empty file without needing to open it. Answers a and e point to invalid commands, though either of these might actually be aliased to point to a real command. Answers b and c utilize editors, and so do not satisfy the requirements of the question. actually touch is used to change the timestamps of a file if its exits, otherwise a new file with current timestamps will be created Which command do you use to change run levels? The command used to change run levels is init. Answers a, c, and d point to invalid commands. Answer b is a valid command, but does not set the current run level. The run level command displays the current run level, and the one that was used directly before entering this one. Which daemon controls the network service -> POP3 mail service? The inetd superdaemon controls the POP3 mail service. The POP3 mail service runs through the superdaemon, not on its own. Answers c and e point to nonexistent, or at least nonstandard daemons. Answer d points to the Usenet news daemon. Who owns the data dictionary ? The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. how we can configure sata hard derive during redhat 9 installation. Have the data driver on a floppy drive. At the start of installation, when u boot from the CD/DVD, on the prompt, write dd. It will ask for the driver floppy later on and will load the sata driver. Then you can configure/partition the drive using disk druid or fdisk.

What is difference between AT and CRON? cron can be set only for a particular time but at is used to schedule and execute Contact Author Contact Author Cron command is used to schedule the task daily at the same time repeatedly ,at command is used to schedule the task only once i.e. to run only one time. What is difference between user right and user permission? user rights:user rights is that user is authorized to used password. if his password/file/dir is expired he is not able to login user permission:permission is user is permitted to use file/directory. that is authentication if he is authentication for particular file or not. it might be true as per my suggestion. What is the real mean of DHCP? dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) is a protocol used by networked devices (clients) to obtain the IP address. Contact Author Contact Author Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the s/w keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring an administrator to manage the task. That means new computer can be added to the network without any risk of manually assigning unique IP address. Describe the boot process of your favorite Linux in as much detail as you can. Booting process : first BIOS loads the boot loaders, then boot loaders loads the kernel ,then kernel mount the file systems and drivers installation will takes place and in it will be loaded. How to install 8139 realtek drivers in rhel5.0$ Please help me out. Download the driver from internet. then just unzip the tarball using tar -zxvf then for first compile it using make and make install For proper installation of the driver read the INSTALL / README file given in the tarball. What is difference between user right and user permission? user rights:user rights is that user is authorized to used password. if his password/file/dir is expired he is not able to login user permission:permission is user is permitted to use file/directory. that is authentication if he is authentication for particular file or not. it might be true as per my suggestion.

What is the real mean of DHCP? Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the s/w keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring an administrator to manage the task. That means new computer can be added to the network without any risk of manually assigning unique IP address. Describe the boot process of your favorite Linux in as much detail as you can? Boot process takes place in 4 scenes with 4 main characters. Scene 1 when the computer is switched on, it automatically invokes BIOS[a ROM chip embedded in the motherboard].The BIOS will start the processor and perform a POST[power on self test] to check whether the connected device are ready to use and are working properly. Once the POST is completes BIOS will jump to a specified location in the RAM and check for the booting device. The boot sector is always the first sector of the hard disk and BIOS will load the MBR into the memory. Scene 2 Here the boot loader takes the control of the booting process.LILO or GRUB is the boot loaders commonly available. It will help the user to select various boot options. Depending on the boot option selected the kernel is loaded. scene 3 After kernel is loaded the kernel will take the control of the booting process and it will initialize all the hardwares including I/O processors etc.kernel then creates a root device and mounts the partitions. Scene 4 INIT is loaded. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux? What command can you use to review boot messages? 1. Three Partition. boot partition, swap partition and root partition, these are the minimum partitions to install the Linux. 2. dmesg or /var/log/messages What command you execute to display the last five commands you have entered$ Which partitions might you creates on mail server HDDs other than the root, swap and boot partitions$ Which partitioning tool is available in all distributions$ Which two commands can you use to delete directories$ Which file defines all users on your system$ 1. history|tail -5 2. /var

3. fdisk, parted 4. rm, rmdir 5. /etc/passwd How to install 8139 realtek drivers in rhel5.0? Please help me out? Download the driver from internet. then just unzip the tarball using tar -zxvf then for first compile it using make and make install For proper installation of the driver read the INSTALL / README file given in the tarball. What does Security-enhanced Linux give me that standard Linux cant? The Security-enhanced Linux kernel enforces mandatory access control policies that confine user programs and system servers to the minimum amount of privilege they require to do their jobs. When confined in this way, the ability of these user programs and system daemons to cause harm when compromised (via buffer overflows or misconfigurations, for example) is reduced or eliminated. This confinement mechanism operates independently of the traditional Linux access control mechanisms. It has no concept of a root super-user, and does not share the well-known shortcomings of the traditional Linux security mechanisms (such as a dependence on setuid/setgid binaries).The security of an unmodified Linux system depends on the correctness of the kernel, all the privileged applications, and each of their configurations. A problem in any one of these areas may allow the compromise of the entire system. In contrast, the security of a modified system based on the Security-enhanced Linux kernel depends primarily on the correctness of the kernel and its security policy configuration. While problems with the correctness or configuration of applications may allow the limited compromise of individual user programs and system daemons, they do not pose a threat to the security of other user programs and system daemons or to the security of the system as a whole. What is SELinux? SELinux Security-enhanced Linux is a research prototype of the Linux kernel and a number of utilities with enhanced security functionality designed simply to demonstrate the value of mandatory access controls to the Linux community and how such controls could be added to Linux. The Security-enhanced Linux kernel contains new architectural components originally developed to improve the security of the Flask operating system. These architectural components provide general support for the enforcement of many kinds of mandatory access control policies, including those based on the concepts of Type Enforcement, Role-based Access Control, and Multi-level Security.

What is the most graceful way to get to run level single user mode? The most graceful way is to use the command init s. If you want to shut everything down before going to single user mode then do init 0 first and from the ok prompt do a boot -s. Write a command to find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 10 days. The following command will find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 10 days find / -type f -atime -10 > December.files This command will find all the files under root, which is /, with file type is file. -atime -30 will give all the files accessed less than 10 days ago. And the output will put into a file call Monthname.files. What is the main advantage of creating links to a file instead of copies of the file? The main advantage is not really that it saves disk space (though it does that too) but, rather, that a change of permissions on the file is applied to all the link access points. The link will show permissions of lrwxrwxrwx but that is for the link itself and not the access to the file to which the link points. Thus if you want to change the permissions for a command, such as su, you only have to do it on the original. With copies you have to find all of the copies and change permission on each of the copies. What is LILO? LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the memory, and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from. What is CVS? CVS is Concurrent Version System. It is the front end to the RCS revision control system which extends the notion of revision control from a collection of files in a single directory to a hierarchical collection of directories consisting of revision controlled files. These directories and files can be combined together to form a software release. There are some useful commands that are being used very often. They are cvs checkout cvs update cvs add cvs remove cvs commit

What is NFS? What is its job? NFS stands for Network File System. NFS enables filesystems physically residing on one computer system to be used by other computers in the network, appearing to users on the remote host as just another local disk. In Linux OS, what is the file server? The file server is a machine that shares its disk storage and files with other machines on the network. What are the techniques that you use to handle the collisions in hash tables? We can use two major techniques to handle the collisions. They are open addressing and separate chaining. In open addressing, data items that hash to a full array cell are placed in another cell in the array. In separate chaining, each array element consists of a linked list. All data items hashing to a given array index are inserted in that list. What is the major advantage of a hash table? The major advantage of a hash table is its speed. Because the hash function is to take a range of key values and transform them into index values in such a way that the key values are distributed randomly across all the indices of a hash table. What is Write Command ? The write command enables you to write an actual message on the other terminal online. You have to issue the write command with the login ID of the user with whom you want to communicate. The write command informs the user at the other end that there is a message from another user. write pastes that message onto the other users terminal if their terminals write permissions are set. Even if they are in the middle of an edit session, write overwrites whatever is on the screen. The edit session contents are not corrupted; you can restore the original screen on most editors with Ctrl-L. write is mostly used for one-way communication, but you can have an actual conversation as well Why You Shouldnt Use the root Login? The root login does not restrict you in any way. When you log in as root, you become the system. The root login is also sometimes called the super user login. With one simple command, issued either on purpose or by accident, you can destroy your entire Linux installation. For this reason, use the root login only when necessary. Avoid experimenting with commands when you do log in as root.

How big should the swap-space partition be? Swap space is used as an extension of physical RAM, the more RAM you have, the less swap space is required. You can add the amount of swap space and the amount of RAM together to get the amount of RAM Linux will use. For example, if you have 8MB of RAM on your machines motherboard, and a 16MB swap-space partition, Linux will behave as though you had 24MB of total RAM. Which field is used to define the users default shell? command-The last field, called either command or login command, is used to specify what shell the user will use when he logs in. When you create a new partition, you need to designate its size by defining the starting and ending? cylinders-When creating a new partition you must first specify its starting cylinder. You can then either specify its size or the ending cylinder. What can you type at a command line to determine which shell you are using? echo $SHELL-The name and path to the shell you are using is saved to the SHELL environment variable. You can then use the echo command to print out the value of any variable by preceding the variables name with $. Therefore, typing echo $SHELL will display the name of your shell. In order to display the last five commands you have entered using the fc command, you would type? fc -5-The fc command can be used to edit or rerun commands you have previously entered. To specify the number of commands to list, use -n. What command should you use to check your file system? fsck-The fsck command is used to check the integrity of the file system on your disk. What file defines the levels of messages written to system log files? kernel.h-To determine the various levels of messages that are defined on your system, examine the kernel.h file. What account is created when you install Linux? root-Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the super user account also known as root.

What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system? Syslogd-The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log files. Where standard output is usually directed? To the screen or display-By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display. What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running processes? Top-The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated Who owns the data dictionary? The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. Compare Linux credit based algorithm with other scheduling algorithms? For the conventional time shared processes, Linux uses a prioritized, creditbased algorithm. Each process possesses a certain number of scheduling credits; when a new task must be chosen to run, the process with most credits is selected. Every time that a timer interrupt occurs, the currently running process loses one credit; when its credits reaches zero, it is suspended and another process is chosen. If no runnable processes have any credits, then Linux performs a recrediting operation, adding credits to every process in the system (rather than just to the runnable ones), according to the following rule: Credits = credits/2 + priority The above scheduling class is used for time-shared process and the in Linux for the real-time scheduling is simpler it uses scheduling classes: first come, first served (FCFS), and round-robin (RR) .In both cases, each process has a priority in addition to its scheduling class. In time-sharing scheduling, however, processes of different priorities can still compete with one another to some extent; in real-time scheduling, the scheduler always runs the process with the highest priority. Among processes of equal priority, it runs the process that has been waiting longest. The only difference between FCFS and RR scheduling is that FCFS processes continue to run until they either exit or block, whereas a round-robin process will be preempted after a while and will be moved to the end of the scheduling queue, so round-robin processes of equal priority will automatically time share among themselves.

Linuxs real-time scheduling is soft-real time rather than hard-real time. The scheduler offers strict guarantees about the relative priorities of real-time processes, but the kernel does not offer any guarantees about how quickly a real-time process will be scheduled once that process becomes runnable. Thus the Linux uses different scheduling classes for time-shared and realtime processes.

SQL interview questions and answers

1. What are two methods of retrieving SQL? 2. What cursor type do you use to retrieve multiple recordsets? 3. What is the difference between a "where" clause and a "having" clause? - "Where" is a kind of restiriction statement. You use where clause to restrict all the data from DB.Where clause is using before result retrieving. But Having clause is using after retrieving the data.Having clause is a kind of filtering command. 4. What is the basic form of a SQL statement to read data out of a table? The basic form to read data out of table is SELECT * FROM table_name; An answer: SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE xyz= whatever; cannot be called basic form because of WHERE clause. 5. What structure can you implement for the database to speed up table reads? Follow the rules of DB tuning we have to: 1] properly use indexes ( different types of indexes) 2] properly locate different DB objects across different tablespaces, files and so on.3] create a special space (tablespace) to locate some of the data with special datatype ( for example CLOB, LOB and ) 6. What are the tradeoffs with having indexes? - 1. Faster selects, slower updates. 2. Extra storage space to store indexes. Updates are slower because in addition to updating the table you have to update the index. 7. What is a "join"? - join used to connect two or more tables logically with or without common field. 8. What is "normalization"? "Denormalization"? Why do you sometimes want to denormalize? - Normalizing data means eliminating redundant information from a table and organizing the data so that future changes to the table are easier. Denormalization means allowing redundancy in a table. The main benefit of denormalization is improved performance with simplified data retrieval and manipulation. This is done by reduction in the number of joins needed for data processing. 9. What is a "constraint"? - A constraint allows you to apply simple referential integrity checks to a table. There are four primary types of constraints that are currently supported by SQL Server: PRIMARY/UNIQUE - enforces uniqueness of a particular table column. DEFAULT - specifies a default value for a column in case an insert operation does not provide one. FOREIGN KEY - validates that every value in a column exists in a column of another table. CHECK - checks that every value stored in a column is in some specified list. Each type of constraint performs a specific type of action. Default is not a

constraint. NOT NULL is one more constraint which does not allow values in the specific column to be null. And also it the only constraint which is not a table level constraint. 10. What types of index data structures can you have? - An index helps to faster search values in tables. The three most commonly used index-types are: - B-Tree: builds a tree of possible values with a list of row IDs that have the leaf value. Needs a lot of space and is the default index type for most databases. - Bitmap: string of bits for each possible value of the column. Each bit string has one bit for each row. Needs only few space and is very fast.(however, domain of value cannot be large, e.g. SEX(m,f); degree(BS,MS,PHD) - Hash: A hashing algorithm is used to assign a set of characters to represent a text string such as a composite of keys or partial keys, and compresses the underlying data. Takes longer to build and is supported by relatively few databases. 11. What is a "primary key"? - A PRIMARY INDEX or PRIMARY KEY is something which comes mainly from database theory. From its behavior is almost the same as an UNIQUE INDEX, i.e. there may only be one of each value in this column. If you call such an INDEX PRIMARY instead of UNIQUE, you say something about your table design, which I am not able to explain in few words. Primary Key is a type of a constraint enforcing uniqueness and data integrity for each row of a table. All columns participating in a primary key constraint must possess the NOT NULL property. 12. What is a "functional dependency"? How does it relate to database table design? Functional dependency relates to how one object depends upon the other in the database. for example, procedure/function sp2 may be called by procedure sp1. Then we say that sp1 has functional dependency on sp2. 13. What is a "trigger"? - Triggers are stored procedures created in order to enforce integrity rules in a database. A trigger is executed every time a data-modification operation occurs (i.e., insert, update or delete). Triggers are executed automatically on occurance of one of the data-modification operations. A trigger is a database object directly associated with a particular table. It fires whenever a specific statement/type of statement is issued against that table. The types of statements are insert,update,delete and query statements. Basically, trigger is a set of SQL statements A trigger is a solution to the restrictions of a constraint. For instance: 1.A database column cannot carry PSEUDO columns as criteria where a trigger can. 2. A database constraint cannot refer old and new values for a row where a trigger can. 14. Why can a "group by" or "order by" clause be expensive to process? - Processing of "group by" or "order by" clause often requires creation of Temporary tables to process the results of the query. Which depending of the result set can be very expensive. 15. What is "index covering" of a query? - Index covering means that "Data can be found only using indexes, without touching the tables" 16. What types of join algorithms can you have? 17. What is a SQL view? - An output of a query can be stored as a view. View acts like small table which meets our criterion. View is a precomplied SQL query which is used to select data from one or more tables. A view is like a table but it doesnt physically take any space. View is a good way to present data in a particular format if you use that query quite often. View can also be used to restrict users from accessing the tables directly.

Linux command line Q&A

1. You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files dog, cat and horse. What command should you use? tail -15 dog cat horse The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file. 2. Who owns the data dictionary? The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. 3. You routinely compress old log files. You now need to examine a log from two months ago. In order to view its contents without first having to decompress it, use the _________ utility. zcat The zcat utility allows you to examine the contents of a compressed file much the same way that cat displays a file. 4. You suspect that you have two commands with the same name as the command is not producing the expected results. What command can you use to determine the location of the command being run? which The which command searches your path until it finds a command that matches the command you are looking for and displays its full path. 5. You locate a command in the /bin directory but do not know what it does. What command can you use to determine its purpose. whatis The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the specified command. 6. You wish to create a link to the /data directory in bobs home directory so you issue the command ln /data /home/bob/datalink but the command fails. What option should you use in this command line to be successful. Use the -F option In order to create a link to a directory you must use the -F option. 7. When you issue the command ls -l, the first character of the resulting display represents the files ___________. type The first character of the permission block designates the type of file that is being displayed. 8. What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running processes? __________ top The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated. 9. Where is standard output usually directed? to the screen or display By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display.

10. You wish to restore the file memo.ben which was backed up in the tarfile MyBackup.tar. What command should you type? tar xf MyBackup.tar memo.ben This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar. 11. You need to view the contents of the tarfile called MyBackup.tar. What command would you use? tar tf MyBackup.tar The t switch tells tar to display the contents and the f modifier specifies which file to examine. 12. You want to create a compressed backup of the users home directories. What utility should you use? tar You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same time as creating it. 13. What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system? syslogd The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log files. 14. You have a file called phonenos that is almost 4,000 lines long. What text filter can you use to split it into four pieces each 1,000 lines long? split The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The default length of each piece is 1,000 lines. 15. You would like to temporarily change your command line editor to be vi. What command should you type to change it? set -o vi The set command is used to assign environment variables. In this case, you are instructing your shell to assign vi as your command line editor. However, once you log off and log back in you will return to the previously defined command line editor. 16. What account is created when you install Linux? root Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the superuser account also known as root. 17. What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each users defined quotas? repquota The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount of used space.

Linux application programming questions

1. Explain the difference between a static library and a dynamic library? - Static library is linked into the executable, while a dynamic library (or shared object) is loaded while the executable has started. 2. How do you create a static library? - If you have a collection of object (.o) files, you can do it by running ar command. Generally a static library has a .a extension, and you can link it into an executable by providing -l libraryname to gcc. 3. Where should the developed libraries be installed on the system? - GNU recommends /usr/local/bin for binaries and /usr/local/lib for libraries. 4. Whats LD_LIBRARY_PATH? - Its an environment variable that lists all the directories which should be searches for libraries before the standard directories are searched. 5. How do you create a shared library? - Create the object file with -fPIC for positionindependent code, then run gcc with -shared option. 6. How do you install a shared library? - Run ldconfig in the standard directory that its installed in. 7. What does ldd do? - It shows a list of installed shared libraries. 8. How do you dynamically load a library in your app? - Use dlopen() 9. What does nm command do? - It reports the list of symbols in a given library.

Basic shell scripting questions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. How do you find out whats your shell? - echo $SHELL Whats the command to find out todays date? - date Whats the command to find out users on the system? - who How do you find out the current directory youre in? - pwd How do you remove a file? - rm How do you remove a <="" b=""> - rm -rf How do you find out your own username? - whoami How do you send a mail message to somebody? - mail somebody@techinterviews.com -s Your subject -c cc@techinterviews.com 9. How do you count words, lines and characters in a file? - wc 10. How do you search for a string inside a given file? - grep string filename 11. How do you search for a string inside a directory? - grep string * 12. How do you search for a string in a directory with the subdirectories recursed? grep -r string * 13. What are PIDs? - They are process IDs given to processes. A PID can vary from 0 to 65535. 14. How do you list currently running process? - ps 15. How do you stop a process? - kill pid 16. How do you find out about all running processes? - ps -ag 17. How do you stop all the processes, except the shell window? - kill 0 18. How do you fire a process in the background? - ./process-name &

19. How do you refer to the arguments passed to a shell script? - $1, $2 and so on. $0 is your script name. 20. Whats the conditional statement in shell scripting? - if {condition} then fi 21. How do you do number comparison in shell scripts? - -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, -ge 22. How do you test for file properties in shell scripts? - -s filename tells you if the file is not empty, -f filename tells you whether the argument is a file, and not a directory, d filename tests if the argument is a directory, and not a file, -w filename tests for writeability, -r filename tests for readability, -x filename tests for executability 23. How do you do Boolean logic operators in shell scripting? - ! tests for logical not, -a tests for logical and, and -o tests for logical or. 24. How do you find out the number of arguments passed to the shell script? - $# 25. Whats a way to do multilevel if-elses in shell scripting? - if {condition} then {statement} elif {condition} {statement} fi 26. How do you write a for loop in shell? - for {variable name} in {list} do {statement} done 27. How do you write a while loop in shell? - while {condition} do {statement} done 28. How does a case statement look in shell scripts? - case {variable} in {possible-value1}) {statement};; {possible-value-2}) {statement};; esac 29. How do you read keyboard input in shell scripts? - read {variable-name} 30. How do you define a function in a shell script? - function-name() { #some code here return } 31. How does getopts command work? - The parameters to your script can be passed as -n 15 -x 20. Inside the script, you can iterate through the getopts array as while getopts n:x option, and the variable $option contains the value of the entered option.

Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 1

You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files dog, cat and horse. What command should you use? tail -15 dog cat horse The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file. Who owns the data dictionary? The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. You routinely compress old log files. You now need to examine a log from two months ago. In order to view its contents without first having to decompress it, use the _________ utility. zcat The zcat utility allows you to examine the contents of a compressed file much the same way that cat displays a file. You suspect that you have two commands with the same name as the command is not producing the expected results. What command can you use to determine the location of the command being run? which The which command searches your path until it finds a command that matches the command you are looking for and displays its full path. You locate a command in the /bin directory but do not know what it does. What command can you use to determine its purpose. whatis The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the specified command. You wish to create a link to the /data directory in bob's home directory so you issue the command ln /data /home/bob/datalink but the command fails. What option should you use in this command line to be successful. Use the -F option In order to create a link to a directory you must use the -F option. When you issue the command ls -l, the first character of the resulting display represents the file's ___________. type

The first character of the permission block designates the type of file that is being displayed. What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running processes? __________ top The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated. Where is standard output usually directed? to the screen or display By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display. You wish to restore the file memo.ben which was backed up in the tarfile MyBackup.tar. What command should you type? tar xf MyBackup.tar memo.ben This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar. You need to view the contents of the tarfile called MyBackup.tar. What command would you use? tar tf MyBackup.tar The t switch tells tar to display the contents and the f modifier specifies which file to examine. You want to create a compressed backup of the users' home directories. What utility should you use? tar You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same time as creating it. What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system? syslogd The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log files. You have a file called phonenos that is almost 4,000 lines long. What text filter can you use to split it into four pieces each 1,000 lines long? split The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The default length of each piece is 1,000 lines.

You would like to temporarily change your command line editor to be vi. What command should you type to change it? set -o vi The set command is used to assign environment variables. In this case, you are instructing your shell to assign vi as your command line editor. However, once you log off and log back in you will return to the previously defined command line editor. What account is created when you install Linux? root Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the superuser account also known as root. What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each user's defined quotas? repquota The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount of used space. In order to run fsck on the root partition, the root partition must be mounted as readonly You cannot run fsck on a partition that is mounted as read-write. In order to improve your system's security you decide to implement shadow passwords. What command should you use? pwconv The pwconv command creates the file /etc/shadow and changes all passwords to 'x' in the /etc/passwd file. Bob Armstrong, who has a username of boba, calls to tell you he forgot his password. What command should you use to reset his command? passwd boba The passwd command is used to change your password. If you do not specify a username, your password will be changed. The top utility can be used to change the priority of a running process? Another utility that can also be used to change priority is ___________? nice Both the top and nice utilities provide the capability to change the priority of a running process.

What command should you type to see all the files with an extension of 'mem' listed in reverse alphabetical order in the /home/ben/memos directory. ls -r /home/ben/memos/*.mem The -c option used with ls results in the files being listed in chronological order. You can use wildcards with the ls command to specify a pattern of filenames.

Basic shell scripting questions

By admin | July 22, 2007 How do you find out whats your shell? - echo $SHELL Whats the command to find out todays date? - date Whats the command to find out users on the system? - who How do you find out the current directory youre in? - pwd How do you remove a file? - rm How do you remove a <="" b=""> - rm -rf How do you find out your own username? - whoami How do you send a mail message to somebody? - mail somebody@techinterviews.com -s Your subject -c cc@techinterviews.com 9. How do you count words, lines and characters in a file? - wc 10. How do you search for a string inside a given file? - grep string filename 11. How do you search for a string inside a directory? - grep string * 12. How do you search for a string in a directory with the subdirectories recursed? grep -r string * 13. What are PIDs? - They are process IDs given to processes. A PID can vary from 0 to 65535. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

14. How do you list currently running process? - ps 15. How do you stop a process? - kill pid 16. How do you find out about all running processes? - ps -ag 17. How do you stop all the processes, except the shell window? - kill 0 18. How do you fire a process in the background? - ./process-name & 19. How do you refer to the arguments passed to a shell script? - $1, $2 and so on. $0 is your script name. 20. Whats the conditional statement in shell scripting? - if {condition} then fi 21. How do you do number comparison in shell scripts? - -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, -ge 22. How do you test for file properties in shell scripts? - -s filename tells you if the file is not empty, -f filename tells you whether the argument is a file, and not a directory, d filename tests if the argument is a directory, and not a file, -w filename tests for writeability, -r filename tests for readability, -x filename tests for executability 23. How do you do Boolean logic operators in shell scripting? - ! tests for logical not, -a tests for logical and, and -o tests for logical or. 24. How do you find out the number of arguments passed to the shell script? - $# 25. Whats a way to do multilevel if-elses in shell scripting? - if {condition} then {statement} elif {condition} {statement} fi 26. How do you write a for loop in shell? - for {variable name} in {list} do {statement} done 27. How do you write a while loop in shell? - while {condition} do {statement} done 28. How does a case statement look in shell scripts? - case {variable} in {possible-value1}) {statement};; {possible-value-2}) {statement};; esac 29. How do you read keyboard input in shell scripts? - read {variable-name} 30. How do you define a function in a shell script? - function-name() { #some code here return } 31. How does getopts command work? - The parameters to your script can be passed as -n 15 -x 20. Inside the script, you can iterate through the getopts array as while getopts n:x option, and the variable $option contains the value of the entered option.

Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 2

What file defines the levels of messages written to system log files? kernel.h To determine the various levels of messages that are defined on your system, examine the kernel.h file. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group? gpasswd -r The gpasswd command is used to change the password assigned to a group. Use the -r option to remove the password from the group. What command would you type to use the cpio to create a backup called backup.cpio of all the users' home directories? find /home | cpio -o > backup.cpio The find command is used to create a list of the files and directories contained in home. This list is then piped to the cpio utility as a list of files to include and the output is saved to a file called backup.cpio. What can you type at a command line to determine which shell you are using? echo $SHELL The name and path to the shell you are using is saved to the SHELL environment variable. You can then use the echo command to print out the value of any variable by preceding the variable's name with $. Therefore, typing echo $SHELL will display the name of your shell. What type of local file server can you use to provide the distribution installation materials to the new machine during a network installation? A) Inetd B) FSSTND C) DNS D) NNTP E) NFS E - You can use an NFS server to provide the distribution installation materials to the machine on which you are performing the installation. Answers a, b, c, and d are all valid items but none of them are file servers. Inetd is the superdaemon which controls all intermittently used network services. The FSSTND is the Linux File System Standard. DNS provides domain name resolution, and NNTP is the transfer protocol for usenet news. If you type the command cat dog & > cat what would you see on your display? Choose one: a. Any error messages only. b. The contents of the file dog. c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages.

d. Nothing as all output is saved to the file cat. d When you use & > for redirection, it redirects both the standard output and standard error. The output would be saved to the file cat. You are covering for another system administrator and one of the users asks you to restore a file for him. You locate the correct tarfile by checking the backup log but do not know how the directory structure was stored. What command can you use to determine this? Choose one: a. tar fx tarfile dirname b. tar tvf tarfile filename c. tar ctf tarfile d. tar tvf tarfile d The t switch will list the files contained in the tarfile. Using the v modifier will display the stored directory structure. You have the /var directory on its own partition. You have run out of space. What should you do? Choose one: a. Reconfigure your system to not write to the log files. b. Use fips to enlarge the partition. c. Delete all the log files. d. Delete the partition and recreate it with a larger size. d The only way to enlarge a partition is to delete it and recreate it. You will then have to restore the necessary files from backup. You have a new application on a CD-ROM that you wish to install. What should your first step be? Choose one: a. Read the installation instructions on the CD-ROM. b. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-write. c. Use the umount command to access your CD-ROM. d. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-only. d Before you can read any of the files contained on the CD-ROM, you must first mount the CDROM.

When you create a new partition, you need to designate its size by defining the starting and ending _____________. cylinders When creating a new partition you must first specify its starting cylinder. You can then either specify its size or the ending cylinder.

Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 3

What key combination can you press to suspend a running job and place it in the background? ctrl-z Using ctrl-z will suspend a job and put it in the background. The easiest, most basic form of backing up a file is to _____ it to another location. copy The easiest most basic form of backing up a file is to make a copy of that file to another location such as a floppy disk. What type of server is used to remotely assign IP addresses to machines during the installation process? A) SMB B) NFS C) DHCP D) FT E) HTTP C - You can use a DHCP server to assign IP addresses to individual machines during the installation process. Answers a, b, d, and e list legitimate Linux servers, but these servers do not provide IP addresses. The SMB, or Samba, tool is used for file and print sharing across multi-OS networks. An NFS server is for file sharing across Linux net-works. FTP is a file storage server that allows people to browse and retrieve information by logging in to it, and HTTP is for the Web. Which password package should you install to ensure that the central password file couldn't be stolen easily? A) PAM B) tcp_wrappers C) shadow D) securepass E) ssh C - The shadow password package moves the central password file to a more secure location.

Answers a, b, and e all point to valid packages, but none of these places the password file in a more secure location. Answer d points to an invalid package. When using useradd to create a new user account, which of the following tasks is not done automatically. Choose one: a. Assign a UID. b. Assign a default shell. c. Create the user's home directory. d. Define the user's home directory. c The useradd command will use the system default for the user's home directory. The home directory is not created, however, unless you use the -m option. You want to enter a series of commands from the command-line. What would be the quickest way to do this? Choose One a. Press enter after entering each command and its arguments b. Put them in a script and execute the script c. Separate each command with a semi-colon (;) and press enter after the last command d. Separate each command with a / and press enter after the last command c The semi-colon may be used to tell the shell that you are entering multiple commands that should be executed serially. If these were commands that you would frequently want to run, then a script might be more efficient. However, to run these commands only once, enter the commands directly at the command line. You attempt to use shadow passwords but are unsuccessful. What characteristic of the /etc/passwd file may cause this? Choose one: a. The login command is missing. b. The username is too long. c. The password field is blank. d. The password field is prefaced by an asterisk. c The password field must not be blank before converting to shadow passwords. When you install a new application, documentation on that application is also usually installed. Where would you look for the documentation after installing an application called MyApp?

Choose one: a. /usr/MyApp b. /lib/doc/MyApp c. /usr/doc/MyApp d. In the same directory where the application is installed. c The default location for application documentation is in a directory named for the application in the /usr/doc directory. What file would you edit in your home directory to change which window manager you want to use? A) Xinit B) .xinitrc C) XF86Setup D) xstart E) xf86init Answer: B - The ~/.xinitrc file allows you to set which window man-ager you want to use when logging in to X from that account. Answers a, d, and e are all invalid files. Answer c is the main X server configuration file. What command allows you to set a processor-intensive job to use less CPU time? A) ps B) nice C) chps D) less E) more Answer: B - The nice command is used to change a job's priority level, so that it runs slower or faster. Answers a, d, and e are valid commands but are not used to change process information. Answer c is an invalid command. While logged on as a regular user, your boss calls up and wants you to create a new user account immediately. How can you do this without first having to close your work, log off and logon as root? Choose one: a. Issue the command rootlog. b. Issue the command su and type exit when finished. c. Issue the command su and type logoff when finished. d. Issue the command logon root and type exit when finished. Answer: b You can use the su command to imitate any user including root. You will be prompted for the

password for the root account. Once you have provided it you are logged in as root and can do any administrative duties.

Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 4

There are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file. Which of the following lists all the fields in the correct order? Choose one: a. username, UID, GID, home directory, command, comment b. username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command c. UID, username, GID, home directory, comment, command d. username, UID, group name, GID, home directory, comment Answer: b The seven fields required for each line in the /etc/passwd file are username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command. Each of these fields must be separated by a colon even if they are empty. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories? Choose one: a. ls -c home b. ls -aR /home/username c. ls -aF /home/username d. ls -l /home/username Answer: b The ls command is used to display a listing of files. The -a option will cause hidden files to be displayed as well. The -R option causes ls to recurse down the directory tree. All of this starts at your home directory. In order to prevent a user from logging in, you can add a(n) ________at the beginning of the password field. Answer: asterick If you add an asterick at the beginning of the password field in the /etc/passwd file, that user will not be able to log in. You have a directory called /home/ben/memos and want to move it to /home/bob/memos so you issue the command mv /home/ben/memos /home/bob. What is the results of this action? Choose one: a. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos/memos. b. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos. c. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/. d. The command fails since a directory called memos already exists in the target directory.

Answer: a When using the mv command to move a directory, if a directory of the same name exists then a subdirectory is created for the files to be moved. Which of the following tasks is not necessary when creating a new user by editing the /etc/passwd file? Choose one: a. Create a link from the user's home directory to the shell the user will use. b. Create the user's home directory c. Use the passwd command to assign a password to the account. d. Add the user to the specified group. Answer: a There is no need to link the user's home directory to the shell command. Rather, the specified shell must be present on your system. You issue the following command useradd -m bobm But the user cannot logon. What is the problem? Choose one: a. You need to assign a password to bobm's account using the passwd command. b. You need to create bobm's home directory and set the appropriate permissions. c. You need to edit the /etc/passwd file and assign a shell for bobm's account. d. The username must be at least five characters long. Answer: a The useradd command does not assign a password to newly created accounts. You will still need to use the passwd command to assign a password. You wish to print the file vacations with 60 lines to a page. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? Choose one: a. pr -l60 vacations | lpr b. pr -f vacations | lpr c. pr -m vacations | lpr d. pr -l vacations | lpr Answer: a The default page length when using pr is 66 lines. The -l option is used to specify a different length.

Linux Interview Questions And Answers Set - 5

Which file defines all users on your system? Choose one: a. /etc/passwd b. /etc/users c. /etc/password d. /etc/user.conf Answer: a The /etc/passwd file contains all the information on users who may log into your system. If a user account is not contained in this file, then the user cannot log in. Which two commands can you use to delete directories? A) rm B) rm -rf C) rmdir D) rd E) rd -rf Answer(s): B, C - You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command without any specific flags will not delete a directory, it will only delete files. Answers d and e point to a non-existent command. Which partitioning tool is available in all distributions? A) Disk Druid B) fdisk C) Partition Magic D) FAT32 E) System Commander Answer(s): B - The fdisk partitioning tool is available in all Linux distributions. Answers a, c, and e all handle partitioning, but do not come with all distributions. Disk Druid is made by Red Hat and used in its distribution along with some derivatives. Partition Magic and System Commander are tools made by third-party companies. Answer d is not a tool, but a file system type. Specifically, FAT32 is the file system type used in Windows 98. Which partitions might you create on the mail server's hard drive(s) other than the root, swap, and boot partitions? [Choose all correct answers] A) /var/spool B) /tmp C) /proc D) /bin E) /home

Answer(s): A, B, E - Separating /var/spool onto its own partition helps to ensure that if something goes wrong with the mail server or spool, the output cannot overrun the file system. Putting /tmp on its own partition prevents either software or user items in the /tmp directory from overrunning the file system. Placing /home off on its own is mostly useful for system re-installs or upgrades, allowing you to not have to wipe the /home hierarchy along with other areas. Answers c and d are not possible, as the /proc portion of the file system is virtual-held in RAMnot placed on the hard drives, and the /bin hierarchy is necessary for basic system functionality and, therefore, not one that you can place on a different partition. When planning your backup strategy you need to consider how often you will perform a backup, how much time the backup takes and what media you will use. What other factor must you consider when planning your backup strategy? _________ what to backup Choosing which files to backup is the first step in planning your backup strategy. What utility can you use to automate rotation of logs? Answer: logrotate The logrotate command can be used to automate the rotation of various logs. In order to display the last five commands you have entered using the history command, you would type ___________ . Answer: history 5 The history command displays the commands you have previously entered. By passing it an argument of 5, only the last five commands will be displayed. What command can you use to review boot messages? Answer: dmesg The dmesg command displays the system messages contained in the kernel ring buffer. By using this command immediately after booting your computer, you will see the boot messages. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux? Answer: 2 Linux can be installed on two partitions, one as / which will contain all files and a swap partition. What is the name and path of the main system log? Answer: /var/log/messages By default, the main system log is /var/log/messages. Of the following technologies, which is considered a client-side script? A) JavaScript B) Java C) ASP D) C++

Answer: A - JavaScript is the only client-side script listed. Java and C++ are complete programming languages. Active Server Pages are parsed on the server with the results being sent to the client in HTML

If you are preparing for interviews for linux admin jobs you should be familiar with below concepts..
1) Port number of different servers {cat /etc/services} 2) Linux Installation(through FTP,HTTP,NFS) 3) Boot process 4) Diff b/w ext3 and ext2 5) RAID LEVELS and Selection of raid 6) backup methods 7) Package management such as Yum server 8) Kernel Tuning 9) IPTABLES 10) TCP WRAPPERS 11) DIFFERENT RUN LEVELS 12) USER AND GROUP MANAGEMENT 13) QUOTA SETTING(user and group) 14) DIFF B/W CRON AND AT 15) BASIC SHELL SCRIPTING 16) Troubleshooting different issues. 17) Tell me why we should hire you? 18) DAILY ACTIVITES IN YOUR CURRENT COMPANY 19) RECENTLY SOLVED CRITICAL ISSUE 20) LVM (Very Imp) 21) vertias Volume manager 22) cluster basic like HAD , GAB , LLT , HEARTBEAT , CONFIG FILES , RESOURSE , SERVICE GROUPS etc 23 ) kernel panic troubleshooting 24) Process management 25)Configuration part of NFS , NIS , Samba , DHCP , DNS,Apache, Sendmail etc. 26)Remote administration experience.

Linux Interview Questions and Answers

You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files dog, cat and horse. What command should you use?

tail -15 dog cat horse The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file.
Who owns the data dictionary?

The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created.
You routinely compress old log files. You now need to examine a log from two months ago. In order to view its contents without first having to decompress it, use the _________ utility.

zcat The zcat utility allows you to examine the contents of a compressed file much the same way that cat displays a file.

You suspect that you have two commands with the same name as the command is not producing the expected results. What command can you use to determine the location of the command being run?

which

The which command searches your path until it finds a command that matches the command you are looking for and displays its full path.
You locate a command in the /bin directory but do not know what it does. What command can you use to determine its purpose.

whatis

The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the specified command.
You wish to create a link to the /data directory in bob's home directory so you issue the command ln /data /home/bob/datalink but the command fails. What option should you use in this command line to be successful.

Use the -F option

In order to create a link to a directory you must use the -F option.

When you issue the command ls -l, the first character of the resulting display represents the file's ___________.

type The first character of the permission block designates the type of file that is being displayed.
What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running processes?

__________ top

The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated.
Where is standard output usually directed?

to the screen or display

By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display.

You wish to restore the file memo.ben which was backed up in the tarfile MyBackup.tar. What command should you type?

tar xf MyBackup.tar memo.ben This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar.
You need to view the contents of the tarfile called MyBackup.tar. What command would you use?

tar tf MyBackup.tar The t switch tells tar to display the contents and the f modifier specifies which file to examine.
You want to create a compressed backup of the users' home directories. What utility should you use?

tar You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same time as creating it.
What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system?

syslogd

The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log files.
You have a file called phonenos that is almost 4,000 lines long. What text filter can you use to split it into four pieces each 1,000 lines long?

split

The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The default length of each piece is 1,000 lines.
You would like to temporarily change your command line editor to be vi. What command should you type to change it?

set -o vi

The set command is used to assign environment variables. In this case, you are instructing your shell to assign vi as your command line editor. However, once you log off and log back in you will return to the previously defined command line editor.
What account is created when you install Linux?

root Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the superuser account also known as root.
What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each user's defined quotas?

repquota The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount of used space.

Linux Interview Questions and Answers

In order to run fsck on the root partition, the root partition must be mounted as

readonly You cannot run fsck on a partition that is mounted as read-write.

In order to improve your system's security you decide to implement shadow passwords. What command should you use?

pwconv

The pwconv command creates the file /etc/shadow and changes all passwords to 'x' in the /etc/passwd file.
Bob Armstrong, who has a username of boba, calls to tell you he forgot his password. What command should you use to reset his command?

passwd boba The passwd command is used to change your password. If you do not specify a username, your password will be changed.
The top utility can be used to change the priority of a running process? Another utility that can also be used to change priority is ___________?

nice Both the top and nice utilities provide the capability to change the priority of a running process.
What command should you type to see all the files with an extension of 'mem' listed in reverse alphabetical order in the /home/ben/memos directory.

ls -r /home/ben/memos/*.mem

The -c option used with ls results in the files being listed in chronological order. You can use wildcards with the ls command to specify a pattern of filenames.
What file defines the levels of messages written to system log files?

kernel.h

To determine the various levels of messages that are defined on your system, examine the kernel.h file.
What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group?

gpasswd -r The gpasswd command is used to change the password assigned to a group. Use the -r option to remove the password from the group.
What command would you type to use the cpio to create a backup called backup.cpio of all the users' home directories?

find /home | cpio -o > backup.cpio The find command is used to create a list of the files and directories contained in home. This list is then piped to the cpio utility as a list of files to include and the output is saved to a file called backup.cpio.
What can you type at a command line to determine which shell you are using?

echo $SHELL

The name and path to the shell you are using is saved to the SHELL environment variable. You can then use the echo command to print out the value of any variable by preceding the variable's name with $. Therefore, typing echo $SHELL will display the name of your shell.
What type of local file server can you use to provide the distribution installation materials to the new machine during a network installation?

A) Inetd B) FSSTND C) DNS D) NNTP E) NFS E - You can use an NFS server to provide the distribution installation materials

to the machine on which you are performing the installation. Answers a, b, c, and d are all valid items but none of them are file servers. Inetd is the superdaemon which controls all intermittently used network services. The FSSTND is the Linux File System Standard. DNS provides domain name resolution, and NNTP is the transfer protocol for usenet news.
If you type the command cat dog & > cat what would you see on your display? Choose one:

a. Any error messages only. b. The contents of the file dog. c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages. d. Nothing as all output is saved to the file cat. d

When you use & > for redirection, it redirects both the standard output and standard error. The output would be saved to the file cat.
You are covering for another system administrator and one of the users asks you to restore a file for him. You locate the correct tarfile by checking the backup log but do not know how the directory structure was stored. What command can you use to determine this?

Choose one: a. tar fx tarfile dirname b. tar tvf tarfile filename c. tar ctf tarfile d. tar tvf tarfile d The t switch will list the files contained in the tarfile. Using the v modifier will display the stored directory structure.
You have the /var directory on its own partition. You have run out of space. What should you do? Choose one:

a. Reconfigure your system to not write to the log files. b. Use fips to enlarge the partition. c. Delete all the log files. d. Delete the partition and recreate it with a larger size. d The only way to enlarge a partition is to delete it and recreate it. You will then have to restore the necessary files from backup.
You have a new application on a CD-ROM that you wish to install. What should your first step be?

Choose one: a. Read the installation instructions on the CD-ROM. b. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-write. c. Use the umount command to access your CD-ROM. d. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-only. d

Before you can read any of the files contained on the CD-ROM, you must first mount the CD-ROM.

When you create a new partition, you need to designate its size by defining the starting and ending _____________.

cylinders When creating a new partition you must first specify its starting cylinder. You can then either specify its size or the ending cylinder.
What key combination can you press to suspend a running job and place it in the background?

ctrl-z Using ctrl-z will suspend a job and put it in the background.
The easiest, most basic form of backing up a file is to _____ it to another location.

copy

The easiest most basic form of backing up a file is to make a copy of that file to another location such as a floppy disk.
What type of server is used to remotely assign IP addresses to machines during the installation process?

A) SMB B) NFS C) DHCP D) FT E) HTTP

C - You can use a DHCP server to assign IP addresses to individual machines during the installation process. Answers a, b, d, and e list legitimate Linux servers, but these servers do not provide IP addresses. The SMB, or Samba, tool is used for file and print sharing across multi-OS networks. An NFS server is for file sharing across Linux net-works. FTP is a file storage server that allows people to browse and retrieve information by logging in to it, and HTTP is for the Web.
Which password package should you install to ensure that the central password file couldn't be stolen easily?

A) PAM B) tcp_wrappers C) shadow D) securepass E) ssh C - The shadow password package moves the central password file to a more secure location. Answers a, b, and e all point to valid packages, but none of these places the password file in a more secure location. Answer d points to an invalid package.
When using useradd to create a new user account, which of the following tasks is not done automatically.

Choose one: a. Assign a UID. b. Assign a default shell. c. Create the user's home directory. d. Define the user's home directory.

c The useradd command will use the system default for the user's home directory. The home directory is not created, however, unless you use the -m option.
You want to enter a series of commands from the command-line. What would be the quickest way to do this?

Choose One a. Press enter after entering each command and its arguments b. Put them in a script and execute the script c. Separate each command with a semi-colon (;) and press enter after the last command d. Separate each command with a / and press enter after the last command c

The semi-colon may be used to tell the shell that you are entering multiple commands that should be executed serially. If these were commands that you would frequently want to run, then a script might be more efficient. However, to run these commands only once, enter the commands directly at the command line.
You attempt to use shadow passwords but are unsuccessful. What characteristic of the /etc/passwd file may cause this?

Choose one: a. The login command is missing. b. The username is too long. c. The password field is blank. d. The password field is prefaced by an asterisk. c The password field must not be blank before converting to shadow passwords.
When you install a new application, documentation on that application is also usually installed. Where would you look for the documentation after installing an application called MyApp?

Choose one: a. /usr/MyApp b. /lib/doc/MyApp c. /usr/doc/MyApp d. In the same directory where the application is installed. c The default location for application documentation is in a directory named for the application in the /usr/doc directory.
What file would you edit in your home directory to change which window manager you want to use?

A) Xinit B) .xinitrc C) XF86Setup D) xstart E) xf86init

Answer: B - The ~/.xinitrc file allows you to set which window man-ager you want to use when logging in to X from that account. Answers a, d, and e are all invalid files. Answer c is the main X server configuration file.
What command allows you to set a processor-intensive job to use less CPU time?

A) ps B) nice C) chps D) less E) more

Answer: B - The nice command is used to change a job's priority level, so that it runs slower or faster. Answers a, d, and e are valid commands but are not used to change process information. Answer c is an invalid command.
While logged on as a regular user, your boss calls up and wants you to create a new user account immediately. How can you do this without first having to close your work, log off and logon as root?

Choose one: a. Issue the command rootlog. b. Issue the command su and type exit when finished. c. Issue the command su and type logoff when finished. d. Issue the command logon root and type exit when finished.

Answer: b You can use the su command to imitate any user including root. You will be prompted for the password for the root account. Once you have provided it you are logged in as root and can do any administrative duties.
There are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file. Which of the following lists all the fields in the correct order?

Choose one: a. username, UID, GID, home directory, command, comment b. username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command c. UID, username, GID, home directory, comment, command d. username, UID, group name, GID, home directory, comment Answer: b The seven fields required for each line in the /etc/passwd file are username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command. Each of these fields must be separated by a colon even if they are empty.
Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories?

Choose one: a. ls -c home b. ls -aR /home/username c. ls -aF /home/username d. ls -l /home/username

Answer: b The ls command is used to display a listing of files. The -a option will cause hidden files to be displayed as well. The -R option causes ls to recurse down the directory tree. All of this starts at your home directory.

In order to prevent a user from logging in, you can add a(n) ________at the beginning of the password field.

Answer: asterick If you add an asterick at the beginning of the password field in the /etc/passwd file, that user will not be able to log in.
You have a directory called /home/ben/memos and want to move it to /home/bob/memos so you issue the command mv /home/ben/memos /home/bob. What is the results of this action?

Choose one: a. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos/memos. b. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos. c. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/. d. The command fails since a directory called memos already exists in the target directory. Answer: a When using the mv command to move a directory, if a directory of the same name exists then a subdirectory is created for the files to be moved.
Which of the following tasks is not necessary when creating a new user by editing the /etc/passwd file?

Choose one: a. Create a link from the user's home directory to the shell the user will use. b. Create the user's home directory c. Use the passwd command to assign a password to the account. d. Add the user to the specified group. Answer: a There is no need to link the user's home directory to the shell command. Rather, the specified shell must be present on your system.
You issue the following command useradd -m bobm But the user cannot logon. What is the problem?

Choose one: a. You need to assign a password to bobm's account using the passwd command. b. You need to create bobm's home directory and set the appropriate permissions. c. You need to edit the /etc/passwd file and assign a shell for bobm's account. d. The username must be at least five characters long. Answer: a The useradd command does not assign a password to newly created accounts. You will still need to use the passwd command to assign a password.
You wish to print the file vacations with 60 lines to a page. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? Choose one:

a. pr -l60 vacations | lpr b. pr -f vacations | lpr

c. pr -m vacations | lpr d. pr -l vacations | lpr Answer: a The default page length when using pr is 66 lines. The -l option is used to specify a different length.
Which file defines all users on your system?

Choose one: a. /etc/passwd b. /etc/users c. /etc/password d. /etc/user.conf

Answer: a The /etc/passwd file contains all the information on users who may log into your system. If a user account is not contained in this file, then the user cannot log in.
Which two commands can you use to delete directories?

A) rm B) rm -rf C) rmdir D) rd E) rd -rf Answer(s): B, C - You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command without any specific flags will not delete a directory, it will only delete files. Answers d and e point to a non-existent command.
Which partitioning tool is available in all distributions?

A) Disk Druid B) fdisk C) Partition Magic D) FAT32 E) System Commander

Answer(s): B - The fdisk partitioning tool is available in all Linux distributions. Answers a, c, and e all handle partitioning, but do not come with all distributions. Disk Druid is made by Red Hat and used in its distribution along with some derivatives. Partition Magic and System Commander are tools made by third-party companies. Answer d is not a tool, but a file system type. Specifically, FAT32 is the file system type used in Windows 98.
Which partitions might you create on the mail server's hard drive(s) other than the root, swap, and boot partitions?

[Choose all correct answers] A) /var/spool B) /tmp C) /proc D) /bin E) /home

Answer(s): A, B, E - Separating /var/spool onto its own partition helps to ensure that if something goes wrong with the mail server or spool, the output cannot overrun the file system. Putting /tmp on its own partition prevents

either software or user items in the /tmp directory from overrunning the file system. Placing /home off on its own is mostly useful for system re-installs or upgrades, allowing you to not have to wipe the /home hierarchy along with other areas. Answers c and d are not possible, as the /proc portion of the file system is virtual-held in RAM-not placed on the hard drives, and the /bin hierarchy is necessary for basic system functionality and, therefore, not one that you can place on a different partition.
When planning your backup strategy you need to consider how often you will perform a backup, how much time the backup takes and what media you will use. What other factor must you consider when planning your backup strategy? _________

what to backup Choosing which files to backup is the first step in planning your backup strategy.
What utility can you use to automate rotation of logs?

Answer: logrotate The logrotate command can be used to automate the rotation of various logs.
In order to display the last five commands you have entered using the history command, you would type ___________ .

Answer: history 5 The history command displays the commands you have previously entered. By passing it an argument of 5, only the last five commands will be displayed.
What command can you use to review boot messages?

Answer: dmesg The dmesg command displays the system messages contained in the kernel ring buffer. By using this command immediately after booting your computer, you will see the boot messages.
What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux?

Answer: 2 Linux can be installed on two partitions, one as / which will contain all files and a swap partition.
What is the name and path of the main system log?

Answer: /var/log/messages By default, the main system log is /var/log/messages.

Of the following technologies, which is considered a client-side script?

A) JavaScript B) Java C) ASP D) C++

Answer: A - JavaScript is the only client-side script listed. Java and C++ are complete programming languages. Active Server Pages are parsed on the server with the results being sent to the client in HTML

when you create a user in linux , the default settings comes from ------------1) /etc/skel.

2)name the DNS records

2) Mx records.

3)What is the difference between hard links and soft links

3) Hard links for files only and soft links are for both directoris and files.

4)what is the difference between name base and ip base virtual hosting
4) in ip base you are running more than one web site on the same server machine,and in name base you have to put more than one DNS record for your IP address in the DNS.

5)where are the kernel parameters stored in linux

5) in /boot.

6) you want to deploy linux on identical machines , which method you will use
Unattendend Installation Method With the help of PXE Server & NFS server.

7)Name of the file which describe the kickstart installation

Anaconda ks.cfg

8) How you give another Ip address on the same NIC (network card)
copy a file in /etc/sysconfig/network-script/ifcfg-eth0 to ifcfg-eth0:1 .

9)you defined samba shares and you want these shares to be available on network , you don't want to restart samba server which command you will use ??

Service SMB restart

10)you want to monitor systems on your network ,what utility you will use TOP and ps 11) you want to backup a test.bak file on 11 PM every Sunday what you will do? Edit the cron tab entry 12) can you define the linux boot process
1. BIOS: The Basic Input/Output System is the lowest level interface between the computer and peripherals. The BIOS performs integrity checks on memory and seeks instructions on the Master Boor Record (MBR) on the floppy drive or hard drive. 2. The MBR points to the boot loader (GRUB or LILO: Linux boot loader). 3. Boot loader (GRUB or LILO) will then ask for the OS label which will identify which kernel to run and where it is located (hard drive and partition specified). The installation process requires to creation/identification of partitions and where to install the OS. GRUB/LILO are also configured during this process. The boot loader then loads the Linux operating system. 4. The first thing the kernel does is to execute init program. Init is the root/parent of all processes executing on Linux. 5. The first processes that init starts is a script /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit 6. Based on the appropriate run-level, scripts are executed to start various processes to run the system and make it functional Boot process takes place in 4 scenes with 4 main characters.

Scene 1 when the computer is switched on,it automatically invokes BIOS[a ROM chip embedded in the motherboard].The BIOS will start the processor and perform a

POST[power on self test] to check whether the connected device are ready to use and are working properly. Once the POST is completes BIOS will jump to a specified location in the RAM and check for the booting device.The boot sector is always the first sector of the hard disk and BIOS will load the MBR into the memory.

Scene 2 Here the boot loader takes the control of the booting process.LILO or GRUB are the boot loaders commonly available. It will help the user to select various boot options.Depending on the boot option selected the kernel is loaded.

scene 3

After kernel is loaded the kernel will take the control of the booting process and it will initialize all the hardwares including I/O processors etc.kernel then creates a root device and mounts the partitions.

Scene 4 INIT is loaded.

13)what is initrd
initrd image is the initial ram disk image While the system getting booted the kernel image will get loaded into the main memory.

14)can you name of the actual kernel in linux

vmlinuxz.

15) how you get the kernel version

uname -r .

16)how you change run levels in linux

/etc/inittab 17) you want /dev/hda10 mounted whenever your system boots what you will do
put the entry in fstab with proper drivers and mount point(/dev/hda10 point ext2/3 defaults 0 0). mount

18) you want bind to be run at boot time ,which command you will use
chkconfig.

19)which utility will give you information about running process at run time
top command and ps -el.

20) you want to know if nfs package is installed on your system

rpm -qa nfs and you can check export file in /etc.

21) what is the difference between rpm , yum and RHEN

rpm required dependency software and yum can install automatically with dependancy

22) what is a proc directory

/proc directory are not real files--they are hooks to look at information available to the kernel.

23) what is the difference between current directory and home directory
home directory is one over which user have complete controland it is its default working directory when its logs in.while the current directory is the users current directorywhich may or may not be his home directory.

24)what is exit status in linux

You can use $? to find out the exit status of command($ echo $?).

25)you have a dual boot system with windows XP and

Fedora Linux , you want to access windows partition which is on fat32 file system , what you will do ??

1.
Differences between TCP and UDP TCP 1)TCP -Transmission control protocol 2)TCP is a connection oriented protocol. 3)Three way handshake happens between client and server. 4)TCP is a reliable data transfer 5)slow transmission of data compare to UDP. 6)TCP is used to send file like database,where reliability play the first role UDP 1)UDP -User Datagram protocol 2)UDP is connectionless protocol 3)NO 3 way handshake 4)NOt a reliable data transer 5)Faster than TCP 6)used to send data like video,audio

1. DNS (Domian name server ) DNS resolves hostname to IP address (forward lookup), resolves IP address to hostname (reverse lookup), it allows machines to logically grouped by name domain, provides email routing. DNS port: 53 dameon: named

What utility can you use to automate rotation of logs? Logrotate

Any user who is listed in the /etc/shutdown.allow file will be able to run the shutdown command without being root.
As the system administrator you have created a directory containing some scripts that you have written. You want to have all your users to be able to run this scripts. Which file should you edit to ensure that the scripts will run without your users having to type the complete path to the script?

Choose one:

a. ~/.profile b. /etc/profile c. /etc/bash d. ~/.bash

b. /etc/profile

What are the files to be used in the network installation of linux os?
/etc/sysconfig/network,/etc/resolv.conf,/etc/hosts

: What is the command to see the installed rpm's in the linux system.
you can view the installed rpm in your linux box by :

rpm -qa | grep rpm name

Please explain the file structure of linux?
root - The home directory for the root user home - Contains the user's home directories along with directories for services ftp HTTP samba george bin - Commands needed during bootup that might be needed by normal users sbin - Like bin but commands are not intended for normal users. Commands run by LINUX. proc - This filesystem is not on a disk. It is a virtual filesystem that exists in the kernels imagination which is memory. 1 - A directory with info about process number 1. Each process has a directory below proc. usr - Contains all commands, libraries, man pages, games and static files for normal operation. bin - Almost all user commands. some commands are in /bin or /usr/local/bin. sbin - System admin commands not needed on the root filesystem. e.g., most server programs. include - Header files for the C programming language. Should be below /user/lib for consistency. lib - Unchanging data files for programs and subsystems local - The place for locally installed software and other files. man - Manual pages info - Info documents doc - Documentation tmp X11R6 - The X windows system files. There is a directory

similar to usr below this directory. X386 - Like X11R6 but for X11 release 5 boot - Files used by the bootstrap loader, LILO. Kernel images are often kept here. lib - Shared libraries needed by the programs on the root filesystem modules - Loadable kernel modules, especially those needed to boot the system after disasters. dev - Device files etc - Configuration files specific to the machine. skel - When a home directory is created it is initialized with files from this directory sysconfig - Files that configure the linux system for devices. var - Contains files that change for mail, news, printers log files, man pages, temp files file lib - Files that change while the system is running normally local - Variable data for programs installed in /usr/local. lock - Lock files. Used by a program to indicate it is using a particular device or file log - Log files from programs such as login and syslog which logs all logins and logouts. run - Files that contain information about the system that is valid until the system is next booted spool - Directories for mail, printer spools, news and other spooled work. tmp - Temporary files that are large or need to exist for longer than they should in /tmp. catman - A cache for man pages that are formatted on demand mnt - Mount points for temporary mounts by the system administrator. tmp - Temporary files. Programs running after bootup should use /var/tmp. The Linux system contains thousand of files located within many directories. All directories are organized in a tree-structure like manner. * The 'trunk' of the tree is the root directory. * The root directory is simply identified as a "/". * All other directories 'branch' off from the trunk. The following lists the most common directories and their intended contents. * / - root directory * /home - where directories are contained for each user, example: * /usr - pronounced 'user' and contains Linux commands and utilities o /bin - binary executable programs o /lib - program libraries, similar to Windows 'dll' files o /sbin - more executable programs and Linux utilities for administrative purposes o /doc - documentation o /src - source code to programs * /tmp - temporary work files

* /etc - configuration files o /rc.d - scripts used during boot and shutdown process o /sysconfig - default configuration files o /sysconfig/network-scripts - network scripts o /sysconfig/daemons - special programs that run in background, such as print spooling * /bin - binary executable programs that all users need * /dev - device files that control drives, terminals and any equipment attached to the server * /var - user specific files o /log - log files containing system usage and errors o /spool - where spooled files are stored during print spooling process o /mail - where Email files are stored until retrieved by client Email program * /proc - system files * /root - root's home directory * /opt - other options * /sbin - more executable programs and utilities

What is Kernel? Explain the task it performs.

Answer Kernel is used in UNIX like systems and is considered to be the heart of the operating system. It is responsible for communication between hardware and software components. It is primarily used for managing the systems resources as well. Kernel Activities:

The Kernel task manager allows tasks to run concurrently. Managing the computer resources: Kernel allows the other programs to run and use the resources. Resources include i/o devices, CPU, memory. Kernel is responsible for Process management. It allows multiple processes to run simultaneously allowing user to multitask. Kernel has an access to the systems memory and allows the processes to access the memory when required. Processes may also need to access the devices attached to the system. Kernel assists the processes in doing so. For the processes to access and make use of these services, system calls are used.

Linux - What does nslookup do? Explain its two modes - August 21, 2008 at 22:00 pm by Rajmeet Ghai

What does nslookup do? Explain its two modes.

Answer Nslookup is used to find details related to a Domain name server. Details like IP addresses of a machine, MX records, servers etc. It sends a domain name query packet to the corresponding DNS. Nslookup has two modes. Interactive and non interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to interact by querying information about different hosts and domains. Non interactive mode is used to fetch information about the specified host or domain. Interactive mode: Nslookup [options] [server]

What is Linux and why is it so popular?

Answer Linux is an operating system that uses UNIX like Operating system. However, unlike UNIX, Linux is an open source and free software. Linux was originally created by Linus Torvalds and commonly used in servers. Popularity of Linux is because of the following reasons

It is free and open source. We can download Linux for free and customize it as per our needs. It is very robust and adaptable. Immense amount of libraries and utilities

What is 'inode'?
Each file in UNIX has a unique number called as an inode. Using this number the file information like user, group, ownership and access mode information can be found. A files inode number can be found using the following command: Ls i If the inode number is known, the following command can be used to get details of the file: Ls l

What is use of sed command?

Sed command in UNIX is commonly used for processing of files. Sed stands for Stream Editor which parses text files and used for making textual transformations to a file. The command specified to Sed, is applied on the file line by line. Example: To replace all matching occurrences of some text to another. sed -e 's/olddata/newdata/g' inputFileName > outputFileName Here, g is global which replaces ALL occurrences.

What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5? Answer: Difference between RHEL 4 and RHEL 5 : 1) In RHEL 4 SELinux Block only 13 services, But on RHEL 5 SElinux Block 80 services. 2) RHEL 4 have ext2 filesystem, but RHEL 5 we have ext3 filesystem that support Journal. 3) RHEL 4 have no virtualization Feature, but in RHEL 5 we have virtualization with Hypervisor-V. 4) In RHEL 4 we have no Yum, But in RHEL 5 we have Yum available. Any many more....... need more time to describe it (or) rhel4 no yum server selinux secure no cdkey rhel5 yum server Advanced selinux more secure cd key

--mim 256 mb ram ---

virtualization 512 ram better support for Red Hat Directory Ext4 (on latest version)

What is the difference between Telnet and SSH? Answer: SSH using PORT 22 and telnet using Port 23 ssh is a secured shell, where telnet is not a secured one.when you ssh to trasnfer data between a system, the data will be send in the encrypted form, where the hacker cannot encode or decode it. While you telnet,the data send between the system is alphabetical format(ASCII), where every one can understand. More over as per network security, telnet and ftp are prohibited. Always, trust SSL based data transfer. How to recover a deleted file in linux ? Answer: Determine the partition in which the file you wish to recover was located by using the command pwd (present work directory) and unmount the current directory by using the command umount. Use the "debugfs" command. The "debugfs" command is used to handle most major errors and bugs that can occur in Linux by using #debugfs /usr/directory name.Use the "lsdel" once you have begun the debug of the file system. Recover those files you wish to undelete and take backup of that file. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux? Answer: Well in my opinion is case if minimum nukber of partition is asked then better answer would be / /boot /swap 1)How do you find out whats your shell? - echo $SHELL 2)Whats the command to find out todays date? - date 3)How do you find out the current directory youre in? - pwd 4)How do you find out your own username? - whoami/who am i 5)How do you send a mail message to somebody? - mail surendra.anne@gmail.com -s Your subject -c test@gmail.com 6)Whats the command to find out users on the system? - who/users 7)How do you remove a file? - rm 8)How do you remove a - rm -rf 9)How do you count words, lines and characters in a file? - wc 10)How do you search for a string inside a given file? - grep string filename 11)How do you search for a string inside a directory? - grep string *

12)How do you search for a string in a directory with the subdirectories recursed? - grep -r string * 13)What are PIDs? - They are process IDs given to processes. A PID can vary from 0 to 65535. 14)How do you list currently running process? - ps 15)How do you stop a process? - kill pid 16)How do you find out about all running processes? - ps -ag 17)How do you stop all the processes, except the shell window? - kill 0 18)How do you fire a process in the background? - ./process-name & 19)How do you refer to the arguments passed to a shell script? - $1, $2 and so on. $0 is your script name. 20)Whats the conditional statement in shell scripting? - if {condition} then fi 21)How do you do number comparison in shell scripts? - -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, -ge 22)How do you test for file properties in shell scripts? - -s filename tells you if the file is not empty, -f filename tells you whether the argument is a file, and not a directory, -d filename tests if the argument is a directory, and not a file, -w filename tests for writeability, -r filename tests for readability, -x filename tests for excitability 23)How do you do Boolean logic operators in shell scripting? - ! tests for logical not, -a tests for logical and, and -o tests for logical or. 24)How do you find out the number of arguments passed to the shell script? $# 25)Whats a way to do multilevel if-elses in shell scripting? - if {condition} then {statement} elif {condition} {statement} fi 26)How do you write a for loop in shell? - for {variable name} in {list} do {statement} done 27)How do you write a while loop in shell? - while {condition} do {statement} done 28)How does a case statement look in shell scripts? - case {variable} in {possible-value-1}) {statement};; {possible-value-2}) {statement};; esac 29)How do you read keyboard input in shell scripts? - read {variable-name} 30)How do you define a function in a shell script? - function-name() { #some code here return } 31)How does getopts command work? - The parameters to your script can be passed as -n 15 -x 20.Inside the script, you can iterate through the getopts array as while getopts n:x option, and the variable $option contains the value of the entered option.
1)What is the difference between TFTP and FTP servers? A)Both are file transfer servers but slight difference is TFTP server uses UDP protocol and FTP uses TCP protocol. TFTP is good for slow connection paths.

2)What is the port no for FTP? A)20 for Data and 21 for Control(normally when an interviewer ask's ftp port number just say 21.

3)What is the port no for TFTP? A)69.

4) How to restrict users to their home directories? A)By setting up "chroot_local_user=YES".

5)How to restrict total number of users accessing FTP server? A1) If Vsftpd is running under xinted service, then you can use xineted to get perservice per IP connection limits or A2) If you run vsftpd in "standalone" mode with the "setting listen=YES", then you can investigate the setting (e.g.) : "max_clients=10"

6)I want to copy multiple files with out prompting for any info, how can I do that one? A)Simply do "ftp -i ftpserver" this command will suppress any info displayed on ftp server. or you can just type prompt ftp prompt to suppress info messages have a look here.

7) Some times Local users cannot log in. How to resolve this issue? A) Check "local_enable=YES" in your /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd. conf to allow local users to log in.

8) How do we integrate with LDAP( Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ) users and login? A) Use vsftpd's( Very Secure FTPD) PAM(Pluggable Authentication Modules) integration to do this, and have PAM authenticate against an LDAP repository.

9) Can we host different ftp sites on single machine, I mean virtual hosting concept like Apache? A1) Yes. If you integrate vsftpd with xinetd, you can use xinetd to bind to several different IP addresses. For each IP address, get xinetd to launch vsftpd with a different config file. This way, you can get different behavior per virtual address. A2) Alternatively, run as many copies as vsftpd as necessary, in standalone mode. Use "listen_address=x.x.x.x" to set the virtual IP.

10) How to restrict different users with different permissions in vsftpd A) By setting up "user_config_dir" entry in "vsftpd.conf".

11)How to change vsftpd default port? A)By setting "listen_port" option in "vsftpd.conf".

12) Vsftpd is reporting times as GMT times and not local times!. How to resolve this? A) This behavior can be changed with the setting "use_localtime=YES".

13) How to disable certain FTP commands? A) There are some individual settings (e.g. dirlist_enable) or you can specify a complete set of allowed commands with "cmds_allowed".

14) How does vsftpd support per-IP limits? A1) If you are running vsftpd standalone, there is a "max_per_ip" setting. A2) Yes. If you are running vsftpd via xinetd, there is an xinetd config variable "per_source".

15) How Does vsftpd can do bandwidth limiting? A) settings such as "anon_max_rate" and "local_max_rate" can be used to set this limits.

16) How to restrict some IP's not use my FTP server? A1) vsftpd can integrate with tcp_wrappers (if built with this support). It is enabled with the setting "tcp_wrappers=YES".

17) Does vsftpd support IPv6? A) Yes, as of "version 1.2.0".

18) Help! I'm getting messages along the lines of "500 OOPS: vsf_sysutil_bind" when trying to do downloads (particularly lots of small files). A) "vsftpd-1.2.1" should sort this out.

19) Can we use vsftpd to hiding or denying certain files? A) Yes. Look at the hide_file and deny_file options.

20)How you can check if there is any syntax error in vsftpd.conf file? A)Just type vsftpd with out quoats.
A common misconception: the place/protocol you use to fetch your email is the same place/protocol that you use to send your email: - sending email uses SMTP - reading email uses POP3 or IMAP - they can be completely separate machines http://wiki.mutt.org/?MailConcept Q: T/F, unlike POP3, SMTP can be used to both send and receive email. Q: T/F, unlike SMTP, POP3 can be used to both receive and send email. - may be completely different servers - though note POP-before-SMTP (SMTP-after-POP) requires coupling: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2476 (section 3.3) "Requiring a POP [POP3] authentication (from the same IP address) within some amount of time (for example, 20 minutes) prior to the start of a message submission session has also been used, but this does impose restrictions on clients as well as servers which may cause difficulties. Specifically, the client must do a POP authentication before an SMTP submission session, and not all clients are capable and configured for this. Also, the MSA must coordinate with the POP server, which may be difficult. There is also a window

to

during which an unauthorized user can submit messages and appear be a prior authorized user."

Q: Describe briefly how POP-before-SMTP works to authenticate an SMTP session. MUA - Mail User Agent (email client) - the user's interface to the protocols - "presentation layer" - usually gives access to functionality of both MTA and MRA/MAA - but may not itself implement any protocols (may read/write file system) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_user_agent "An e-mail client, also called a Mail User Agent (MUA), is a computer program that is used to read and send e-mail. Originally, the MUA was intended to be a simple program to read the user's mail messages, which the mail delivery agent (MDA) in conjunction with the mail transfer agent (MTA) would transfer into a local mailbox. The most important mailbox formats are mbox and Maildir. These rather simple protocols for locally storing e-mails make import, export and backup of mailfolders quite easy. E-mails to be sent would be handed over to the MTA, perhaps via a mail submission agent [MSA], therefore an MUA would not have to provide any transport-related functions. *Since the various Microsoft Windows versions intended for home use never *provided an MTA, most modern MUAs have to support protocols like POP3 *and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) to communicate with a remote *MTA located at the e-mail providers machine." - user agents (MUAs) are user-visible email clients of all descriptions - e.g. mutt, "mail", "Mail", "mailx", pine, elm - e.g. KMail, Eudora, MS Outlook - e.g. web-browser email (Netscape Messenger,Mozilla,Thunderbird) - e.g. webmail, Horde, SqurrelMail http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mail_servers#POP.2FIMAP Q: Briefly describe the function of a mail system MUA. MSA - Mail Submission Agent http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2476 "acts as a submission server to accept messages from MUAs, and either delivers them or acts as an SMTP client to relay them to an MTA." - enforce policy (no open relay)

- enforce standards (no forged headers, etc.) - enforce filtering (SpamAssassin, etc.) - may modify messages (section 8 of RFC) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mail_servers#Mail_filtering Q: Briefly describe the function of a mail system MSA. MTA - Mail Transfer "A process which server to accept messages them or acts as an SMTP Agent (mail server, mail exchange server) conforms to [SMTP-MTA], which acts as an SMTP from an MSA or another MTA, and either delivers client to relay them to another MTA."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent "It receives messages from another MTA (relaying), a mail submission agent (MSA) that itself got the mail from a mail user agent (MUA), or directly from an MUA, thus acting as an MSA itself. The MTA works behind the scenes, while the user usually interacts with the MUA. The delivery of e-mail to a user's mailbox typically takes place via a mail delivery agent (MDA); many MTAs have basic MDA functionality built in, but a dedicated MDA like procmail can provide more sophistication." transfers email between machines (other MTAs) via SMTP Internet-facing, open ports: security issues sendmail, postfix, qmail, exim may have MDA ability to transfer email to user's mailbox http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mail_servers#SMTP Q: Briefly describe the function of a mail system MTA. MDA - Mail Delivery Agent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_delivery_agent "A Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) is software that accepts incoming email messages and distributes them to recipients' individual mailboxes (if the destination account is on the local machine), or forwards back to an SMTP server (if the destination is on a remote server). A mail delivery agent is not necessarily a mail transfer agent (MTA), although on many systems the two functions are implemented by the same program." - Unix/Linux: /bin/mail, procmail Q: Briefly describe the function of a mail system MDA. MRA/MAA - Mail Retrieval Agent / Mail Access Agent http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1939 - POP3 port 110 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501 - IMAP-V4-R1 port 143 - often built-in to mail clients (MUAs) - can be stand-alone - e.g. fetchmail gets the mail; MUA reads mail from file system Q: Briefly describe the function of a mail system MRA/MAA. Mail server comparison

---------------------http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mail_servers - see comparison near bottom - PUSH protocols - sending email: MTA - SMTP - PULL protocols - reading email: MRA/MAA - POP3, IMAP MDAs write local mailboxes; they may not implement Internet protocols (unless they have to forward off-machine without benfit of an MTA). Single-user PCs often don't run separate MTA or MRA/MAA programs. Your chose of mail reader (e.g. Pine, Elm, Outlook) itself PULLs your incoming email from a remote server (acting as an MRA/MAA) and then PUSHes your outgoing email to the remote server (acting as an MTA). Q: What is the difference between a PUSH protocol and a PULL protocol? Q: T/F, SMTP is a PUSH protocol. Q: T/F, POP3 is a PUSH protocol. Q: T/F, HTTP is a PUSH protocol. A History of MTAs ----------------I. Incoming - delivering your incoming email via SMTP: * Sending email into Unix/Linux machines: Unix/Linux was traditionally multi-user and ran its own MTA (e.g. sendmail) that accepted incoming SMTP connections. Remote systems could use SMTP to drop off your email with your local MTA (sendmail), and the MTA would hand the email to an MDA (/bin/mail, procmail) to put it in your mailbox in the local file system. Your MUA (e.g. /usr/ucb/Mail) would read the mail from your inbox (no need for POP3 or IMAP in any MUA). There are a few different conventions for inbox formats so that many different MUAs can read your email, all without knowing POP or IMAP. - sendmail (running as root!) has had many security patches - the first Morris Internet worm (Nov 1988) used sendmail security holes - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_worm Q: Why don't many Unix MUAs need to know how to run POP or IMAP? Current single-user Unix/Linux PCs often have a local-only MTA that handles the sending and delivery of local on-machine email but doesn't accept SMTP from off-site. (Best to keep ports closed on Internet-facing machines!) On recent single-user Unix/Linux workstations, the MUAs mimic their Windows counterparts and include MRA/MAA features. Your chosen MUA (e.g. Elm, Pine, Mutt) is responsible for fetching your email via POP3 or IMAP (this is an MRA/MAA function); or, you use an intermediate MRA/MAA program such as "fetchmail" and your MUA reads the mail out of the local file system after the MRA/MAA has put it there.

- no Internet-facing MTA means fewer open ports and fewer attacks - don't run an Internet-facing MTA if you don't need it * Sending email into MS Windows machines (or not): Windows had (has?) no MTA - you can't send an email to a Windows PC using SMTP. Your personal Windows MUA has to fetch the email itself via POP3 or IMAP and keep a copy in the local file system. - no open ports for incoming email; no open mail port security issues * Note that MUAs that implement POP/IMAP typically store the email in the local file system in a format that only that MUA can handle. (Thunderbird can't use an Outlook mail folder, and vice-versa.) The concept of a common inbox format usable by different MUAs was lost. Q: T/F, the standards for inbox formats developed under Unix were adopted by MUAs on PCs, so that different MUAs can read the same inbox. II. Outgoing - sending your outgoing email via SMTP: * Unix/Linux machines have traditionally each had their own MTA (sendmail) that could directly deliver email on the Internet using MX record lookup. Every local Unix MUA would put email into a directory where the MTA (sendmail) would eventually pick it up and transfer it, retrying as necessary. No MUA needed to know how to do SMTP; only the MTA did that. You could optionally tell your machine's MTA not to send mail directly to its destination via SMTP over the Internet, but to use a remote "smart" MTA that could accept your outgoing email and figure out how to deliver it. (You have to use such a "smart" host here at Algonquin; since, you cannot connect to any off-campus SMTP servers.) The MTA on your machine would use SMTP to drop off the queued mail at the smart host, and the smart host would do the MX record lookup and final SMTP delivery. Since the local Unix MTAs were separately scheduled programs, you could queue email from a MUA into the file system even when your machine was not connected to the Internet. The MUA or local MTA would queue up your email in the file system until your MTA was finally able to make a connection to deliver it off-machine. (In the days of modems, the Internet connection was often made late at night when rates were lower.) Q: Why don't most Unix MUAs need to know SMTP?

Current single-user Unix/Linux PCs now have MUAs that mimic their Windows counterparts - the MUAs ignore the file system and the local MTA and expect you to give the name of a remote "smart" MTA to which all email will be sent via SMTP for actual delivery. The Algonquin Linux lab has both types of mail systems: Commandline email (e.g. the "mail" command) queues up mail for the local MTA (sendmail) to send. (This is currently broken.) GUI MTAs (e.g. Thunderbird, Mozilla) ignore the local file system and the local MTA and use a "smart" remote MTA (e.g. outmail.algonquincollege.com) to deliver the mail. (This supposedly still works.) * MS Windows has no local MTA - no program exists whose job it is just to deliver queued email. Each MUA has to know how to do its own SMTP connection and each MUA has to be configured (separately!) with the address of a smart MTA to which it connects. MUAs on Windows machines all contain networking code to drop off email at some "smart" MTA that does the actual delivery. There is no local MTA queue and much duplication of SMTP code in all the MUAs. On Windows, it is up to each message being composed can't remote smart MTA. Better MUAs will transmission. Poor MUAs will tell you that MUA to deal with what happens if the be dropped off right away at the queue the email for later your mail can't be sent.

Q: Why do MUAs on Windows all need to know how to talk SMTP? Q: Unix/Linux mail user agents didn't need to know how to talk to SMTP servers - you never had to configure your "outgoing mail" preferences. All the Windows MUAs need to be configured with a mail server. Why?
How to compile Apache?

2)Users come to you and they will be saying mail server is very slow, what are the necessary steps you will take to resolve this issue?

3)Which are the configuration files associate with DNS server and client?

4)Where you will provide ISP details for your network?

5)How you will configure Squid proxy?

6)How you will block pron sites using Squid proxy?

7)Give me details how to configure mail support for NAGIOS?

8)Can you use NAGIOS to send SMS? how to do that?

9)What is web-min? A) Webmin is a web-based system configuration tool for OpenSolaris, Linux and other Unix-like systems.

10)How you will do kernel compilation? Explain each step?

11)What is the difference between SGID, SUID and sticky bit?

12)How to restrict users to set password with complexity ?

13)How do you monitor system performance?

14)Which are the configuration files of FTP server?

15)What are the different types of FTP servers?

16)What is the difference between active FTP and passive FTP?

17)How you will configure FTP in DMZ?

18)What is the use of htaccess file?

19)how do you configure website authentication for user logins?

20)Give me the steps to configure sendmail.

21)How to block particular network not to access my sendmail server?

22)How to send duplex/half duplex etc to the network card?

23)Can a web server have multiple ip add? if yes why? if no why?

24)How to configure multiple ip address for a web server?

25)What is the difference between VMWare and XEN? )XEN : Xen is an open-source virtualization solution. The Xen hypervisor acts as a thin layer between the hardware and the operating system, allowing multiple virtual servers to run simultaneously on a single physical server. Each virtual server acts independently of the others, with its own allocated area of RAM and virtual disks. VMware : VMware is a company that provides virtualization software for x86-compatible computers 26)Explain me the difference between ext2 and ext3

27)How do you configure route in Linux server?

28)How do you make routes permanent in Linux server?

29)Why you want to change your job?

31)what is the difference between soft link and hard link?

32)How to get info about the files which are not accessed from last 30days?

Q2) Write a command to find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 30 days. A1) The Command is , find / -atime +30 A2) # find / -type f -mtime +30 A3) find / -type f -mtime -30 A4) find / -type f -atime -30 = accessed find / -type f -ctime -30 = changed find / -type f -ctime -30 = modified

Q3) How to schedule cron backup to run on 4th saturday of month?? A1) crontab -e ** ** ** ** /5 Q4) how to see unallocated hard disk space on linux A1) simply type cat /proc/partitions A2) df -h /dev/devicename device name could be hda,sda Q5) find out what file systems supported by kernel? A1) # fdisk /dev/hdx option: t it will show the supported FS in the kernel A2) cat /proc/filesystems will show all the file system types that the kernel can handle currently. Be aware that kernel will load the necessary modules automatically if it have, for a new file system type present in a new device you plug into it and then the output of the above command will vary. A3) you can give following commands #fdisk then press t this command will show all the file system with code supported by the current linux kernel. Q6) how do u extract files from iso cd images in linux? A1) From ISO MAGIC A2) mount -o loop A3) mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop=/dev/loop0 /home/ste/cd.iso /mnt/iso Q7) how do u find remote machine operating system and version? A1) XProbe A2) by ssh to that machine then give command #uname -r A3) for OS, cat /etc/issue and version, uname r Q8) how do you port scaning with netcat command? A1) nc -z Q9) how do find all failed login attempts via ssh? A1) check network connectivity check correct ipaddress ping ipaddress A2) 'who' or 'w' is the command used to find the users who logged in The system and their attempts, with the help of some options A3) Failed ssh logs are either written in /var/log/messages, or /var/log/secure (configurable in /etc/syslog.conf). I am assuming that the failed login attempts are recorded in /var/log/secure: grep ' authentication failure' /var/log/secure | sed -e 's/^\(.*\)\(rhost.*\)$/\2/p' | tr -s " " | cut -f2 -d"=" | cut -f1 -d" " | sort -n | uniq -c Will show you the count, and the IP/hostname of machines that tried to access the system via ssh A4) The command is , cat /var/log/messages | grep "Failed password"

it will show all the user which is not able to login. Q10) How do display error messages instantly when command fails? A1) Suppose you are trying to cat a non existing file: cat /etc/shado 2>/dev/null || echo Failed to open file command 2 "echo" is executed only if command 1 "cat" returns a non-zero exit status # cat /etc/shado 2>/dev/null || echo "Failed to open file" Failed to open file # Q11) How do find hard disk revolutions speed? A1) A typical desktop hard disk rotate at 7,200 revolutions per minute (RPM). A typical server hard disk spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm to achieve sequential media transfer speeds. You can use hard disk model number to obtain disk RPM. For example, a typical Seagat disk Model # ST373455SS can provide following information: * ST - Brand identity * 3 - Form Factor (3 = 3.5") * 73 - Disk size / Capacity in GB i.e. 73GB * 4 - Reserved for future use * 5 - RPM ( 5 = 15k and 0 = 10K) * 5 - Generation * SS - Indicates interface i.e Serial Attached SCSI How do I find out hard disk model and serial number? Use any one of the following command from shell prompt to find out hard disk model number: $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi OR use scsi_id command to querys a SCSI device via the SCSI INQUIRY vital product data (VPD) page 0x80 or 0x83 and uses the resulting data to generate a value that is unique across all SCSI devices that properly support page 0x80 or page 0x83. $ /sbin/scsi_id -g -p 0x80 -s /block/sdd OR $ sudo grep -i sdd /var/log/boot.log OR use sginfo / scsiinfo command from sg3_utiles package, enter: # sginfo -a /dev/sdd | more Q12) when zombie process fully cleared? A1) When the server gets restarted! A2) Do a ps and identify the zombie processes # ps -el | grep 'Z' Occasionally, these processes are in such a state that the only way to get rid of them is to reboot to clear them. In most cases, you can get rid of a zombie by normal means, "kill -15 zombie PPID", "kill -9 zombie PPID". Q13) how do you configure linux system as a router? A1) Give the following command echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward A2) above anwser also write, but must me know this, vi /etc/sysctl.conf # Controls IP packet forwarding

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 save & sysctl p Q14) Which priority has the process?how do u view? A1) nice command is used to find the priority A2) Each process has a niceness value associated with it, which is what the kernel uses to determine which processes require more processor time than others. The higher the nice value, the lower the priority of the process. In other words, the nicer the program, the less CPU it will try to take from other processes; programs that are less nice tend to demand more CPU time than other programs that are nicer. The priority is noted by a range of -20 (the highest) to 20 (the lowest). Using ps, you can see the current nice value of all programs: # ps axl F UID PID PPID PRI NI VSZ RSS WCHAN STAT TTY TIME COMMAND 4 0 1 0 16 0 2648 112 - S ? 0:01 init [3] 1 0 2 1 34 19 0 0 ksofti SN ? 0:02 [ksoftirqd/0] 5 0 3 1 10 -5 0 0 worker S< ? 0:00 [events/0] You can see that init has a nice value of 0, while other kernel tasks associated with PID 2 and 3 have a nice value of 19 and -5 respectively. Typically, a program inherits its nice value from its parent; this prevents low priority processes from spawning high priority children Q15) Any one example of uninteruptable sleeping process? A1) init (PID 1) Q16) how many limitations of under directories in ext2/3 linux file system? A1) Ext2 Limits ============ Max file size: 2-64 TiB Max number of files: 10 raised 18 Max filename length: 255 characters Max volume size: 16-32 TiB Allowed characters in filenames: Any byte except NULL and '/' Ext3 Limits =========== Max file size: 2 TiB Max number of files: Variable, allocated at creation time[1] Max filename length: 255 bytes Max volume size: 2 TiB 16 TiB Allowed characters in filenames: All bytes except NULL Q17) what is a superblock ? A1) A superblock is a record of the characteristics of a filesystem, including its size, the block size, the empty

and the filled blocks and their respective counts, the size and location of the inode tables, the disk block map and usage information, and the size of the block groups. Q18) what is the command to check network interfaces in our system? how to set etho to 10 full duplex speed? A1) ifconfig, ifconfig -a, ip dev ls, ethtool -s eth0 speed 10 duplex full to watch the info on eth0 ( mii-diag --watch eth0 ) Q19) what is the UID and GID of root user? Can a normal user can change the ownership of a file? what is the command to change ownership of a file? A1) the root UID/GID is 0 (zero). which is why he can able to intervene in all normal users files even though he don't had permission. A normal user will don't have the permission to change ownership of file. The command to change ownership is < chown user.user file > Q20) what is soft mount and hard mount? i have to make permanent nfs mount permanent what shall i do? A1) to make permanent nfs mount, write it into /etc/fstab Server nfsmount mountpoint filesystem defaults 0 0 192.168.0.1 /var/ftp/pub /mnt nfs defaults 0 0 A2) This is a UNIX terminology as to what the client does when it can't talk to an NFS Server. If you just mount a file system without specifying hard or soft, the default is a hard mount. Hard mounts are preferable because of the stateless nature of NFS. If a client sends an I/O request to the server (such as an ls -la), and the server gets rebooted, the client will wait until the server comes back on line. This preserves data transfers in the event of a server failure. There are disadvantages to this, as a simple mount request could hang. A soft link will return with an error and fail. This kills the wait time, but can cause problems with data transfers. To make permanent nfs mount, the above answer is right Q21) what is major and minor? A1) Major number ============ A number indicating which device driver should be used to access a particular device. All devices controlled by the same device driver have a common major device number. Minor number ============ A number serving as a flag to a device driver.The minor device numbers are used to distinguish between different devices and their controllers. Eg: # ls -l /dev/sda1 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 2008-09-04 08:28 /dev/sda1 rigel:~# ls -l /dev/sda2 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 2 2008-09-04 08:28 /dev/sda2 You can see the major and minor device number (8,1) and

(8,2) in the ls listing for /dev/sdax # ls -l /dev/scd0 brw-rw---- 1 root cdrom 11, 0 2008-09-04 08:28 /dev/scd0 You can see the major and minor device number (11,0)in the ls listing for /dev/scd0 Q22) what is the command to make a process to run in the background from foreground? A1) To make the command run in the background suppose the Command is "command_name" then the syntax for the same will be such as follows; [root@neo root]# command_name & Q23) 1.what is Kernel parameters? 2.how many cpu have use in your machine? A1) Kernal parameters are nothing but all the parameters in /etc/system hear we can edit according to our requrement. to check the how many cpus in the machine jus type this command #psrinfo to check the cpu speec #psrinfo v A2) 1.kernel parameters parameters provide mechanisms to adjust the functiong of linux kernel. the sysctl command used to view kernel parameters. 2.simply type in root # cat /proc/cpuinfo Q24) 1.I want to change runlevel but the Users shall not be disturbed?how? 2.Disk have 5gb disk utilization even though files unable to reate, why? 3.what are the internal and external command in linux? 4.sar command o/p? 5.how list the open files? 6.what is kernel compiling? 7.How do u See complete configuration in ur system? 8.how will u make a daily updates with cron daily? 9.which port is associated with ttys0? 10.specific some problems linux admin(if u are linuxadmin)faced And how did u overcome it? A1) 1. For changing the runlevel you should have to go in /etc/inittab. There you can change the runlevel what you want.It will not affecting current user. After restarting system your system will boot in which run level you have set. 3. Internel command means whichever command are builtin the system BIOS. And External command means Which are nonbuiltin.It outside the shell. It require shell. 4. VMstat & sar are showing the free memory of the system. 5. ls command is use list a file & cat & vi is to open a file. 6. A2) 1) Same answer as above 2) Question not understood, may be ACLs 3) It is not BIOS, A built-in (internal/resident) command is one that is contained within the bash tool set and execute faster than external commands. An non-built-in (external/non-resident) command is a command

outside the shell and requires a $PATH (environmentvariable) to findit. 4)Displays the activity for the CPU # sar Linux 2.6.18-6-686 (server.domain.local) 09/16/2008 11:31:56 AM LINUX RESTART 5) # lsof 6)The Linux kernel is a complex program which provides the underlying services to the rest of a Linux distribution. But it is easy to add new features or improvements to it, requiring a kernel recompiling. There are three reasons for a kernel compile. Firstly, you may have some hardware that is so new that there's no kernel module for it in on your distribution CD. Secondly, you may have come across some kind of bug which is fixed in a revision of the operating system. Lastly, you may have some new software which requires a newer version of the operating system. 7)A vague question 8) Suppose we have a daily update script called dailyupdate.sh Copy the script to /etc/cron.daily/ # cp dailyupdate.script /etc/cron.daily/ Make the file executable # chmod +x /etc/cron.daily/dailyupdat.sh 9) COM1 10) Depends... A3) 4) Detailed sar output Linux 2.6.18-6-686 (server.domain.local) 09/16/2008 11:31:56 AM LINUX RESTART 11:35:01 AM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 11:45:01 AM all 0.71 0.00 0.19 0.18 0.00 98.92 11:55:02 AM all 1.53 0.00 0.19 0.26 0.00 98.02 Average: all 1.12 0.00 0.19 0.22 0.00 98.47 A4) 1. use init , at runtime. 2. disk quota has been set and reached for the current user. 3. same as above 4. same as above 5. same as above 6. lay man definition, adding support for required hardware and modules in the Linux kernel. 7. sysreport, question too generalized, 8. same as above 9. same as above 10. :) Q25) what is user mode & kernel mode? A1) KERNEL-MODE The kernel-mode programs run in the background, making sure everything runs smoothly - things like printer drivers, display drivers, drivers that interface with the monitor,

keyboard, mouse, etc. These programs all run in such a way that you don't notice them. When the computer boots up, Windows calls the KERNEL, the main kernel-mode program that allows all the other programs to run, even the user-mode programs. USER-MODE These are the programs that you run when you want specific programs - e.g., MS Paint, MS Word, and Calculator. These are heavily restricted, as to not crash the system. Windows uses memory-protection services offered by the processor to prevent malicious programs from interfering with the rest of the system and corrupting it. A2) A process can run in two modes: 1.User Mode. 2.Kernel Mode. 1.User Mode: =>A mode of the CPU when running a program. =>In this mode ,the user process has no access to the memory locations used by the kernel.When a program is running in User Mode, it cannot directly access the kernel data structures or the kernel programs. 2.Kernal Mode: =>A mode of the CPU when running a program. =>In this mode, it is the kernel that is running on behalf of the user process and directly access the kernel data structures or the kernel programs.Once the system call returns,the CPU switches back to user mode. When you execute a C program,the CPU runs in user mode till the system call is invoked.In this mode,the user process has access to a limited section of the computer's memory and can execute a restricted set of machine instructions.however,when the process invokes a system call,the CPU switches from user mode to a more privileged mode the kernel. In this mode ,it is the kernel that runs on behalf of the user process,but it has access to any memory location and can execute any machine Instruction. After the system call has returned,the CPU switches back to user mode. A3) KERNEL-MODE Kernel mode, also referred to as system mode, is one of the two distinct modes of operation of the CPU in Linux. When the CPU is in kernel mode, it is assumed to be executing trusted software, and thus it can execute any instructions and reference any memory addresses (i.e., locations in memory). The kernel (which is the core of the operating system and has complete control over everything that occurs in the system) is trusted software, but all other programs are considered untrusted software. USER-MODE User mode is the normal mode of operating for programs, web browsers etc. They don't interact directly with the kernel,

instead, they just give instructions on what needs to be done, and the kernel takes care of the rest. Kernel mode, on the other hand, is where programs communicate directly with the kernel. A good example of this would be device drivers. A device driver must tell the kernel exactly how to interact with a piece of hardware, so it must be run in kernel mode. Because of this close interaction with the kernel, the kernel is also a lot more vulnerable to programs running in this mode, so it becomes highly crucial that drivers are properly debugged before being released to the public Q26) what is the diff b/w ext2 and ext3? A1) ext3 is the advanced version of ext2 ext2+journaling=ext3 this journaling feature is very much useful while retrieving data and writing data into a File System Latest versions of all Linux flavors are coming with ext3 compatible file systems. A2) ext 2 & ext3 are the two file systems in linux.ext 2 will take more time while logon the system. this is bcoz ext2 will check all harddisk peripherals at the time of switch on your sytem. But ext3 is less time consuming,bcoz instead of checking all harddisk peripherals it will check only the bootloader peripherals. Q27) what is initrd image? A1) initrd image is the initial ram disk image While the system getting booted the kernel image will get loaded into the main memory after POST to improve I/O performance.this initrd image will contain the same version number of kernel and if we face any error in booting regardingthis initrd we can reinstall it with 'mkinitrd' command A2) initial RAM disk (initrd) is a temporary root file system that is mounted during system boot to support the two-state boot process. The initrd contains various executables and drivers that permit the real root file system to be mounted, after which the initrd RAM disk is unmounted and its memory freed. In many embedded Linux systems, the initrd is the final root file system A3) initrd image is a image file which has initial modules which are loaded in to the kernel while booting. Q28) what is jumbi process? Oracle A1) its a dead process it's parent process has been killed abruptly. A2) zoombie process or defunct process. - Process that finish execution Or we can say the process died but still it has entry in the process table. A process finished execution but parent of that process is Not ready to accept the exit status from it . At that time process go to zoombie state. Q29) My machine is running half duplex mode how to change half duplex to full duplex? ORACLE A1) [root@ns2 ~]# mii-tool -V mii-tool.c 1.9 2000/04/28 00:56:08 (David Hinds) eth0: negotiated 100baseTx-FD flow-control, link ok

[root@ns2 ~]# ethtool -s eth0 duplex half autoneg off [root@ns2 ~]# mii-tool -V mii-tool.c 1.9 2000/04/28 00:56:08 (David Hinds) eth0: 100 Mbit, half duplex, no link [root@ns2 ~]# mii-tool -V mii-tool.c 1.9 2000/04/28 00:56:08 (David Hinds) eth0: 100 Mbit, half duplex, link ok Q30) some one is asking my machine is slow what is your steps? ORACLE A1) The increase in the size of SWAP partition may show you the little effect in increasing the system speed and better run in Single user mode rather than GUI mode A2) use top command, then check which process use the most resource and find the problem. A3) Re-read all process #killall HUP Q31) what is mean by system calls INFOTECH A1) A system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the operating system. On Unix-based and POSIX-based systems, popular system calls are open, read, write, close, wait, exec, fork, exit, and kill. Many of today's operating systems have hundreds of system calls. For example, Linux has 319 different system calls. FreeBSD has about the same (almost 330). Tools such as strace and truss report the system calls made by a running process. Q32) What is trusted/untrusted operating system A1) As per my perspective , I used to say any/all UNIX flavors rather than MS WINDOWS Because of 1. File/Directory permission (Action:Read/Write/Execute, permissions can be given on behalf of the particular User/group/Others). 2. All the unix configuration as files rather than Registry (windows) a. which cause the application to fail when a newer or incompatible dynamic library is installed. b. Some times you may need to restart the entire system to update the changes with registry. 3. Linux Strong password protection. It won't get booted (Drop you @ the GUI) without the successful authentication (even though you don't have any more users rather than admin/root).In Linux setting password to the admin/root users is must during the installation itself. Where as in windows, let allow you to leave the password as blank for admin/other user, System also booting without authenticating. 4. Linux is open source, free under GNU. It doesn't mean that its only free to install or use, but in fact you can have these source codes and they are allowing you to change it and redistribute it.

Windows is Lincesed os. Windows is developed by Microsoft. 5. Linux is more secure, windows is less secure than linux in case of virus, worms. Because in Linux all the files/directory won't get executable permission, Perhaps you need to set it manually. Though by default all the incoming trojen, virus, malwares and worms won't affect the system. 6. Distribution Linux : Linux has many distributors like Radhat, mandrake, Corel etc Windows : whereas windows has only Micrsoft. 7. Run Level Linux works on both GUI & Console mode (Checkout the various run levels runlevel 0 - runlevel 6 Generally known as init level)). Windows : Only GUI. 8. By default LINUX have multiuser, multitasking, multiprocessing, multiprogramming features. Perhaps this will not be available on windows(Except some versions), In that case you need to PAY & BUY the extra features in windows. 9. You can play around the Linux through LIVE CDS on a Windows machine. Only is a live CD that runs over windows, in RAM, and doesn't change your system at all..the other is an install disk. I've used the live CD on two XP machines and they both ran flawlessly. When you want to quit, just go to logout under system tools, and shut down. Linux will turn itself off, eject the disk, and turn of your PC. Remove the disk, boot up, and you're running your Windows again. This is the way we are checking the newly bought NIC/others hardwares support with all the Linux distributors. Once it got detected, its very easy to get the device driver names and other details about that new hardwares, then compile the new kernel image (bzImage) on your own build version systems. Q33) Working in Linux/Unix platform, if any command dose not work, say # ls reports as command not found. what to do? GOOGLE A1) Need to check the path first body .... A2) reinstall that shell A3) Check whether PATH variable as got the entry /bin It should be something like this ========================= [root@bc ~]# echo $PATH /usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin =========================

Q34) in unix how to change old name to new name A1) mv // for rename the file in the same directory mv // for rename and move the file in other diretory. A2) 1. open the file /etc/sysconfig/network and change the parameter HOSTNAME= to new name. 2. restart the network services. 3. open the file vi /etc/hosts, and change the old name to new name. 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost A3) mv eg:[root@localhost]# touch file1 //created a file named file1 root@localhost]# ls //displays the file created file1 [root@localhost]# mv file1 file2 //command to rename file1 [root@localhost]# ls //displays the renamed file file2 A4) see there is no rename command in unix , so what u can use is "move" (mv) command mv "(absolute path) old file name" "new file name A5) rename Q35) what is the standard output in a file as well as disply it on the terminal options like A)pr B) tail C) tee D)nl A1) tail as it display ten current line tail -f option with this tail -f -n 100 A2) I think, framing the question should be like "What is the command used to write to the standard output as well as to a file simultaneously ? Answer) tee It is a command that deals with pipes in unix. It redirects the output of a command to an other command and at the same time it redirects to a file also. Q36) what is command like " #(cd unixos; pwd) " tell me OUTPUT A1) first it will change the directory to unixos and then gives the output as //unixos A2) it is two commands runnung one by one.first the cd unixos command will be executed,then the present working directory will work.so the output will be showing the presentworking dirctory that is unixos dir. A3) WRONG when I hit this command no output or error is printed Q37) in unix how to change old name to new name
what is DNS? why we required CHROOT package? can you explain it?

What is the location for DHCP server default leased configs file? what is the command and syntax to check DNS server named.conf file errors? What is the command and syntax to check DNS server zone files config errors? How do you update DNS zone file entries with out restarting named demon? What are the services/demons will restart when you restart NFS service? how do you update NFS sharing details with out restarting NFS server? What are the advantages of NIS? Can you explain me about LVM and how you configure LVM? What is the difference between LVM1 and LVM2? What is Amanda server and where is it used? Can you explain me corntab? How to resize LVM? Can you explain me about RAID5? How many RAID devices are there in RHEL5 by default? Min how many Raid devices will participate in RAID5? How do you do Kernel patching and what is the command? Can you explain me about in details how you do kernel recompilation? Can you explain what is the use fo access file in sendmail and what is its location? Can you explain me what is the advantage of local-hosts file and virtusertable in sendmail? How you will specify static IP's in DHCP server? how do you update NIS users with out restarting the NIS server? What is the partation no for LVM? What is the partation no for RAID? What is the port no for DNS? Can we change default port no for DNS? if yes, how? How many RAID device we can create in RHEL4? Can you explain me Disk quota in detail and configuration details? How to increase RAID devices after it excied max limit?
1) How to creat swap if you dont have free partation? this is some what tricky question if you are new to Linux Administration here is the command to create swap if you dont have free partation before doing this you have switchoff the swap

swapoff -a dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/swapfile bs=1k count=1024 swapon filename

2)How to see swap details? cat /proc/swap free

3)How to see/get info about RAM in ur system free cat /proc/meminfo

4)What is the difference between ext2 and ext3 I)ext3=ext2+journaling "journaling" is an add-on to a filesystem that records changes as they are made. II)ext2 files system is fast III)less disk writes IV)ext2 file system in less stable/secure V)ext2 file system required to run fsck command if the system get crashed

5)How to convert ext2 file system to ext3? tune2fs -j /dev/hda1

6)How convert ext3 file system to ext2 tune2fs -O^has-journal /dev/hda1

7)What is default block/chunk size for PV 4MB

8)what is the command to update the diskquota on file system mount -o remount,rw /home

9)What is the partation type number for swap,RAID,LVM? 82(swap),fd(RAID),8e(LVM) 2)Can we install HPUX( (Hewlett Packard UniX) on Vmware? A)No. Because HPUX can be installed only on PA-RISC or Itanium and Vmware can not emulate this hardware )What is the difference between IPchains and IPtables? IPchains : Ipchains is a utility for Linux that System Administrators can use to create and modify the ruleset that is used for their host based firewall. These rules are used by a system to decide whether or not it is going to allow a specific remote connection. IP tables : Iptables is a generic table structure that defines rules and commands as part of the netfilter framework that facilitates What is INODE limit? If the file system reaches that limits how to resolve that? A)Inode is a unique number given to a file in Unix OS. Every file in Unix has a inode number. unix treats directories/folders as a file so they are also having a inode value. 12)How to extend LV(Louis Vuitton)? 13)How to see how many VG's are there? 14)Explain the process of configure Apache. 15)How many types of chains are there in IPtables and what are they explain each? 16)What is super block? 17)What is INODE limit? If the file system reaches that limits how to resolve that? A)Inode is a unique number given to a file in Unix OS. Every file in Unix has a inode number. unix treats directories/folders as a file so they are also having a inode value. 18)What are ACL's in Linux how to implement it in Linux? 19)How to take backup to Tape-drives? 20)How to rectify if tape drive file(hardware file) is missing? 21)What is the difference between RAID01 and RAID10? 22)When using RAID in which cases will you use RAID1 and which cases you will use RAID5? 23)How to implement password less SSH logins? 24)How a user can change a password? 25)How can you get info that my last command executed properly?

)How do you find out whats your shell? - echo $SHELL 2)Whats the command to find out todays date? - date 3)How do you find out the current directory youre in? - pwd 4)How do you find out your own username? - whoami/who am i 5)How do you send a mail message to somebody? - mail surendra.anne@gmail.com -s Your subject -c test@gmail.com 6)Whats the command to find out users on the system? - who/users 7)How do you remove a file? - rm 8)How do you remove a - rm -rf 9)How do you count words, lines and characters in a file? - wc 10)How do you search for a string inside a given file? - grep string filename 11)How do you search for a string inside a directory? - grep string * 12)How do you search for a string in a directory with the subdirectories recursed? - grep -r string *

13)What are PIDs? - They are process IDs given to processes. A PID can vary from 0 to 65535. 14)How do you list currently running process? - ps 15)How do you stop a process? - kill pid 16)How do you find out about all running processes? - ps -ag 17)How do you stop all the processes, except the shell window? - kill 0 18)How do you fire a process in the background? - ./process-name & 19)How do you refer to the arguments passed to a shell script? - $1, $2 and so on. $0 is your script name. 20)Whats the conditional statement in shell scripting? - if {condition} then fi 21)How do you do number comparison in shell scripts? - -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, -ge 22)How do you test for file properties in shell scripts? - -s filename tells you if the file is not empty, -f filename tells you whether the argument is a file, and not a directory, -d filename tests if the argument is a directory, and not a file, -w filename tests for writeability, -r filename tests for readability, -x filename tests for excitability 23)How do you do Boolean logic operators in shell scripting? - ! tests for logical not, -a tests for logical and, and -o tests for logical or. 24)How do you find out the number of arguments passed to the shell script? $# 25)Whats a way to do multilevel if-elses in shell scripting? - if {condition} then {statement} elif {condition} {statement} fi 26)How do you write a for loop in shell? - for {variable name} in {list} do {statement} done 27)How do you write a while loop in shell? - while {condition} do {statement} done 28)How does a case statement look in shell scripts? - case {variable} in {possible-value-1}) {statement};; {possible-value-2}) {statement};; esac 29)How do you read keyboard input in shell scripts? - read {variable-name}
1. What is sed? - sed is stream editor, a Unix tool for working with streams of text data. See the
awful truth about sed.

2. How do you substitute strings with sed? - Use s/old/new command, so sed
s/hello/goodbye/ would substitute the occurrence of the word hello to goodbye.

3. How do you inject text with sed? - & in the substitution string defines the pattern found in
the search string. As an example, heres us trying to find a word hello and replacing it with hello and how are you: echo hello there | sed s/^hello/& and how are you/

4. Can I find several patterns and refer to them in the replacement string? - Yes, use
(pattern) and then refer to your patterns as \1, \2, \3 and so on.

5. If the string is old old old and I run s/old/new, I get new old old as the result. I
need new new new. - You forgot the global modifier, which would replace every occurrence of the pattern with the substitution. s/old/new/g will work.

6. But I want old old new from the previous example. - Just use the numeric modifier
saying you want the third occurrence to be replaced. s/old/new/3 will work.

7. I wrote a rather complex sed script. How do I save and run it? - Assuming that your
file is named myscript1.sed, you can invoke sed -f myscript1.sed.

8. How do I delete trailing whitespaces from each line? - sed s/[ \t]*$// Here were
replacing any occurrence of a space or a tab with nothing. Check sed one-liners for more examples.

9. How do you print just a few first lines of the file? - sed 1q will give you just the first line,
sed 10q the first 10 lines.

10. How do you replace a pattern only if its found, so that its executed faster? - Nest
the replacement statement: sed /old/ s/old/new/g file.txt What is LILO? LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the memory, and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from. What is the main advantage of creating links to a file instead of copies of the file? A: The main advantage is not really that it saves disk space (though it does that too) but, rather, that a change of permissions on the file is applied to all the link access points. The link will show permissions of lrwxrwxrwx but that is for the link itself and not the access to the file to which the link points. Thus if you want to change the permissions for a command, such as su, you only have to do it on the original. With copies you have to find all of the copies and change permission on each of the copies.

what is the command for finding the higest memory occupied file in linux? Top command will show the memory occupied by a file.When top is showing the output press shift+m to show the file or

process which is using larger memory.

difference between nfs soft and hard mouniting points?
hard mount option:- If the client fails to access the server,then connection hang it, after the system up then it access the server. Soft:- If the client failed to connect the server it

immediately gives the error report, and close the connection.

Hard mounting : Providing entry in /etc/fstab is called hard mounting. Using hard mounting when client system boots at booting time client will try to mount the entry in /etc/fstab if the server is down client pc willnot boot until the server is up. mounting at boot time is called hard mounting. Soft mounting : Providing entry in /etc/auto.master and /etc/auto.misc is called soft mounting. When client sys boot it will try to mount if unable to mount just gives the error message and it will continue the boot process. Mounting at boot time or by user request is called soft mounting

in redhat Linux wat is the command to check at ahich date and time file was created? stat filename
ls -ltr" gives you detail information of files and

directories.
I know ssh, telnet, dns,apache all are worked on TCP/UDP but i want to know any one service which are working on UDP only? Netstat
cat /etc/services |grep udp I want to built a fire wall using iptables. My condition is " inbound to 192.168.0.2 with a port of 80 from 172.168.0.1 should accept" iptables -I INPUT -s 172.168.0.1 -p tcp --dport 80 -d 192.168.0.2 -j ACCEPT

how many limitations of under directories in ext2/3 linux file system?

Ext2 Limits ============ Max file size: 2-64 TiB Max number of files: 10 raised 18 Max filename length: 255 characters Max volume size: 16-32 TiB Allowed characters in filenames: Any byte except NULL and '/' Ext3 Limits =========== Max file size: 2 TiB Max number of files: Max filename length: Max volume size:

Variable, allocated at creation time[1] 255 bytes 2 TiB 16 TiB

Allowed characters in filenames: All bytes except NULL

what are the linux boot files?
Grub.conf 2.Vmlinuz

3.initrd.img
soft mount is to mount for limited time or temporary, whereas hard mount is mount permanently. what is soft mount and hard mount? i have to make permanent nfs mount permanent what shall i do? To make nfs permanent mount go to /etc/fstab & put the entry & run a cmd to make it mount permanent #mount -a. to make permanent nfs mount, write it into /etc/fstab server<ip> nfsmount mountpoint filesystem defaults 0 0 192.168.0.1 /var/ftp/pub /mnt nfs defaults 0 0

how do find all failed login attempts via ssh?

tail -f /var/log/secure | grep Failed lastb" is the command to find all failed login attempts

how do u find remote machine operating system and version? #nmap -A -v station1 what is the diff b/w ext2 and ext3?
ext3 is the advanced version of ext2

ext2+journaling=ext3 this journaling feature is very much useful while retrieving data and writing data into a File System Latest versions of all Linux flavors are coming with ext3 compatible file systems. ext 2 & ext3 are the two file systems in linux.ext 2 will take more time while logon the system. this is bcoz ext2 will check all harddisk peripherals at the time of switch on your sytem. But ext3 is less time consuming,bcoz instead of checking all harddisk peripherals it will check only the bootloader peripherals. Availability Integrity Speed easy transition In ext2 filesystem, the filesystem is not mounted until its consistency is checked by e2fsck program. the amount of time taken to run e2fsck program is determined by the size of file system. The more files you have on the file system, the longer the consistency check takes. ext3 does not require a file system check even after a unclean shutdown. the time to recover an ext3 file system after an unclean shutdown does not depend on size, rather it depends on size of "journal" used to maintain consistency.

the default journal takes about a second to recover.

What is an inode?
An inode is a data structure holding information about files in a Linux file system. There is an inode for each file, and a file is uniquely identified by the file system on which it resides and its inode number on that system. what is the command to make a process to run in the background from foreground? when the process is running, press "control+Z" . Now at the command prompt , type "bg" what is a superblock ? A superblock is a record of the characteristics of a filesystem, including its size, the block size, the empty and the filled blocks and their respective counts, the size and location of the inode tables, the disk block map and usage information, and the size of the block groups. how do you configure linux system as a router? vi /etc/sysctl.conf # Controls IP packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 save & sysctl -p 1st answer is correct till you boot your Linux machine, once rebooted, its gone coz the /proc is a fs that is resident on memory, thus if you want to forward your packets permanently then you have to alter the net.ipv4.ip_forward parameter to reflect the changes each time machine is booted. # sysctl -p makes it effective without reboot. follow following command

1.) vi /etc/sysctl.conf # Controls IP packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 save (:wq!) You should have a Two physical LAN card, if You have't two Lan cat. You have to creat virtual Lan card 2.) cp -arvf /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfgeth0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1 3.) Set a diffrent Class IP in virtual Lan card 4.) start network service /etc/init.d/network restart what is the UID and GID of root user? Can a normal user can change the ownership of a file? what is the command to change ownership of a file? the root UID/GID is 0 (zero). which is why he can able to intervene in all normal users files even though he don't had permission. A normal user will don't have the permission to change ownership of file. The command to change ownership is < chown user.user file > What u know abt tar Command? tar command is file archiving cmd and extracting cmd in linux. create tar -cvf /tmp/ram.tar /etc/passwd this command makes compress the /etc/passwd datas and stored in /tmp/ram.tar Extract tar -xvf /tmp/ram.tar extract the data in existing file is /tmp/ram.tar How do you read ext2/3 file system in windows? Using Software Winscp ,we can access Linux machine from Windows.it is an windows software. through SAMBA, we can share the linux partition or directory, for windows. How to monitor ports in a linux machine, with single command? netstat -anpc a:all listening ports and established connections n:numeric host:port values p:programs c:continuous monitor What is the status code 403,404 represented in apache server 403 represent forbidden error, means if files misses some selinux security context is missing. 404 represent that their is a cgi script missing or web pages missing. Difference between swap partition and swap file? Swap partition maintained seperate partition. same swap partition can be used in two OS within single machine. If system crashes their is a chance to recover itor may not be corrupt the partition.

Less fragmented. where as swap file takes very less space. we can increase the space very easily, compared to swap partition. SWap file system fragmented. If system crashes their is a huge chance to lost the swap file system. what is nis server? Network Information Services is well known as NIS server which is based on Linux and Unix environment network. NIS Server create the user name and password to share across the network for centralize authentication. The best thing is that passwords can change be changed on NIS server not on client desktop systems. How can I only see the first 14 lines of a file? head -n14 filename Compare between SYS V launched processes and Xinetd processes in Linux. Answer is based on RHEL SYS V processes 1) daemons (run in background) 2) Managed by "service" wrapper command xinetd processes processes started on request Managed by "xinetd" daemon

3) Script files in "/etc/rc.d" script files in /etc/xinetd.d directory directory what is the command to make a process to run in the foreground from background? Fg How to FTP user access other directory except his own home directory ? specify the user in /etc/vsftpd/user_list. then in /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf ,add userlist_deny=NO,,,, then restart d service......... set d selinux for the accessing home directory.......... what are the Linux-based security tools? . Clam AntiVirus It is an open source (GPL) anti-virus toolkit for UNIX, designed especially for e-mail scanning on mail gateways. 2. SpamAssassin It is a computer program released under the Apache License 2.0 used for e-mail spam filtering based on content-matching rules. 3. Chkrootkit is a powerful tool to scan your Linux server for trojans 4. rkhunter (Rootkit Hunter) is a Unix-based tool that scans for rootkits, backdoors and possible local exploits what is a command to display top 10 users who are using Huge Space? du -s /home/* | sort -nr |head -10 In which File is Static IP address given so that it becomes Permanent ? just go to system-config-network and type ip address or

go vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 edit in this file it will become permanent. what are the features of Linux? The following feature of linux:Some of its features include: 1)Virtual memory, allowing the system to use disk room the same as RAM memory. 2)Networking with TCP/IP and other protocols. 3)Multiple user capability. 4)Protected mode so programs or user's can't access 5)unauthorized areas. 6)Shared libraries 7)True multitasking 8)X - A graphical user interface similar to windows, but supports remote sessions over a network. 9)Advanced server functionality:FTP server Telnet server BOOTP server DHCP server Samba server DNS server SNMP services Mail services Network file sharing much, much more... Support of filesystems that other operating systems use such as DOS (FAT), Windows95,98 (FAT32), Windows NT, 2000 (NTFS), Apple, minix, and others some one is asking my machine is slow what is your steps? The increase in the size of SWAP partition may show you the little effect in increasing the system speed and better run in Single user mode rather than GUI mode use top command, then check which process use the most resource and find the problem. Re-read all process #killall HUP use ps aux command and check which process is using much space and check is there any partition is going to be full disk check by df -HT command

Linux Interview Questions and Answers

You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files dog, cat and horse. What command should you use? tail -15 dog cat horse The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file. Who owns the data dictionary? The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created. You routinely compress old log files. You now need to examine a log from two months ago. In order to view its contents without first having to decompress it, use the _________ utility. zcat The zcat utility allows you to examine the contents of a compressed file much the same way that cat displays a file. You suspect that you have two commands with the same name as the command is not producing the expected results. What command can you use to determine the location of the command being run? which The which command searches your path until it finds a command that matches the command you are looking for and displays its full path. You locate a command in the /bin directory but do not know what it does. What command can you use to determine its purpose. whatis The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the specified command. You wish to create a link to the /data directory in bob's home directory so you issue the command ln /data /home/bob/datalink but the command fails. What option should you use in this command line to be successful. Use the -F option In order to create a link to a directory you must use the -F option. When you issue the command ls -l, the first character of the resulting display represents the file's ___________.

type The first character of the permission block designates the type of file that is being displayed. What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running processes? __________ top The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated. Where is standard output usually directed? to the screen or display By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display. You wish to restore the file memo.ben which was backed up in the tarfile MyBackup.tar. What command should you type? tar xf MyBackup.tar memo.ben This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar. You need to view the contents of the tarfile called MyBackup.tar. What command would you use? tar tf MyBackup.tar The t switch tells tar to display the contents and the f modifier specifies which file to examine. You want to create a compressed backup of the users' home directories. What utility should you use? tar You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same time as creating it. What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system? syslogd The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log files. You have a file called phonenos that is almost 4,000 lines long. What text filter can you use to split it into four pieces each 1,000 lines long? split

The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The default length of each piece is 1,000 lines. You would like to temporarily change your command line editor to be vi. What command should you type to change it? set -o vi The set command is used to assign environment variables. In this case, you are instructing your shell to assign vi as your command line editor. However, once you log off and log back in you will return to the previously defined command line editor. What account is created when you install Linux? root Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the superuser account also known as root. What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each user's defined quotas? repquota The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount of used space. In order to run fsck on the root partition, the root partition must be mounted as readonly You cannot run fsck on a partition that is mounted as read-write. In order to improve your system's security you decide to implement shadow passwords. What command should you use? pwconv The pwconv command creates the file /etc/shadow and changes all passwords to 'x' in the /etc/passwd file. Bob Armstrong, who has a username of boba, calls to tell you he forgot his password. What command should you use to reset his command? passwd boba The passwd command is used to change your password. If you do not specify a username, your password will be changed.

The top utility can be used to change the priority of a running process? Another utility that can also be used to change priority is ___________? nice Both the top and nice utilities provide the capability to change the priority of a running process. What command should you type to see all the files with an extension of 'mem' listed in reverse alphabetical order in the /home/ben/memos directory. ls -r /home/ben/memos/*.mem The -c option used with ls results in the files being listed in chronological order. You can use wildcards with the ls command to specify a pattern of filenames. What file defines the levels of messages written to system log files? kernel.h To determine the various levels of messages that are defined on your system, examine the kernel.h file. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group? gpasswd -r The gpasswd command is used to change the password assigned to a group. Use the -r option to remove the password from the group. What command would you type to use the cpio to create a backup called backup.cpio of all the users' home directories? find /home | cpio -o > backup.cpio The find command is used to create a list of the files and directories contained in home. This list is then piped to the cpio utility as a list of files to include and the output is saved to a file called backup.cpio. What can you type at a command line to determine which shell you are using? echo $SHELL The name and path to the shell you are using is saved to the SHELL environment variable. You can then use the echo command to print out the value of any variable by preceding the variable's name with $. Therefore, typing echo $SHELL will display the name of your shell. What type of local file server can you use to provide the distribution installation materials to the new machine during a network installation? A) Inetd B) FSSTND

C) DNS D) NNTP E) NFS E - You can use an NFS server to provide the distribution installation materials to the machine on which you are performing the installation. Answers a, b, c, and d are all valid items but none of them are file servers. Inetd is the superdaemon which controls all intermittently used network services. The FSSTND is the Linux File System Standard. DNS provides domain name resolution, and NNTP is the transfer protocol for usenet news. If you type the command cat dog & > cat what would you see on your display? Choose one: a. Any error messages only. b. The contents of the file dog. c. The contents of the file dog and any error messages. d. Nothing as all output is saved to the file cat. d When you use & > for redirection, it redirects both the standard output and standard error. The output would be saved to the file cat. You are covering for another system administrator and one of the users asks you to restore a file for him. You locate the correct tarfile by checking the backup log but do not know how the directory structure was stored. What command can you use to determine this? Choose one: a. tar fx tarfile dirname b. tar tvf tarfile filename c. tar ctf tarfile d. tar tvf tarfile d The t switch will list the files contained in the tarfile. Using the v modifier will display the stored directory structure. You have the /var directory on its own partition. You have run out of space. What should you do? Choose one: a. Reconfigure your system to not write to the log files. b. Use fips to enlarge the partition. c. Delete all the log files. d. Delete the partition and recreate it with a larger size. d

The only way to enlarge a partition is to delete it and recreate it. You will then have to restore the necessary files from backup. You have a new application on a CD-ROM that you wish to install. What should your first step be? Choose one: a. Read the installation instructions on the CD-ROM. b. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-write. c. Use the umount command to access your CD-ROM. d. Use the mount command to mount your CD-ROM as read-only. d Before you can read any of the files contained on the CD-ROM, you must first mount the CD-ROM. When you create a new partition, you need to designate its size by defining the starting and ending _____________. cylinders When creating a new partition you must first specify its starting cylinder. You can then either specify its size or the ending cylinder. What key combination can you press to suspend a running job and place it in the background? ctrl-z Using ctrl-z will suspend a job and put it in the background. The easiest, most basic form of backing up a file is to _____ it to another location. copy The easiest most basic form of backing up a file is to make a copy of that file to another location such as a floppy disk. What type of server is used to remotely assign IP addresses to machines during the installation process? A) SMB B) NFS C) DHCP D) FT E) HTTP C - You can use a DHCP server to assign IP addresses to individual machines during the installation process. Answers a, b, d, and e list legitimate Linux servers, but these servers do not provide IP addresses. The SMB, or Samba, tool is used for file and print sharing

across multi-OS networks. An NFS server is for file sharing across Linux net-works. FTP is a file storage server that allows people to browse and retrieve information by logging in to it, and HTTP is for the Web. Which password package should you install to ensure that the central password file couldn't be stolen easily? A) PAM B) tcp_wrappers C) shadow D) securepass E) ssh C - The shadow password package moves the central password file to a more secure location. Answers a, b, and e all point to valid packages, but none of these places the password file in a more secure location. Answer d points to an invalid package. When using useradd to create a new user account, which of the following tasks is not done automatically. Choose one: a. Assign a UID. b. Assign a default shell. c. Create the user's home directory. d. Define the user's home directory. c The useradd command will use the system default for the user's home directory. The home directory is not created, however, unless you use the -m option. You want to enter a series of commands from the command-line. What would be the quickest way to do this? Choose One a. Press enter after entering each command and its arguments b. Put them in a script and execute the script c. Separate each command with a semi-colon (;) and press enter after the last command d. Separate each command with a / and press enter after the last command c The semi-colon may be used to tell the shell that you are entering multiple commands that should be executed serially. If these were commands that you would frequently want to run, then a script might be more efficient. However, to run these commands only once, enter the commands directly at the command line.

You attempt to use shadow passwords but are unsuccessful. What characteristic of the /etc/passwd file may cause this? Choose one: a. The login command is missing. b. The username is too long. c. The password field is blank. d. The password field is prefaced by an asterisk. c The password field must not be blank before converting to shadow passwords. When you install a new application, documentation on that application is also usually installed. Where would you look for the documentation after installing an application called MyApp? Choose one: a. /usr/MyApp b. /lib/doc/MyApp c. /usr/doc/MyApp d. In the same directory where the application is installed. c The default location for application documentation is in a directory named for the application in the /usr/doc directory. What file would you edit in your home directory to change which window manager you want to use? A) Xinit B) .xinitrc C) XF86Setup D) xstart E) xf86init Answer: B - The ~/.xinitrc file allows you to set which window man-ager you want to use when logging in to X from that account. Answers a, d, and e are all invalid files. Answer c is the main X server configuration file. What command allows you to set a processor-intensive job to use less CPU time? A) ps B) nice C) chps D) less E) more Answer: B - The nice command is used to change a job's priority level, so that it runs

slower or faster. Answers a, d, and e are valid commands but are not used to change process information. Answer c is an invalid command. While logged on as a regular user, your boss calls up and wants you to create a new user account immediately. How can you do this without first having to close your work, log off and logon as root? Choose one: a. Issue the command rootlog. b. Issue the command su and type exit when finished. c. Issue the command su and type logoff when finished. d. Issue the command logon root and type exit when finished. Answer: b You can use the su command to imitate any user including root. You will be prompted for the password for the root account. Once you have provided it you are logged in as root and can do any administrative duties.
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Linux Interview Questions and Answers

There are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file. Which of the following lists all the fields in the correct order? Choose one: a. username, UID, GID, home directory, command, comment b. username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command c. UID, username, GID, home directory, comment, command d. username, UID, group name, GID, home directory, comment Answer: b The seven fields required for each line in the /etc/passwd file are username, UID, GID, comment, home directory, command. Each of these fields must be separated by a colon even if they are empty. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories? Choose one: a. ls -c home b. ls -aR /home/username c. ls -aF /home/username d. ls -l /home/username Answer: b The ls command is used to display a listing of files. The -a option will cause hidden files

to be displayed as well. The -R option causes ls to recurse down the directory tree. All of this starts at your home directory. In order to prevent a user from logging in, you can add a(n) ________at the beginning of the password field. Answer: asterick If you add an asterick at the beginning of the password field in the /etc/passwd file, that user will not be able to log in. You have a directory called /home/ben/memos and want to move it to /home/bob/memos so you issue the command mv /home/ben/memos /home/bob. What is the results of this action? Choose one: a. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos/memos. b. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/memos. c. The files contained in /home/ben/memos are moved to the directory /home/bob/. d. The command fails since a directory called memos already exists in the target directory. Answer: a When using the mv command to move a directory, if a directory of the same name exists then a subdirectory is created for the files to be moved. Which of the following tasks is not necessary when creating a new user by editing the /etc/passwd file? Choose one: a. Create a link from the user's home directory to the shell the user will use. b. Create the user's home directory c. Use the passwd command to assign a password to the account. d. Add the user to the specified group. Answer: a There is no need to link the user's home directory to the shell command. Rather, the specified shell must be present on your system. You issue the following command useradd -m bobm But the user cannot logon. What is the problem? Choose one: a. You need to assign a password to bobm's account using the passwd command. b. You need to create bobm's home directory and set the appropriate permissions. c. You need to edit the /etc/passwd file and assign a shell for bobm's account. d. The username must be at least five characters long.

Answer: a The useradd command does not assign a password to newly created accounts. You will still need to use the passwd command to assign a password. You wish to print the file vacations with 60 lines to a page. Which of the following commands will accomplish this? Choose one: a. pr -l60 vacations | lpr b. pr -f vacations | lpr c. pr -m vacations | lpr d. pr -l vacations | lpr Answer: a The default page length when using pr is 66 lines. The -l option is used to specify a different length. Which file defines all users on your system? Choose one: a. /etc/passwd b. /etc/users c. /etc/password d. /etc/user.conf Answer: a The /etc/passwd file contains all the information on users who may log into your system. If a user account is not contained in this file, then the user cannot log in. Which two commands can you use to delete directories? A) rm B) rm -rf C) rmdir D) rd E) rd -rf Answer(s): B, C - You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command without any specific flags will not delete a directory, it will only delete files. Answers d and e point to a non-existent command. Which partitioning tool is available in all distributions? A) Disk Druid B) fdisk C) Partition Magic D) FAT32 E) System Commander Answer(s): B - The fdisk partitioning tool is available in all Linux distributions. Answers a, c, and e all handle partitioning, but do not come with all distributions. Disk Druid is

made by Red Hat and used in its distribution along with some derivatives. Partition Magic and System Commander are tools made by third-party companies. Answer d is not a tool, but a file system type. Specifically, FAT32 is the file system type used in Windows 98. Which partitions might you create on the mail server's hard drive(s) other than the root, swap, and boot partitions? [Choose all correct answers] A) /var/spool B) /tmp C) /proc D) /bin E) /home Answer(s): A, B, E - Separating /var/spool onto its own partition helps to ensure that if something goes wrong with the mail server or spool, the output cannot overrun the file system. Putting /tmp on its own partition prevents either software or user items in the /tmp directory from overrunning the file system. Placing /home off on its own is mostly useful for system re-installs or upgrades, allowing you to not have to wipe the /home hierarchy along with other areas. Answers c and d are not possible, as the /proc portion of the file system is virtual-held in RAM-not placed on the hard drives, and the /bin hierarchy is necessary for basic system functionality and, therefore, not one that you can place on a different partition. When planning your backup strategy you need to consider how often you will perform a backup, how much time the backup takes and what media you will use. What other factor must you consider when planning your backup strategy? _________ what to backup Choosing which files to backup is the first step in planning your backup strategy. What utility can you use to automate rotation of logs? Answer: logrotate The logrotate command can be used to automate the rotation of various logs. In order to display the last five commands you have entered using the history command, you would type ___________ . Answer: history 5 The history command displays the commands you have previously entered. By passing it an argument of 5, only the last five commands will be displayed. What command can you use to review boot messages? Answer: dmesg The dmesg command displays the system messages contained in the kernel ring buffer.

By using this command immediately after booting your computer, you will see the boot messages. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux? Answer: 2 Linux can be installed on two partitions, one as / which will contain all files and a swap partition. What is the name and path of the main system log? Answer: /var/log/messages By default, the main system log is /var/log/messages. Of the following technologies, which is considered a client-side script? A) JavaScript B) Java C) ASP D) C++ Answer: A - JavaScript is the only client-side script listed. Java and C++ are complete programming languages. Active Server Pages are parsed on the server with the results being sent to the client in HTML

Linux admin interview questions

1. 2. 3. How do you take a single line of input from the user in a shell script? Write a script to convert all DOS style backslashes to UNIX style slashes in a list of files. Write a regular expression (or sed script) to replace all occurrences of the letter f, followed by any number of characters, followed by the letter a, followed by one or more numeric characters, followed by the letter n, and replace whats found with the string UNIX. 4. 5. Write a script to list all the differences between two directories. Write a program in any language you choose, to reverse a file. 6. 7. 8. What are the fields of the password file?

What does a plus at the beginning of a line in the password file signify? Using the man pages, find the correct ioctl to send console output to an arbitrary pty. 9. 10. 11. What is an MX record?

What is the prom command on a Sun that shows the SCSI devices? What is the factory default SCSI target for /dev/sd0? 12. Where is that value controlled?

13.

What happens to a child process that dies and has no parent process to wait for it and whats bad about this? 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Whats wrong with sendmail? What would you fix? What command do you run to check file system consistency? Whats wrong with running shutdown on a network? What can be wrong with setuid scripts? What value does spawn return?

19.

Write a script to send mail from three other machines on the network to root at the machine youre on. Use a here doc, but include in the mail message the name of the machine the mail is sent from and the disk utilization statistics on each machine? Why cant root just cd to someones home directory and run a program called a.out sitting there by typing a.out, and why is this good? 21. What is the difference between UDP and TCP?

20.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

What is DNS? What does nslookup do?

How do you create a swapfile?

How would you check the route table on a workstation/server? How do you find which ypmaster you are bound to?

How do you fix a problem where a printer will cutoff anything over 1MB? 28. What is the largest file system size in solaris? SunOS? 29. What are the different RAID levels? ^Back to Top

Interview questions for Linux admin

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Advantages/disadvantages of script vs compiled program. Name a replacement for PHP/Perl/MySQL/Linux/Apache and show main differences. Why have you choosen such a combination of products?

Differences between two last MySQL versions. Which one would you choose and when/why? Main differences between Apache 1.x and 2.x. Why is 2.x not so popular? Which one would you choose and when/why? 6. Which Linux distros do you have experience with? 7. Which distro you prefer? Why?

8. 9.

Which tool would you use to update Debian / Slackware / RedHat / Mandrake / SuSE ? Youre asked to write an Apache module. What would you do? 10. 11. Which tool do you prefer for Apache log reports? Your portfolio. (even a PHP guest book may work well) 12. 13. 14. 15. What does route command do? Differences between ipchains and iptables. Whats eth0, ppp0, wlan0, ttyS0, etc. What are different directories in / for?

16.

Partitioning scheme for new webserver. Why? ^Back to Top Read more at TechInterviews.com

Unix/Linux programming interview questions

Question 1: What is the major advantage of a hash table? (Asked by Silicon Magic Corp. people) Answer: The major advantage of a hash table is its speed. Because the hash function is to take a range of key values and transform them into index values in such a way that the key values are distributed randomly across all the indices of a hash table. Question 2: What are the techniques that you use to handle the collisions in hash tables?(Asked by Silicon Magic Corp. people) Answer: We can use two major techniques to handle the collisions. They are open addressing and separate chaining. In open addressing, data items that hash to a full array cell are placed in another cell in the array. In separate chaining, each array element consist of a linked list. All data items hashing to a given array index are inserted in that list. Question 3: In Unix OS, what is the file server? (Asked by Silicon Magic Corp. people) Answer: The file server is a machine that shares its disk storage and files with other machines on the network. Question 4: What is NFS? What is its job?(Asked by Silicon Magic Corp. people) Answer: NFS stands for Network File System. NFS enables filesystems physically residing on one computer system to be used by other computers in the network, appearing to users on the remote host as just another local disk. Question 5: What is CVS? List some useful CVS commands.(Asked by Silicon Magic Corp.people) Anser: CVS is Concurrent Version System. It is the front end to the RCS revision control system which extends the notion of revision control from a collection of files in a single directory to a hierarchical collection of directories consisting of revision controlled files. These directories and files can be combined together to form a software release. There are some useful commands that are being used very often. They are cvs checkout cvs update cvs add cvs remove cvs commit

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Unix/Linux administration interview questions

What is LILO? LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the memory, and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from. What is the main advantage of creating links to a file instead of copies of the file? A: The main advantage is not really that it saves disk space (though it does that too) but, rather, that a change of permissions on the file is applied to all the link access points. The link will show permissions of lrwxrwxrwx but that is for the link itself and not the access to the file to which the link points. Thus if you want to change the permissions for a command, such as su, you only have to do it on the original. With copies you have to find all of the copies and change permission on each of the copies. Write a command to find all of the files which have been accessed within the last 30 days.
find / -type f -atime -30 > December.files

This command will find all the files under root, which is /, with file type is file. atime -30 will give all the files accessed less than 30 days ago. And the output will put into a file call December.files. What is the most graceful way to get to run level single user mode? A: The most graceful way is to use the command init s. If you want to shut everything down before going to single user mode then do init 0 first and from the ok prompt do a boot -s. What does the following command line produce? Explain each aspect of this line.
$ (date ; ps -ef | awk {print $1} | sort | uniq | wc -l ) >> Activity.log

A: First lets dissect the line: The date gives the date and time as the first command of the line, this is followed by the a list of all running processes in long form with UIDs listed first, this is the ps -ef. These are fed into the awk which filters out all but the UIDs; these UIDs are piped into sort for no discernible reason and then onto uniq (now we see the reason for the sort - uniq only works on sorted data - if the list is A, B, A, then A, B, A will be the output of uniq, but if its A, A, B then A, B is the output) which produces only one copy of each UID. These UIDs are fed into wc -l which counts the lines - in this case the number of distinct UIDs running processes on the system. Finally the results of these two commands, the date and the wc -l, are appended to the file "Activity.log". Now to answer the question as to what this command line produces. This writes the date and time into the file Activity.log together with the number of distinct users who have

processes running on the system at that time. If the file already exists, then these items are appended to the file, otherwise the file is created. ^Back to Top Read more at TechInterviews.com

Solaris interview questions

1. 2. 3. 4. List the files in current directory sorted by size ? - ls -l | grep ^- | sort -nr List the hidden files in current directory ? - ls -a1 | grep "^\." Delete blank lines in a file ? - cat sample.txt | grep -v ^$ > new_sample.txt Search for a sample string in particular files ? - grep .Debug. *.confHere grep uses the string .Debug. to search in all files with extension..conf. under current directory. Display the last newly appending lines of a file during appendingdata to the same file by some processes ? - tail .f Debug.logHere tail shows the newly appended data into Debug.log by some processes/user. 6. 7. Display the Disk Usage of file sizes under each directory in currentDirectory ? - du -k * | sort .nr (or) du .k . | sort -nr Change to a directory, which is having very long name ? - cd CDMA_3X_GEN*Here original directory name is . .CDMA_3X_GENERATION_DATA.. Display the all files recursively with path under current directory ? - find . -depth -print 9. Set the Display automatically for the current new user ? - export DISPLAY=`eval who am i | cut -d"(" -f2 | cut -d")" -f1`Here in above command, see single quote, double quote, grave ascent is used. Observe carefully. 10. 11. Display the processes, which are running under yourusername ? - ps .aef | grep MaheshvjHere, Maheshvj is the username. List some Hot Keys for bash shell ? - Ctrl+l . Clears the Screen. Ctrl+r . Does a search in previously given commands in shell. Ctrl+u - Clears the typing before the hotkey. Ctrl+a . Places cursor at the beginning of the command at shell. Ctrl+e . Places cursor at the end of the command at shell. Ctrl+d . Kills the shell. Ctrl+z . Places the currently running process into background. 12. 13. Display the files in the directory by file size ? - ls .ltr | sort .nr .k 5 How to save man pages to a file ? - man <command> | col .b > <outputfile>Example : man top | col .b > top_help.txt

5.

8.

14.

How to know the date & time for . when script is executed ? - Add the following script line in shell script.eval echo "Script is executed at `date`" >> timeinfo.infHere, .timeinfo.inf. contains date & time details ie., when script is executed and history related to execution. 15. 16. How do you find out drive statistics ? - iostat -E Display disk usage in Kilobytes ? - du -k

17. 18. 19. 20.

Display top ten largest files/directories ? - du -sk * | sort -nr | head How much space is used for users in kilobytes ? - quot -af How to create null file ? - cat /dev/null > filename1 Access common commands quicker ? - ps -ef | grep -i $@ 21. 22. Display the page size of memory ? - pagesize -a Display Ethernet Address arp table ? - arp -a

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Display the no.of active established connections to localhost ? - netstat -a | grep EST Display the state of interfaces used for TCP/IP traffice ? - netstat -i Display the parent/child tree of a process ? - ptree <pid> Example: ptree 1267 Show the working directory of a process ? - pwdx <pid> Example: pwdx 1267 Display the processes current open files ? - pfiles <pid> Example: pfiles 1267 Display the inter-process communication facility status ? - ipcs Display the top most process utilizing most CPU ? - top .b 1 30. Alternative for top command ? - prstat -a

Basic shell scripting questions

By admin | July 22, 2007

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How do you find out whats your shell? - echo $SHELL Whats the command to find out todays date? - date Whats the command to find out users on the system? - who How do you find out the current directory youre in? - pwd How do you remove a file? - rm

6. 7.

How do you remove a < in files the all with>- rm -rf How do you find out your own username? - whoami

8. How do you send a mail message to somebody? - mail somebody@techinterviews.com -s Your subject -c cc@techinterviews.com 9. How do you count words, lines and characters in a file? - wc

10. How do you search for a string inside a given file? - grep string filename 11. How do you search for a string inside a directory? - grep string * 12. How do you search for a string in a directory with the subdirectories recursed? grep -r string * 13. What are PIDs? - They are process IDs given to processes. A PID can vary from 0 to 65535. 14. How do you list currently running process? - ps 15. How do you stop a process? - kill pid 16. How do you find out about all running processes? - ps -ag 17. How do you stop all the processes, except the shell window? - kill 0 18. How do you fire a process in the background? - ./process-name & 19. How do you refer to the arguments passed to a shell script? - $1, $2 and so on. $0 is your script name. 20. Whats the conditional statement in shell scripting? - if {condition} then fi 21. How do you do number comparison in shell scripts? - -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, -ge 22. How do you test for file properties in shell scripts? - -s filename tells you if the file is not empty, -f filename tells you whether the argument is a file, and not a directory, -d filename tests if the argument is a directory, and not a file, -w filename tests for writeability, -r filename tests for readability, -x filename tests for executability 23. How do you do Boolean logic operators in shell scripting? - ! tests for logical not, a tests for logical and, and -o tests for logical or. 24. How do you find out the number of arguments passed to the shell script? - $# 25. Whats a way to do multilevel if-elses in shell scripting? - if {condition} then {statement} elif {condition} {statement} fi 26. How do you write a for loop in shell? - for {variable name} in {list} do {statement} done 27. How do you write a while loop in shell? - while {condition} do {statement} done 28. How does a case statement look in shell scripts? - case {variable} in {possiblevalue-1}) {statement};; {possible-value-2}) {statement};; esac

29. How do you read keyboard input in shell scripts? - read {variable-name} 30. How do you define a function in a shell script? - function-name() { #some code here return } 31. How does getopts command work? - The parameters to your script can be passed as -n 15 -x 20. Inside the script, you can iterate through the getopts array as while getopts n:x option, and the variable $option contains the value of the entered option.

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RedHat Linux Exam-RH253

RedHat Linux Networking and Security Administration

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Total Questions:

10

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Question: 1
You work as a Linux Technician for Tech Perfect Inc. You want to protect your server from intruders who exploit services that are started with TCP Wrappers. Which of the following files will help you protect the server? Each correct answer represents a part of the solution. Choose two. A. hosts.deny B. hosts.allow C. lilo.conf D. httpd.conf

Answer: A, B Question: 2
Against which of the following does SSH provide protection? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose two. A. DoS attack B. Broadcast storm C. Password sniffing D. IP spoofing

Answer: C, D Question: 3
You work as a Network Administrator for Net World Inc. The company has a Linux-based network. You are configuring a Linux server that will be used as a Web server. The TCP/IP configuration of the server is shown in the following tablE. All services are denied through the hosts.deny file. You want to permit access to the Web services on the local subnet. How will you accomplish the task? A. Remove all entries from the hosts.deny file. In the hosts.allow file, append the entry httpD. 192.168.1.100/24 B. Remove all entries from the hosts.deny file. In the hosts.allow file, append the entry 192.168.1.100/24:httpd C. Remove all entries from the hosts.deny file. D. In the hosts.allow file, append the entry httpD. 192.168.1.100/24

Answer: D

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Question: 4
Which of the following files are used by Samba to log messages? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose two. A. /usr/doc/samba B. /var/log/samba C. /etc/smb.conf D. /var/log/messages

Answer: B, D Question: 5
A firewall is a combination of hardware and software, used to provide security to a network. It is used to protect an internal network or intranet against unauthorized access from the Internet or other outside networks. It restricts inbound and outbound access and can analyze all traffic between an internal network and the Internet. Users can configure a firewall to pass or block packets from specific IP addresses and ports. Which of the following tools works as a firewall for the Linux 2.4 kernel? A. Stunnel B. IPTables C. OpenSSH D. IPChains

Answer: B Question: 6
Which of the following configuration files is used to configure Samba? A. /etc/hosts B. /etc/samba/smb.conf C. /etc/hosts.allow D. /etc/samba.conf

Answer: B

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Question: 7
Which command is used to connect securely to a remote Linux server? A. RLOGIN B. RSH C. TELNET D. SSH

Answer: D Question: 8
A user named Rick wants to connect to the remote host with the IP address 192.168.1.1. Which of the following commands will he use? A. SSH -r 192.168.1.1 rick B. SSH -l rick 192.168.1.1 C. SSH -n 192.168.1.1 D. SSH -l 192.168.1.1

Answer: B Question: 9
Which of the following commands is used to transfer files between servers? A. SSH B. MOUNT C. TELNET D. FTP

Answer: D Question: 10
You work as a Network Administrator for Net Perfect Inc. The company has a Linux-based network. You have configured a client computer to receive an IP address from the DHCP server. There is only one network card installed on the computer. You want to verify that the computer has received the IP address from the DHCP server. Which of the following steps will you take to accomplish the task?

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Each correct answer represents a part of the solution. Choose two. A. Run the NETSTAT -flush command. B. Run the /ETC/INIT.D/NETWORK RESTART command. C. Reboot the PING eth0 command. D. Run the /SBIN/IFCONFIG eth0 command.

Answer: B, D Question: 11
You work as a Network Administrator for Rick International. The company has a TCP/IPbased network. You have configured a Linux server on the network. This server will provide file and print services. Which of the following services will you enable on the server in order to provide these services to the Windows clients on the network? A. LDAP B. DHCP C. Samba D. SMB

Answer: C Question: 12
John works as a contract Ethical Hacker. He has recently got a project to do security checking for www.we-are-secure.com. He wants to find out the operating system of the we-are-secure server in the information gathering step. Which of the following commands will he use to accomplish the task? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose two. A. nc -v -n 208.100.2.25 80 B. nmap -v -O www.we-are-secure.com C. nc 208.100.2.25 23 D. nmap -v -O 208.100.2.25

Answer: B, D Question: 13
You work as a System Administrator for McNeil Inc. The company has a Linux-based network. You are a root user on the Linux system. You want to stop nscd service in run levels 2, 3, and 5 on your system. Which of the following commands will you use to accomplish the task?

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A. chkconfig -level 235 nscd off B. chkconfig --list nscd C. chkconfig --runlevel 235 nscd off D. chkconfig --level 235 nscd off

Answer: D Question: 14
John works as a Network Administrator for Perfect Solutions Inc. The company has a Linuxbased network. He is working as a root user on the Linux operating system. He recognizes that his operating system is showing some errors during boot. Now, he wants to get the information which processes are being started at bootup and during normal operation. Which of the following files can he use to accomplish his task? A. /etc/inetd.conf B. /etc/inittab C. /etc/services D. /etc/mtab

Answer: B Question: 15
Which of the following services enables Linux users to connect to the resources in the Microsoft network? A. Samba B. Apache C. Squid D. Sendmail

Answer: A

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For interactive and self-paced preparation of exam RH253, try our practice exams. Practice exams also include self assessment and reporting features