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CHAPTER 2
DC AND AC METER
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. DArsonval Meter Movement DC Ammeter DC Voltmeter Multi-range Voltmeter Voltmeter Loading Effects Ammeter Insertion Effects Ohmmeter 8. Multi-range Ohmmeter 9. Multimeter 10. AC Voltmeter using halfwave rectifier 11. AC Voltmeter Loading Effects 12. Wheatstone Bridge 13. Kelvin Bridge 14. Bridge-controlled Circuit
Core
2.2: DC AMMETER
The PMMC galvanometer constitutes the basic movement of a dc ammeter. The coil winding of a basic movement is small and light, so it can carry only very small currents. A low value resistor (shunt resistor) is used in DC ammeter to measure large current. Basic DC ammeter:
+ I Ish
Rsh
Im + _ Rm
DArsonval Movement
Referring to Fig. 2.2: Rm = internal resistance of the movement Rsh = shunt resistance Ish =shunt current Im = full scale deflection current of the movement I = full scale current of the ammeter + shunt (i.e. total current)
I sh Rsh = I m Rm I sh = I I m Rsh =
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I m Rm I Im
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EXAMPLE 3.1
A 1mA meter movement with an internal resistance of 100 is to be converted into a 0-100 mA. Calculate the value of shunt resistance required. (ans: 1.01)
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+ +
R1 R2 R3 R4
Rm _
DArsonval Movement
S _
EXAMPLE 2.2
Design an Aryton shunt to provide an ammeter with a current range of 0-1 mA, 10 mA, 50 mA and 100 mA. A D Arsonval movement with an internal resistance of 100 and full scale current of 50 uA is used.
1m A + + Rm _
DArsonval Meter
R4
Rc
3 + 1 2
Rb
10mA
R3
+ _
DArsonval Movement
50mA
R2
Ra
100mA
R1
_
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REQUIREMENT OF A SHUNT
1) Minimum Thermo Dielectric Voltage Drop Soldering of joint should not cause a voltage drop. 2) Solderability - never connect an ammeter across a source of e.m.f - observe the correct polarity - when using the multirange meter, first use the highest current range.
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To use the basic meter as a dc voltmeter, must know the amount of current (Ifsd) required to deflect the basic meter to full scale.
S=
1 I fsd
The sensitivity is based on the fact that the full scale current should results whenever a certain amount of resistance is present in the meter circuit for each voltage applied.
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EXAMPLE 2.3
Calculate the sensitivity of a 200 uA meter movement which is to be used as a dc voltmeter.
S= Solution: I fsd 1 1 = = 5k / V 200uA
2.4: A DC VOLTMETER
A basic DArsonval movement can be converted into a DC voltmeter by adding a series resistor (multiplier) as shown in Figure 2.3. Im =full scale deflection current of the movement (Ifsd) Rm=internal resistance of the movement Rs =multiplier resistance V
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+ V _
Rs
Multiplie r
Im Rm
EXAMPLE 2.4
A basic D Arsonval movement with a fullscale deflection of 50 uA and internal resistance of 500 is used as a DC voltmeter. Determine the value of the multiplier resistance needed to measure a voltage range of 0-10V.
V = I m ( Rs + Rm )
Therefore,
Rs = Rs =
V I m Rm V = Rm Im Im V Rm Im
Solution:
Rs =
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S=
Im
50uA
= 20k / V
+ _
V4
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EXAMPLE 2.5
Convert a basic D Arsonval movement with an internal resistance of 50 and a full scale deflection current of 2 mA into a multirange dc voltmeter with voltage ranges of 0-10V, 0-50V, 0-100V and 0-250V.
Example 1
A series circuit of two resistors Ra=20k and Rb=10k is supplied by a 30V voltage supply. Two voltmeters are used to measure VRb. The sensitivity of meter 1 is 1k/V and the sensitivity of meter 2 is 20k/V. Both meters are used on 10V range. Examine how good is meter 2 compared to meter 1 in terms of % error.
Example 2
A series circuit of two resistors Ra=40k and Rb=10k is supplied by a 30V voltage supply. A voltmeter with a sensitivity of 20k/V and three ranges of 10V, 20V and 30V is used to measure VRb. Examine the % error due to loading effect if the measurement is done on each range. Discuss your answer.
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Im R1 = Ie R1 + R m
The Ammeter insertion error is given by : Insertion Error
(2-6)
R1
Placing the meter in series with R1 causes the current to reduce to a value equal to: (2-5) E
Im =
R1 + R m
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I Im X 100 = e Ie I = 1 m x 100 Ie
(2-7)
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R h = R 1 + ( R 2 // R m ) = R 1 +
R2 Rm R2 + Rm
(2-8)
The total current of the circuit, It=V/Rh The shunt current through R2 is I2=It-Ifsd
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I2 R2=Ifsd Rm I2=It-Ifsd
So,
R2 =
I fsd R m R h V I fsd R h
(2-9)
R2 =
I fsd R m I t I fsd
From equation (2-8) and (2-9):
R1 = R h
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I fsd R m R h V
(2-10)
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Example: A 100 basic movement is to be used as an ohmmeter requiring a full scale deflection of 1mA and internal battery voltage of 3V . A half scale deflection marking of 2k is desired. Calculate:
i. value of R1 and R2 ii. the maximum value of R2 to compensate for a 5% drop in battery voltage
2.10 MULTIMETER
Multimeter consists of an ammeter, voltmeter and ohmmeter in one unit. It has a function switch to connect the appropriate circuit to the DArsonval movement. Fig.4.33 (in text book) shows DC miliammeter, DC voltmeter, AC voltmeter, microammeter and ohmmeter.
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S ac = 0 . 45 S dc = 0 . 45 k / V
This means that an AC voltmeter is not as sensitive as a DC voltmeter.
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S dc =
1 1 = = 1k / V Im 1 mA
E dc = 0 . 45 E rms Rs = E dc 0 . 45 E rms Rm = Rm I dc I dc
(2-11)
o The AC meter scale is usually calibrated to give the RMS value of an alternating sine wave input. A more general AC voltmeter circuit is shown in Fig. 4.17 (in text book)
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EXAMPLE
Calculate the value of the multiplier resistor for a 10 Vrms range on the voltmeter shown in Fig 4.19 (in text book)
R s = S ac range R m
Example: Calculate the value of the multiplier resistor for a 10 Vrms ac range on the voltmeter in Fig. 4.21
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R1 R2 = R3 R4
So,
= R4 =
R2R3 R1
(2-14)
I3R3 = I4R4
(2-13)
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Usually, the resistor R3 is a variable resistor to balance the bridge. RX is the unknown resistor to be measured. When bridge is balance, the value of the unknown resistor RX is equal to resistance value of R3
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RX R3 Rb = = R2 R1 Ra
See example 11.4 (textbook)
(2-15)
R3 RV Es = E R + R R + R 3 2 V 1
(2-16)
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Conclusion
A half wave ac voltmeter has a sensitivity of 0.45 of the sensitivity of a dc voltmeter. A full wave ac voltmeter has a sensitivity of 0.9 of the sensitivity of a dc voltmeter. A Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure an unknown resistance in the range of 1 1M.
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Conclusion
A Kelvin bridge can be used to measure a small resistance. A bridge controlled circuit can be used to detect error in a control circuit.
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