CONTENTS

Storage devices. Optical drives. Floppy disk. Hard disk. Components of Hard disks. RAID technology. Levels in RAID technology. Summary.

Storage devices
Some of the storage devices are as follows:

Optical drives such as floppy disks,CD/DVD Rom Hard disks.

Floppy disk drives.

FLOPPY DISK

CD/DVD drives

Geometry of hard disk

Hard disk is an organization of data on the platters. It shows where the data will be stored in each platters. They are specified by numerical values such as: Heads. Cylinders. Sectors per track. Write precompensation. Landing Zone.

Components of Hard disk.

o o Platters and Media Read/Write Heads o Head Sliders, Arms and Actuator o Spindle Motor o Connectors and Jumpers o Logic Board o Integrated Cache

Sectors per track.

Types of Hard disk

SCSI Hard disk. SATA Hard disk. IDE(ATA/PATA).

IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics)

IDE is older type of Hard disk . It is also called ATA/PATA hard disk.

Some of the IDE hard disk are as follows: ATA-1 ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) ATA-2 ATA-3: ATA/ATAPI-4 ATA/ATAPI-5: Enhanced IDE (EIDE Fast ATA Ultra ATA

SATA(Serial ATA Hard disk)

SATA is latest technology that is replaced by PATA/ATA hard disk. SATA has several advantages over PATA they are as follows: Superior cabling and connectors. Higher bandwidth. Greater reliability.

SCSI(Small Computers System Interface)

These hard disks are used in

workstations and servers because of following advantages:

Improved performance

over IDE and SATA in multitasking and multiuser environment.

Ability to dairy chain

many drivers on computer.

RAID(Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disk)

RAID is the method in which information is spread across several hard disk and maximize the ability to recover information in case of hard disk crash.

Some Information about RAID technology

Mirroring refers to copying of data to multiple hard disks. ii. Striping refers to splitting of data across multiple hard disks. iii. Error correction refers to detecting hard disk failures and recovering from the failures. Error detection is done by parity checking .
i.

Different levels of RAID are as follows:

RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 3 RAID 4 RAID 5 RAID 6 RAID 10 RAID 53

RAID 0 level
RAID

0 level specifies data stripping. It means that data will split up into several smaller parts without any parity. It requires minimum 2 number of hard disks to operate. RAID 0 level provides good performance over single disk storage.

RAID 1 level
Specifies data

Mirroring(same copy of data in all hard disks) but without any parity. This means data is copied to multiple disk but there is no error correction of RAID1 level like RAID 0 level also requires at least two hard disk drivers.

RAID 2 level (Stripping with parity.)

RAID 2 level suggests

data is split across multiple hard disk with parity bit is stored in the same hard disk . If any data is lost then we can recover disk. If any data is lost then we can recover the whole data with the help of parity bit. Minimum 2 HDD is required

RAID3 level
RAID 3 level specifies data stripping with dedicated parity disk . This means RAID 3 level generates parity and dedicated one of its hard disk drive for storing the parity information. Minimum 3 HDD is required for building RAID3 level .

RAID 3: XOR
Exit Hamming Code,

Enter XOR (eXclusive OR)

XOR in Action:
01012 XOR 00112 = 01102

XOR Logic Table A XOR B Result

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

If ????2 XOR 11002 = 01102, Then 11002 XOR 01102 = ????2 = 10102 Thus we can use XOR results to recover lost data

RAID 3: Pros and Cons

Advantages:
High Read/Write

Disadvantages:
Transaction rate slowed

Transfer Rates Disk failures dont slow the system Low Ratio of Data Disks to Parity Disks

by Parity Disk Complex Controller Design Software Implementation

Resource Intensive

RAID 3: Uses
Video Production High-end Video and Image Editing Other uses that require high throughput of data

RAID 4 level
RAID 4 level is similar to RAID 3 except with a difference . The difference is that :

In RAID 3 we stripes

data one byte at time. Whereas RAID 4 strips data in blocks.

RAID 4: Uses
Advantages:
Very high read rates
Multiple files read at once

Disadvantages:
Very slow write rates
Even small writes fill up

parity write queue

Uses:
Web Servers, and other

Inefficient data recovery Even more Complex

high read, low write situations

Controller Design than RAID 3

*Has most of the other Advantages and Disadvantages of RAID 3

RAID 5 level
RAID 5 took all the advantages from RAID 0-RAID 4 and build up this technology . The advantages are as follows: RAID 0-Stripping. RAID 1-Mirroring. RAID 2-Stripping bit level parity. RAID 3-Stripping with dedicated parity. RAID 4-Block level parity. Therefore , RAID 5 level has got highest popularity as it uses all the level and it is used widely.

RAID 5
Highest Read data transaction rate Medium Write data transaction rate Most complex controller design Used For Server Applications.

RAID 10

Characterized by: - each drive duplicated - high implementation cost

RAID 10
Uses multiple (mirrored) RAID 1 in a single array Data striped across all mirrored sets Very high fault tolerance High performance rate

How are the HDD are designed in RAID technologies

Advantages of RAID
The foremost advantage of using a RAID drive is that it

increases the performance and reliability of the system. The RAID drive is a credible example that could be used in a server. The RAID increases the parity check and thus it regularly checks for any possibility of a system crash. Disk stripping is also a hot topic when we discuss about the RAID drives. The performance is much highlighting and increases a lot when the disk stripping is done. The mirroring is the complete duplication of the data. Or in the other sense the mirroring is the 100% duplication of the data on two drives.

Disadvantages of Raid
A major disadvantage regarding the RAID drive is that

there needs to be written the drivers for a Network Operating System (NOS). Hence the major fact and also the most important usage of the RAID system is that it is essentially designed and extensively used in a server. Another disadvantage regarding the RAID is that it is very much difficult for an administrator to configure the RAID system. The ability to dynamically enlarge the RAID server is also complex process; especially for those administrators who are the IS managers and also the LAN administrators.

Summary
RAID level Mirroring 0 No 1 Yes Striping Block No Parity No Min . drives Key features 2 Fastest, but lacks data protection. 32No 2 Requires double capacity but fastest protected solution. Dedicated 3 Distributes each block across disks. Dedicated 3 Larger blocks improve performance. Dedicated parity disk is potential bottleneck. Distributed 3 Eliminates parity bottleneck.

3 4

No No

Byte Block

No

Block

Thank you
ANJAN KUAMR.B. -Guided by Mr. Pintunath .