Additional Mathematics

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2012
NIKMAL Page 1

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
PROJECT
WORK
2012


NIKMAL Page 2

ACKNOLEDGEMENT
First and foremost i would like to say alhamdulillah because finally i finished my ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2012. Then i really thanked to my additional mathematics
teacher, ______________________________ for the support and guidance that she had
given to me along time allocated for me to finish this project. A lot of appriciation also
should be given to my classmates and dormates for the ideas and guidance. Las but not least
to my beloved parents, _____________________________ and
_____________________________. Thank you once again.


NIKMAL Page 3

CONTENT
TITLE PAGE


NIKMAL Page 4

INTRODUCTION

History of statistic

By the 18th century, the term"statistics"designated
thesystematiccollectionof demographicandeconomicdata by states. In the early19th
century,the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline concerned with
the collection, summary, andanalysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in
government, business, and all thesciences. Electroniccomputershave expeditedstatistical
computation, and have allowedstatisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods.The term
"mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theoriesof probabilityandstatistical
inference, which are used instatistical practice. The relation between statistics
and probability theory developed rather late, however. In the 19th century, statistics
increasingly used probability theory, whose initial results were found in the17thand18th
centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance(gambling). By 1800, astronomyused
probability models and statistical theories, particularly themethod of least squares, whichwas
invented byLegendreandGauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematizedand
extended byLaplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in
continualdevelopment. In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and
probabilitymodels to advance the new sciences of experimental psychologyandsociology;
physicalscientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new
sciencesof thermodynamicsandstatistical mechanics.The development of statistical reasoning
wasclosely associated with the development of inductive logicand the scientific method.

Statistics
is not a field of mathematics but an autonomousmathematical science,
likecomputer scienceor operations research.Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins
in publicadministrationand maintains a special concern withdemographyandeconomics.
Beingconcerned with thescientific methodandinductive logic,statistical theory has close
associationwith the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and
making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with thedecision
scienceandmicroeconomics. With itsconcerns withdata, statistics has overlap withinformation
scienceandcomputer science.

Statistics today
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural
research,publichealthconcerns (
epidemiology ,biostatistics , etc.), industrialquality control, and economicand social purposes
(unemployment rate,econometry,etc.) necessitated substantialadvances in statistical
practices.Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individuals
andorganizations use statistics to understand data and make informed decisions throughout
thenatural and social sciences, medicine, business, and other areas.

Statistics
is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather as a distinct albeit allied,
field. Manyuniversitiesmaintain separate mathematics and statistics departments.

NIKMAL Page 5

Statistics
is also taught in departments as diverseas psychology,education, and public health.

Recently, the Malaysian government has launched a campaign of 10 000 steps a day tocreate
awareness to the public lifestyle. At the school level, all students are required to sitfor the
SEGAK test to determine the fitness level of students based on a few physical test.Among the
elements of the test is taking the pulse rate of each students

PART 1
STUDENTS (GIVE NAME) PULSE RATE (bpm)
Before After
1 72 121
2 74 130
3 75 132
4 71 144
5 69 133
6 63 121
7 76 109
8 81 146
9 73 134
10 76 121
11 89 155
12 79 148
13 69 139
14 71 127
15 65 119
16 74 138
17 92 121
18 69 109
19 72 123
20 61 165
21 70 135
22 67 137
23 78 147
24 85 138
25 64 125
26 68 127
27 74 135
28 79 128
29 82 143
30 74 153
31 73 163
32 64 134
33 84 124
34 76 135

NIKMAL Page 6

35 79 153
36 61 144
37 64 137
38 96 146
39 78 152
40 75 131
41 73 134
42 64 112
43 69 121
44 92 172
45 71 132
46 66 119
47 74 145
48 75 129
49 69 121
50 61 103

Mean for before exercise
x
=
3750
50

= 75
Mode for before exercise
= 74
Median for before exercise
= 73.5
For teenager and adults, the current standard for a normal pulse is 60 to 100 beats per
minute. Your pulse rate will be faster when you exercise or under stress or having fever.
When you're resting, your pulse rate will be slower. To have a pulse below 60 beats per
minute is to have insufficient beating of the heart and weakness in the body. Sometimes, a
low heart rate is brought on by vascular heart disease or immunity problems. A pulse over
100 beats per minute is not healthy unless you are a newborn.


NIKMAL Page 7

(b) Mean, Mode and Median for the ungrouped data after the exercise
Mean,
x
=
6710
50

= 134.2
Mode
= 121
Median
= 121
GROUPED DATA FOR PULSE RATE AFTER EXERCISING

(i) Mean,
x
=
f
fx

x
=
6705
50

= 134.1
Pulse rate ( bpm ) Frequency midpoint
100 - 109 3 104.5
110 119 3 114.5
120 129 13 124.5
130 139 16 134.5
140 - 149 8 144.5
150 159 4 154.5
160 169 2 164.5
170 179 1 174.5

NIKMAL Page 8

Median from ogive or using formula. Median = c
f
F
N
L
m
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
2

Pulse rate (
bpm )
Frequency
(f)
Cumulative
frequency
Midpoint
(x)
fx
100 - 109 3 3 104.5 313.5
110 119 3 6 114.5 343.5
120 129 13 19 124.5 1618.5
130 139 16 35 134.5 2152
140 - 149 8 43 144.5 1156
150 159 4 47 154.5 618
160 169 2 49 164.5 329
170 179 1 50 174.5 174.5

= 50

= 6705

NIKMAL Page 9

Median = 129.5 + (
2519
16
) x 10
= 133.25

Frequency polygon

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
99.5 109.5 119.5 129.5 139.5 149.5 159.5 169.5 179.5
cumulative
frequency
upper boundary
0
5
10
15
20
94.5 104.5 114.5 124.5 134.5 144.5 154.5 164.5 174.5 184.5
n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
midpoint
pulse rate (bpm)

NIKMAL Page 10

Mode by using histogram

Mode = (according to your graph)

(d)
Measure of Central Tendency Ungrouped data Grouped data
Mean 134.1 134.2
Mode
121 According to your
graph
Median 121 133.25

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
99.5 109.5 119.5 129.5 139.5 149.5 159.5 169.5 170.5 179.5
n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
pulse rate (bpm)
Histogram

NIKMAL Page 11

(e) Finding standard deviation
Method 1 : Using calculator


NIKMAL Page 12

Method 2 : Using formula 1

Pulse rate Frequency , f
Class
midpoint,x
x
2
fx
2
fx
100 - 109 3 104.5 10920.25 32760.75 313.5
110 119 3 114.5 13110.25 39330.75 343.5
120 129 13 124.5 15500.25 201503.3 1618.5
130 139 16 134.5 18090.25 289444 2152
140 - 149 8 144.5 20880.25 167042 1156
150 159 4 154.5 23870.25 95481 618
160 169 2 164.5 27060.25 54120.5 329
170 179 1 174.5 30450.25 30450.25 174.5

= 50 = 1116 =159882 = 910132.6

=6705

fx
x
f

=
6705
50

= 134.1

2
2 2
( )
fx
x
f
o

=

=
910132 .6
50
134.1
= 219.842


NIKMAL Page 13

Method 3 : Using formula 2

Pulse rate
Frequency ,
f
Class
midpoint,x
(x- x )
2
f(x- x )
2

fx
100 - 109 3 104.5 876.16 2628.48 313.5
110 119 3 114.5 384.16 1152.48 343.5
120 129 13 124.5 92.16 1198.08 1618.5
130 139 16 134.5 0.16 2.56 2152
140 - 149 8 144.5 108.16 865.28 1156
150 159 4 154.5 416.16 1664.64 618
160 169 2 164.5 924.16 1848.32 329
170 179 1 174.5 1632.16 1632.16 174.5

= 50
=1116

( x ) =
4433.28

( x ) =
10992

=6705

fx
x
f

2
2
( ) f x x
f
o

=

=
10992
50

= 219.84


NIKMAL Page 14

Method 4 : Using Excel

- Show the table by using MS Excel. Use function and choose statistical
category and then click STDEV.


NIKMAL Page 15

FURTHER EXPLORATIONS

(a) Resting Heart Rate (RHR) is the number of beats for 60 seconds which is done during
the morning ( after getting up from sleep) before doing any exercise. (For an adult, a
normal resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. For a well-trained
athlete, a normal resting heart rate is approximate to 40 beats per minute.)

(b) Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) = 220 age.
Target Heart Rate (THR) = (MHR RHR) x 0.6 + RHR - lower limit
Target Heart Rate (THR) = (MHR RHR) x 0.8 + RHR - upper limit

(c) Use the formula in (a) and (b) to get RHR, MHR and THR for students
(i) mother / father/ guardian
(ii) 2 teachers
(iii) 2 friends ( athlete and not an athlete)

PERSON MHR RHR THR (LOWER LIMIT) THR (UPPER LIMIT)
MOTHER 220 52 = 168 73 197.2 182.6
TEACHERS (PUT
YOUR TEACHERS
NAME)
220 48 = 172 79 203.6 187.6
TEACHERS (PUT
YOUR TEACHERS
NAME)
220 47 = 173 69 200.6 186.8
FRIEND (ATHLETE) 220 17 = 203 61 227.4 215.2
FRIEND (NON-
ATHLETE)
220 16 = 204 71 232.4 218.2

Pulse rates vary from person to person. Your pulse is lower when you are at rest and
increases when you exercise (because more oxygen-rich blood is needed by the body when
you exercise).

NIKMAL Page 16

Many things can cause changes in your normal heart rate, including your age, activity level,
and the time of day.
Your target heart rate can guide you how hard you should exercise so you can get the most
aerobic benefit from your workout.

The pulse rate can be used to check overall heart health and fitness level. Generally lower
pulse rate is better.
Keep in mind that many factors can influence heart rate, including:
- Activity level
- Fitness level
- Air temperature
- Body position (standing up or lying down, for example)
- Emotions
- Body size
- Medication use
- Age
- etc
Although there's a wide range of normal heart rate, an unusually high or low heart rate may
indicate an underlying problem. Consult your doctor if your resting heart rate is consistently
above 100 beats per minute (tachycardia) or below 60 beats per minute (bradycardia);
especially if you have other signs or symptoms, such as fainting, dizziness or shortness of
breath.

You gain the most benefits and lessen the risks when you exercise in your target heart rate
zone. Usually this is when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60 percent to 80 percent of your
maximum heart rate.
To find out if you are exercising in your target zone (between 60 percent and 80 percent of
your maximum heart rate), stop exercising and check your 10-second pulse. If your pulse is
below your target zone, increase your rate of exercise. If your pulse is above your target
zone, decrease your rate of exercise.


NIKMAL Page 17

CONCLUSION
In conclusion i can say that all students of SM___________ is healthy as referred to
the investigation.

REFLECTION
By doing this project work i can evaluate many good habits such as patience. I also
learn about the way to calculate the target heart rate. Learning additional
mathematics have a lot of benefits. We use mathematics in our daily life.

Additional Mathematics

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Additional Mathematics

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2012

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen