1134 EURAMET CG 18 03 - NAWI

Guidelines on the Calibration
of Non-Automatic Weighing
Instruments
EURAMET cg-18
Version 3.0 (03/2011)

Previously EA-10/18
European Association of National Metrology Institutes

EURAMET cg-18, Ver si on 3.0 ( 03/ 2011)

Cal i br at i on Gui de
EURAMET cg- 18
Ver si on 3.0 ( 03/ 2011)

GUI DELI NES ON THE CALI BRATI ON OF
NON- AUTOMATI C WEI GHI NG
I NSTRUMENTS

Pur pose
This document has been produced t o enhance t he equivalence and mut ual recognit ion of
calibrat ion result s obt ained by laborat ories perf orming calibrat ions of non-aut omat ic weighing
inst rument s.

Aut hor shi p and I mpr i nt
This document was developed by t he EURAMET e.V., Technical Commit t ee for Mass and Relat ed
Quant it ies.

3rd

edit ion March 2011
2nd edit ion Sept ember 2010
1st edit ion January 2009

EURAMET e.V.
Bundesallee 100
D-38116 Braunschweig
Germany

e-mail: secret ariat @euramet .org
phone: + 49 531 592 1960

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applicat ion. I n case of any inconsist ency bet ween t he t erms of t he t ranslat ion and t he t erms of t his
document , t his document shall prevail.
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may be t aken only wit h t he permission of t he EURAMET Secret ariat .
I SBN 978-3-942992-15-2
Gui dance Publ i cat i ons
This document gives guidance on measurement pract ices in t he specified fields of measurement s. By
applying t he recommendat ions present ed in t his document laborat ories can produce calibrat ion result s
t hat can be recognized and accept ed t hroughout Europe. The approaches t aken are not mandat ory and
are for t he guidance of calibrat ion laborat ories. The document has been produced as a means of
promot ing a consist ent approach t o good measurement pract ice leading t o and support ing laborat ory
accredit at ion.
The guide may be used by t hird part ies e.g. Nat ional Accredit at ion Bodies, peer reviewers wit nesses t o
measurement s et c., as a reference only. Should t he guide be adopt ed as part of a requirement of any
such part y, t his shall be f or t hat applicat ion only and EURAMET secret ariat should be inf ormed of any
such adopt ion.
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Fur t h er i n f or mat i on
For furt her informat ion about t his publicat ion, cont act your nat ional cont act person of t he EURAMET
Technical Commit t ee for Mass and Relat ed Quant it ies (see www.euramet .org).

EURAMET cg-18
Ver si on 3.0 ( 03/ 2011)

Gui del i nes on t he Cal i brat i on of
Non-Aut omat i c Wei ghi ng I nst rument s

CONTENTS

1 I NTRODUCTI ON 1
2 SCOPE 1
3 TERMI NOLOGY AND SYMBOLS 2
4 GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE CALI BRATI ON 2
4.1 Element s of t he Calibrat ion 2
4.2 Test load and indicat ion 4
4.3 Test loads 7
4.4 I ndicat ions 9
5 MEASUREMENT METHODS 11
5.1 Repeat abilit y t est 11
5.2 Test for errors of indicat ion 12
5.3 Eccent ricit y t est 13
5.4 Auxiliary measurement s 13
6 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 14
6.1 Repeat abilit y 14
6.2 Errors of indicat ion 14
6.3 Effect of eccent ric loading 16
7 UNCERTAI NTY OF MEASUREMENT 16
7.1 St andard uncert aint y for discret e values 16
7.2 St andard uncert aint y for a charact erist ic 24
7.3 Expanded uncert aint y at calibrat ion 34
7.4 St andard uncert aint y of a weighing result 34
7.5 Expanded uncert aint y of a weighing result 31
8 CALI BRATI ON CERTI FI CATE 32
8.1 General I nformat ion 32
8.2 I nformat ion about t he calibrat ion procedure 33
8.3 Result s of measurement 33
8.4 Addit ional informat ion 34
9 VALUE OF MASS OR CONVENTI ONAL VALUE OF MASS 34
9.1 Value of mass 34
9.2 Convent ional value of mass 35
10 REFERENCES 36

APPENDI CES

A ADVI CE FOR ESTI MATI ON OF AI R DENSI TY 37
A1 Formulae f or t he densit y of air 37
A2 Variat ions of paramet ers const it ut ing t he air densit y 39
A3 Uncert aint y of air densit y 41
B COVERAGE FACTOR k FOR EXPANDED UNCERTAI NTY OF MEASUREMENT 42
B1 Obj ect ive 42
B2 Basic condit ions f or t he applicat ion of k = 2 42
B3 Det ermining k in ot her cases 42
C FORMULAE TO DESCRI BE ERRORS I N RELATI ON TO THE I NDI CATI ONS 44
C1 Obj ect ive 44
C2 Funct ional relat ions 44
C3 Terms wit hout relat ion t o t he readings 49
D SYMBOLS AND TERMS 50
D1 Symbols of general applicat ion 50
D2 Locat ions of import ant t erms and expressions 52
E I NFORMATI ON ON AI R BUOYANCY 54
E1 Densit y of st andard weight s 54
E2 Examples for air buoyancy in general 54
E3 Air buoyancy for weight s conforming t o R111 55
F EFFECTS OF CONVECTI ON 57
F1 Relat ion bet ween t emperat ure and t ime 57
F2 Change of t he apparent mass 59
G EXAMPLES 61
G1 I nst rument 200 g capacit y, scale int erval 0,1 mg 61
G2 I nst rument 60 kg capacit y, mult i-int erval 64
G3 I nst rument 30 t capacit y, scale int erval 10 kg 71

EURAMET cg-18, Ver si on 3.0 ( 03/ 2011) Page 1
EURAMET cg-18
Ver si on 3.0 ( 03/ 2011)

Gui del i nes on t he Cal i brat i on of
Non-Aut omat i c Wei ghi ng I nst rument s

1 I NTRODUCTI ON
Non-aut omat ic weighing inst rument s are widely used t o det ermine t he quant it y of a
load in t erms of mass. While for some applicat ions specified by nat ional legislat ion,
t hey are subj ect t o legal met rological cont rol i.e. t ype approval, verificat ion et c. -
t here is an increasing need t o have t heir met rological qualit y confirmed by
calibrat ion, e.g. where required by I SO 9001 or I SO/ I EC 17025 st andards.
2 SCOPE
This document cont ains guidance for t he st at ic calibrat ion of self -indicat ing, non-
aut omat ic weighing inst rument s (hereaft er called inst rument ), in part icular for

1. measurement s t o be perf ormed,
2. calculat ion of t he measuring result s,
3. det erminat ion of t he uncert aint y of measurement ,
4. cont ent s of calibrat ion cert ificat es.

The obj ect of t he calibrat ion is t he indicat ion provided by t he inst rument in
response t o an applied load. The result s are expressed in unit s of mass. The value
of t he load indicat ed by t he inst rument will be affect ed by local gravit y, t he load
t emperat ure and densit y, and t he t emperat ure and densit y of t he surrounding air.

The uncert aint y of measurement depends significant ly on propert ies of t he
calibrat ed inst rument it self , not only on t he equipment of t he calibrat ing laborat ory;
it can t o some ext ent be reduced by increasing t he number of measurement s
performed f or a calibrat ion. This guideline does not specify lower or upper
boundaries for t he uncert aint y of measurement .
I t is up t o t he calibrat ing laborat ory and t he client t o agree on t he ant icipat ed value
of t he uncert aint y of measurement which is appropriat e in view of t he use of t he
inst rument and in view of t he cost of t he calibrat ion.

While it is not int ended t o present one or few unif orm procedures t he use of which
would be obligat ory, t his document gives general guidance f or t he est ablishing of
calibrat ion procedures t he result s of which may be considered as equivalent wit hin
t he SI M Member Organisat ions.

Any such procedure must include, for a limit ed number of t est loads, t he
det erminat ion of t he error of indicat ion and of t he uncert aint y of measurement
assigned t o t hese errors. The t est procedure should as closely as possible resemble
t he weighing operat ions t hat are rout inely being performed by t he user e.g.
weighing discret e loads, weighing cont inuously upwards and/ or downwards, use of
t are balancing f unct ion.

The procedure may f urt her include rules how t o derive from t he result s advice t o
t he user of t he inst rument wit h regard t o t he errors, and assigned uncert aint y of
measurement , of indicat ions which may occur under normal condit ions of use of t he
inst rument , and/ or rules on how t o convert an indicat ion obt ained for a weighed
obj ect int o t he value of mass or convent ional value of mass of t hat obj ect .

The inf ormat ion present ed in t his guideline is int ended t o serve, and should be
observed by,

1. bodies accredit ing laborat ories for t he calibrat ion of weighing inst rument s,
2. laborat ories accredit ed f or t he calibrat ion of non-aut omat ic weighing
inst rument s,
3. t est houses, laborat ories, or manufact urers using calibrat ed non-aut omat ic
weighing inst rument s for measurement s relevant for t he qualit y of product ion
subj ect t o QM requirement s (e.g. I SO 9000 series, I SO 10012, I SO/ I EC
17025) .

A summary of t he main t erms and equat ions used in t his document is given in
Appendix D2.

3 TERMI NOLOGY AND SYMBOLS
The t erminology used in t his document is mainly based on exist ing document s:

JCGM 100 [ 1] for t erms relat ed t o t he det erminat ion of result s and t he
uncert aint y of measurement ,
OI ML R111 [ 4] for t erms relat ed t o t he st andard weight s,
OI ML R76 [ 2] (or EN 45501 [ 3] ) for t erms relat ed t o t he f unct ioning, t o t he
const ruct ion, and t o t he met rological charact erisat ion of non-aut omat ic
weighing inst rument s.
VI M [ 8] for t erms relat ed t o t he calibrat ion.

Such t erms are not explained in t his document , but where t hey first appear,
references will be indicat ed.

Symbols whose meaning is not self-evident , will be explained where t hey are first
used. Those t hat are used in more t han one sect ion are collect ed in Appendix D1.

4 GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE CALI BRATI ON

4.1 El ement s of t he cal i br at i on
Calibrat ion consist s of

1. applying t est loads t o t he inst rument under specified condit ions,
2. det ermining t he error or variat ion of t he indicat ion, and
3. evaluat ing t he uncert aint y of measurement t o be at t ribut ed t o t he result s.

4.1.1 Range of cal i br at i on
Unless request ed ot herwise by t he client , a calibrat ion ext ends over t he f ull weighing
range [ 2] (or [ 3] ) from zero t o t he maximum capacit y Max. The client may specif y a
cert ain part of a weighing range, limit ed by a minimum load n Mi and t he largest
load t o be weighed x Ma , or individual nominal loads, for which he request s
calibrat ion.


On a mult iple range inst rument [ 2] (or [ 3] ), t he client should ident if y which range(s)
shall be calibrat ed. The preceding paragraph applies t o each range separat ely.

4.1.2 Pl ace of cal i br at i on
Calibrat ion is normally perf ormed on t he sit e where t he inst rument is being used.

I f an inst rument is moved t o anot her locat ion aft er t he calibrat ion, possible effect s
from

1. difference in local gravit y accelerat ion,
2. variat ion in environment al condit ions,
3. mechanical and t hermal condit ions during t ransport at ion.

are likely t o alt er t he performance of t he inst rument and may invalidat e t he
calibrat ion. Moving t he inst rument aft er calibrat ion should t heref ore be avoided,
unless immunit y t o t hese effect s of a part icular inst rument , or t ype of inst rument has
been clearly demonst rat ed. Where t his has not been demonst rat ed, t he calibrat ion
cert ificat e should not be accept ed as evidence of t raceabilit y.

4.1.3 Pr econdi t i ons, pr epar at i ons
Calibrat ion should not be performed unless

1. t he inst rument can be readily ident if ied,
2. all funct ions of t he inst rument are free from effect s of cont aminat ion or
damage, and funct ions essent ial for t he calibrat ion operat e as int ended,
3. present at ion of weight values is unambiguous and indicat ions, where
given, are easily readable,
4. t he normal condit ions of use (air current s, vibrat ions, st abilit y of t he
weighing sit e et c.) are suit able for t he inst rument t o be calibrat ed,
5. t he inst rument is energized prior t o calibrat ion for an appropriat e period,
e.g. as long as t he warm-up t ime specified f or t he inst rument , or as set
by t he user,
6. t he inst rument is levelled, if applicable,
7. t he inst rument has been exercised by loading approximat ely up t o t he
largest t est load at least once, repeat ed loading is advised.

I nst rument s t hat are int ended t o be regularly adj ust ed before use should be adj ust ed
before t he calibrat ion, unless ot herwise agreed wit h t he client . Adj ust ment should be
performed wit h t he means t hat are normally applied by t he client , and following t he
manufact urers inst ruct ions where available.

As far as relevant for t he result s of t he calibrat ion, t he st at us of soft ware set t ings
which can be alt ered by t he client should be not ed.

I nst rument s fit t ed wit h an aut omat ic zero-set t ing device or a zero-t racking device [ 2]
(or [ 3] ) should be calibrat ed wit h t he device operat ive or not , as set by t he client .

For on sit e calibrat ion t he user of t he inst rument should be asked t o ensure t hat t he
normal condit ions of use prevail during t he calibrat ion. I n t his way dist urbing ef f ect s
such as air current s, vibrat ions, or inclinat ion of t he measuring plat form will, so f ar as
is possible, be inherent t o t he measured values and will t herefore be included in t he

det ermined uncert aint y of measurement .

4.2 Test l oad and i ndi cat i on

4.2.1 Basi c r el at i on bet ween l oad and i ndi cat i on
I n general t erms, t he indicat ion of an inst rument is proport ional t o t he force exert ed
by an obj ect of mass m on t he load recept or:

I ~ ( )
a
1 mg (4.2.2-1)

wit h g local gravit y accelerat ion
a
densit y of t he surrounding air
densit y of t he obj ect

The t erms in t he bracket s account f or t he reduct ion of t he force due t o t he air
buoyancy of t he obj ect .

4.2.2 Ef f ect of ai r buoyancy
I t is st at e of t he art t o use st andard weight s t hat have been calibrat ed t o t he
convent ional value of mass
c
m
1
, for t he adj ust ment and/ or t he calibrat ion of
weighing inst rument s. The adj ust ment is perf ormed such t hat effect s of g and of
t he act ual buoyancy of t he st andard weight
cs
m are included in t he adj ust ment
fact or. Therefore, at t he moment of t he adj ust ment t he indicat ion
s
I is:

cs s
m I = (4.2.2-1)

This adj ust ment is, of course, performed under t he condit ions charact erized by t he
act ual values of
s
g ,
c s
, and
0 as
, ident ified by t he suf fix s , and is valid
only under t hese condit ions. For anot her body wit h
s
, weighed on t he same
inst rument but under dif ferent condit ions:
s
g g and
as a
t he indicat ion is in
general (neglect ing t erms of 2nd or higher order) :

( ) ( )( ) ( ) { }
s as a s 0 a s c
/ 1 1 1 / = g g m I (4.2.2-3)

I f t he inst rument is not displaced, t here will be no variat ion of g , so 1
s
= g g . This
is assumed hereaft er.

The f ormula simplifies furt her in sit uat ions where some of t he densit y values are
equal:

a) weighing a body in t he reference air densit y:
0 a
= , t hen

( ) { }
s as a
/ 1 =
c
m I (4.2.2-4)

1
The convent ional value of mass mc of a body has been defined in [ 4] as t he numerical value of mass m of a weight
of reference densit y
c
= 8000 kg/ m which balances t hat body at 20 C in air of densit y
0
:
( ) ( ) { }
c 0 0 c
1 / 1 = m m
( 4.2.2-2)
wit h
0
= 1,2 kg/ m = reference value of t he air densit y


b) weighing a body of t he same densit y as t he adj ust ment weight :
s
= , t hen again (as in case a))

( ) { }
s as a c
/ 1 = m I (4.2.2-5)

c) weighing in t he same air densit y as at t he t ime of adj ust ment :
as a
= , t hen

( )( ) { }
s 0 a c
1 1 1 = m I (4.2.2-6)

Figure 4.2-1 shows examples for t he magnit ude of t he relat ive changes
( )
s s s
/ / I I I I I = for an inst rument adj ust ed wit h st andard weight s of
c s
= ,
when calibrat ed wit h st andard weight s of different but t ypical densit y.

Line is valid for a body of = 7 810 kg/ m , weighed in
as a
=
Line is valid for a body of = 8 400 kg/ m , weighed in
as a
=
Line is valid f or a body of
c s
= = aft er adj ust ment in
0 as
=

I t is obvious t hat under t hese condit ions, a variat ion in air densit y has a far great er
effect t han a variat ion in t he body densit y.

Furt her informat ion is given on air densit y in Appendix A, and on air buoyancy relat ed
t o st andard weight s in Appendix E.

4.2.3 Ef f ect s of convect i on
Where weight s have been t ransport ed t o t he calibrat ion sit e t hey may not have t he
same t emperat ure as t he inst rument and it s environment . Two phenomena should be
not ed in t his case:

An init ial t emperat ure difference
0
T may be reduced t o a smaller value T by
acclimat isat ion over a t ime t ; t his occurs fast er f or smaller weight s t han f or
larger ones.

When a weight is put on t he load recept or, t he act ual dif ference T will
produce an air flow about t he weight leading t o parasit ic forces which result in
an apparent change
conv
m on it s mass. The sign of
conv
m is normally
opposit e t o t he sign of T , it s value is great er f or large weight s t han for small
ones.

The relat ions bet ween any of t he quant it ies ment ioned:
0
T , t , T , m and
conv
m are nonlinear, and t hey depend on t he condit ions of heat exchange bet ween
t he weight s and t heir environment see [ 6] .

Figure 4.2-2 gives an impression of t he magnit ude of t he apparent change in mass in
relat ion t o a t emperat ure difference, f or some select ed weight values.

This ef fect should be t aken int o account by eit her let t ing t he weight s accommodat e
t o t he ext ent t hat t he remaining change
conv
m is negligible in view of t he
uncert aint y of t he calibrat ion required by t he client , or by considering t he possible
change of indicat ion in t he uncert aint y budget . The effect may be significant for
weight s of high accuracy, e.g. for weight s of class E
2
or F
1
in R 111 [ 4] .

More det ailed informat ion is given in Appendix F.

4.2.4 Ref er ence val ue of mass
The general relat ions (4.2.2-3) t o ( 4.2.2-6) apply also if t he body weighed is a
st andard weight used for calibrat ion.
To det ermine t he errors of indicat ion of an inst rument , st andard weight s of known
convent ional value of mass
cCal
m are applied. Their densit y
Cal
is normally dif ferent

from t he reference value
c
and t he air densit y
aCal
at t he t ime of calibrat ion is
normally different from
0
.

The error E of indicat ion is

ref
m I E = (4.2.4-1)

where
ref
m is a convent ional t rue value of mass, furt her called reference value of
mass. Due t o effect s of air buoyancy, convect ion, drift and ot hers which may lead t o
minor correct ion t erms
x
m ,
ref
m is not exact ly equal t o
cCal
m :

...
conv B cCal ref
m m m m m m
D
+ + + + = (4.2.4-2)

The correct ion for air buoyancy
B
m is affect ed by values of
s
and
as
, t hat were
valid for t he adj ust ment but are not normally known. I t is assumed t hat weight s of
t he reference densit y
c s
= have been used. (4.2.2-3) t hen gives t he general
expression for t he correct ion

( )( ) ( ) | |
c as aCal c Cal 0 aCal cCal B
1 1 + = m m (4.2.4-3)

For t he air densit y
as
t wo sit uat ions are considered:

A The inst rument has been adj ust ed immediat ely before t he calibrat ion, so

aCal as
= . This simplifies (4.2.4-3) t o:

( )( )
c Cal 0 aCal cCal B
1 1 = m m (4.2.4-4)
B The inst rument has been adj ust ed independent of t he calibrat ion, in
unknown air densit y
as
for which a reasonable assumpt ion should be made.
B1 For on-sit e calibrat ions,
as
may be expect ed t o be similar t o
aCal
, wit h t he
possible dif ference
as aCal as
= . (4.2.4-3) is t hen modified t o

( )( ) | |
c as c Cal 0 aCal cCal B
1 1 + = m m (4.2.4-5)

B2 A simple, st raight f orward assumpt ion could be
0 as
= , t hen

( )
Cal 0 aCal cCal B
/ = m m (4.2.4-6)

See also Appendices A and E for f urt her informat ion.

The ot her correct ion t erms are dealt wit h in sect ion 7.
The suf fix Cal will from now on be omit t ed unless where necessary t o avoid
confusion.

4.3 Test l oads
Test loads should preferably consist of st andard weight s t hat are t raceable t o t he SI

unit of mass. Ot her t est loads may be used, however, for t est s of a comparat ive
nat ure e.g. t est wit h eccent ric loading, repeat abilit y t est or for t he mere loading
of an inst rument e.g. preloading, t are load t hat is t o be balanced, subst it ut ion load.

4.3.1 St andar d wei ght s
The t raceabilit y of weight s t o be used as st andards shall be accomplished by
calibrat ion
2
consist ing of

1. det erminat ion of t he act ual convent ional value of mass
c
m and/ or t he
correct ion
c
m t o it s nominal value
N
m :
N c c
m m m = , t oget her wit h t he
expanded uncert aint y of t he calibrat ion
95
U , or
2. confirmat ion t hat
c
m is wit hin specified maximum permissible errors mpe :
( )
95 N
U mpe m
c
m ( )
95 N
U mpe m +

The st andards should furt her sat isfy t he following requirement s t o t he ext ent as
appropriat e in view of t heir accuracy:

3. densit y
s
suf ficient ly close t o
C
= 8 000 kg/ m ,
4. surface finish suit able t o prevent a change in mass t hrough cont aminat ion by
dirt or adhesion layers,
5. magnet ic propert ies such t hat int eract ion wit h t he inst rument t o be calibrat ed
is minimized.

Weight s t hat comply wit h t he relevant specificat ions of t he I nt ernat ional
Recommendat ion OI ML R 111 [ 4] should sat isfy all t hese requirement s.

The maximum permissible errors, or t he uncert aint ies of calibrat ion of t he st andard
weight s shall be compat ible wit h t he scale int erval d [ 2] (or [ 3] ) of t he inst rument
and/ or t he needs of t he client wit h regard t o t he uncert aint y of t he calibrat ion of his
inst rument .

4.3.2 Ot her t est l oads
For cert ain applicat ions ment ioned in 4.3, 2nd sent ence, it is not essent ial t hat t he
convent ional value of mass of a t est load is known. I n t hese cases, loads ot her t han
st andard weight s may be used, wit h due considerat ion of t he following:

1. shape, mat erial, composit ion should allow easy handling,
2. shape, mat erial, composit ion should allow t he posit ion of t he cent re of
gravit y t o be readily est imat ed,
3. t heir mass must remain const ant over t he full period t hey are in use for t he
calibrat ion,
4. t heir densit y should be easy t o est imat e,
5. loads of low densit y (e.g. cont ainers filled wit h sand or gravel), may require
special at t ent ion in view of air buoyancy.
Temperat ure and baromet ric pressure may need t o be monit ored over t he f ull
period t he loads are in use for t he calibrat ion.

2
I LAC-P 10-2002, nr. 2( b): Traceabilit y shall be derived, where possible,... from a calibrat ion laborat ory t hat can
demonst rat e compet ence, measurement capabilit y and t raceabilit y wit h appropriat e measurement uncert aint y, e.g.
an accredit ed calibrat ion laborat ory... and Not e 3: I t is recognised by I LAC t hat in some economies calibrat ions
performed by verifying aut horit ies appoint ed under t heir economies Legal met rology frameworks are also accept ed.

4.3.3 Use of subst i t ut i on l oads
A t est load t he convent ional value of mass of which is essent ial, should be made up
ent irely of st andard weight s. But where t his is not possible, any ot her load which
sat isfies 4.3.2 may be used for subst it ut ion. The inst rument under calibrat ion is used
as comparat or t o adj ust t he subst it ut ion load
sub
L so t hat it brings about
approximat ely t he same indicat ion I as t he corresponding load
St
L made up of
st andard weight s.

A first t est load
1 T
L made up of st andard weight s
c1
m is indicat ed as:

( ) ( )
c1 St
m I L I = (4.3.3-1)

Aft er removing
St
L a subst it ut ion load
sub1
L is put on and adj ust ed t o give
approximat ely t he same indicat ion:

( ) ( )
c1 sub1
m I L I (4.3.3-2)
so t hat
( ) ( )
1 c1 c1 sub1 1 c sub1
I m m I L I m L + = + = (4.3.3-3)

The next t est load
T2
L is made up by adding
c1
m

1 c1 c1 sub1 T2
2 I m m L L + = + = (4.3.3-4)

c1
m is again replaced by a substitution load of
sub1
L with adjustment to ( )
T2
L I .

The procedure may be repeat ed, t o generat e t est loads L
T3
, ..., L
Tn
:

1 2 1 1 c T
+ + + + =
n n
I I I nm L (4.3.3-5)

The value of
n
L
T
is t aken as t he convent ional value of mass
c
m of t he t est load.

Wit h each subst it ut ion st ep however, t he uncert aint y of t he t ot al t est load increases
subst ant ially more t han if it were made up of st andard weight s only, due t o t he
effect s of repeat abilit y and resolut ion of t he inst rument . cf. also 7.1.2.6
3
.

4.4 I ndi cat i ons

4.4.1 Gener al
Any indicat ion I relat ed t o a t est load is basically t he difference of t he indicat ions
L
I
under load and
0
I at no-load:

0
I I I
L
= (4.4.1-1)

I t is t o be preferred t o record t he no-load indicat ions t oget her wit h t he load
indicat ions f or any t est measurement . However, recording t he no-load indicat ions

3
Example: for an inst rument wit h Max = 5000 kg, d = 1 kg, t he st andard uncert aint y of 5 t st andard weight s may be
200 g, while t he st andard uncert aint y of a t est load made up of 1 t st andard weight s and 4 t subst it ut ion load, will be
about 2 kg

may be redundant where a t est procedure calls for t he set t ing t o zero of any no-load
indicat ion which is not = zero of it self, bef ore a t est load is applied.

For any t est load, including no load, t he indicat ion I of t he inst rument is read and
recorded only when it can be considered as being st able. Where high resolut ion of
t he inst rument , or environment al condit ions at t he calibrat ion sit e prevent st able
indicat ions, an average value should be recorded t oget her wit h inf ormat ion about t he
observed variabilit y (e.g. spread of values, unidirect ional drift ).

During calibrat ion t est s, t he original indicat ions should be recorded, not errors or
variat ions of t he indicat ion.

4.4.2 Resol ut i on
I ndicat ions are normally obt ained as int eger mult iples of t he scale int erval d.

At t he discret ion of t he calibrat ion laborat ory and wit h t he consent of t he client ,
means t o obt ain indicat ions in higher resolut ion t han in d may be applied, e.g. where
compliance t o a specificat ion is checked and smallest uncert aint y is desired. Such
means may be:

1. swit ching t he indicat ing device t o a smaller scale int erval d
T
< d ( service
mode ).
I n t his case, t he indicat ion
x
I is t hen obt ained as int eger mult iple of d
T
.
2. applying small ext ra t est weight s in st eps of 5
T
d d = or 10 d t o
det ermine more precisely t he load at which an indicat ion changes
unambiguously from I t o d I + . ( changeover point met hod ). I n t his
case, t he indicat ion I is recorded t oget her wit h t he amount L of t he n
addit ional small t est weight s necessary t o increase I by one d .
The indicat ion
L
I is

T
'
2 2 nd d I L d I I
L
+ = + = (4.4.2-1)

Where t he changeover point met hod is applied, it is advised t o apply it for t he
indicat ions at zero as well where t hese are recorded.

5 MEASUREMENT METHODS
Test s are normally performed t o det ermine

t he repeat abilit y of indicat ions,
t he errors of indicat ions,
t he effect of eccent ric applicat ion of a load on t he indicat ion.

A Calibrat ion Laborat ory deciding on t he number of measurement s for it s rout ine
calibrat ion procedure, should consider t hat in general, a larger number of
measurement s t ends t o reduce t he uncert aint y of measurement but t o increase t he
cost .

Det ails of t he t est s performed for an individual calibrat ion may be fixed by agreement
of t he client and t he Calibrat ion Laborat ory, in view of t he normal use of t he
inst rument . The part ies may also agree on furt her t est s or checks which may assist in
evaluat ing t he performance of t he inst rument under special condit ions of use. Any
such agreement should be consist ent wit h t he minimum numbers of t est s as specified
in t he f ollowing sect ions.

5.1 Repeat abi l i t y t est
The t est consist s in t he repeat ed deposit ion of t he same load on t he load recept or,
under ident ical condit ions of handling t he load and t he inst rument , and under
const ant t est condit ions, bot h as far as possible.

The t est load(s) need not be calibrat ed nor verified, unless t he result s serve for t he
det erminat ion of errors of indicat ion as per 5.2. The t est load should, as far as
possible, consist of one single body.

The t est is performed wit h at least one t est load
T
L which should be select ed in a
reasonable relat ion t o Max and t he resolut ion of t he inst rument , t o allow an
appraisal of t he int rument performance. For inst rument s wit h a const ant scale
int erval d a load of Max L Max
T
5 , 0 is quit e common; t his is oft en reduced for
inst rument s where Max L 5 , 0
T
> would amount t o several 1000 kg. For mult i-
int erval inst rument s [ 2] (or [ 3] ) a load close t o
1
Max may be preferred. A special
value of
T
L may be agreed bet ween t he part ies where t his is j ust ified in view of a
specific applicat ion of t he inst rument .

The t est may be performed at more t han one t est point , wit h t est loads
j
L
T
,
L
k j 1 wit h
L
k = number of t est point s.

Prior t o t he t est , t he indicat ion is set t o zero. The load is t o be applied at least 5
t imes, and at least 3 t imes where
T
L 100 kg.

I ndicat ions
Li
I are recorded for each deposit ion of t he load. Aft er each removal of
t he load, t he indicat ion should at least be checked f or showing zero, and may be
reset t o zero if it does not ; recording of t he no-load indicat ions
i
I
0
is advisable as
per 4.4.1. I n addit ion, t he st at us of t he zero device if fit t ed is recorded.

5.2 Test f or er r or s of i ndi cat i on
This t est is performed wit h
L
k 5 different t est loads
j
L
T
, 1 j
L
k , dist ribut ed
fairly evenly over t he normal weighing range
4
or at individual t est point s agreed upon
as per 4.1.1.

The purpose of t his t est is an appraisal of t he performance of t he inst rument over t he
whole weighing range.

Where a significant ly smaller range of calibrat ion has been agreed t o, t he number of
t est loads may be reduced accordingly, provided t here are at least 3 t est point s
including n Mi and x Ma , and t he dif ference bet ween t wo consecut ive t est loads is
not great er t han Max 15 , 0 .

I t is necessary t hat t est loads consist of appropriat e st andard weight s or of
subst it ut ion loads as per 4.3.3.

Prior t o t he t est , t he indicat ion is set t o zero. The t est loads
j
L
T
are normally applied
once in one of t hese manners:

1. increasing by st eps wit h unloading bet ween t he separat e st eps
corresponding t o t he maj orit y of uses of t he inst rument s for weighing single
loads,
2. cont inuously increasing by st eps similar t o 1; may include creep effect s in
t he result s, reduces t he amount of loads t o be moved on and off t he load
recept or as compared t o 1,
3. cont inuously increasing and decreasing by st eps procedure prescribed f or
verificat ion t est s in [ 2] (or [ 3] ), same comment s as for 2,
4. cont inuously decreasing by st eps st art ing from Max - simulat es t he use of an
inst rument as hopper weigher for subt ract ive weighing, same comment s as
for 2.

On mult i-int erval inst rument s see [ 2] ( or [ 3] ), t he met hods above may be modified
for load st eps smaller t han Max , by applying increasing and/ or decreasing t are
loads, operat ing t he t are balancing f unct ion, and applying a t est load close t o but not
larger t han
1
Max t o obt ain indicat ions wit h d
1
.

Furt her t est s may be performed t o evaluat e t he performance of t he inst rument under
special condit ions of use, e.g. t he indicat ion aft er a t are balancing operat ion, t he
variat ion of t he indicat ion under a const ant load over a cert ain t ime, et c.

The t est , or individual loadings, may be repeat ed t o combine t he t est wit h t he
repeat abilit y t est under 5.1.

I ndicat ions
Lj
I are recorded for each load. Aft er each removal of a load, t he
indicat ion should at least be checked f or showing zero, and may be reset t o zero if it
does not ; recording of t he no-load indicat ions
j
I
0
as per 4.4.1.

4
Examples for t arget values:
L
k = 5: zero or Min; 0,25 Max; 0,5 Max; 0,75 Max; Max. Act ual t est loads may deviat e from t he t arget value up t o
0,1 Max, provided t he difference bet ween consecut ive t est loads is at least 0,2 Max.
L
k = 11: zero or Min, 10 st eps of 0,1 Max up t o Max. Act ual t est loads may deviat e from t he t arget value up t o 0,05
Max, provided t he difference bet ween consecut ive t est loads is at least 0,08 Max.

5.3 Eccent r i ci t y t est
The t est consist s in placing a t est load
ecc
L in different posit ions on t he load recept or
in such a manner t hat t he cent re of gravit y of t he load t akes t he posit ions as
indicat ed in Figure 5.3-1 or equivalent posit ions, as closely as possible.

Fi g. 5.3- 1 Posi t i ons of l oad f or t est of eccent r i ci t y

1. Cent re
2. Front left
3. Back left
4. Back right
5. Front right

The t est load
ecc
L should be at least 3 Max , or at least ( ) 3 n Mi x Ma n Mi +
for a reduced weighing range. Advice of t he manufact urer, if available, and
limit at ions t hat are obvious from t he design of t he inst rument should be considered
e.g. see OI ML R76 [ 2] (or EN 45501 [ 3] ) for weighbridges.

The t est load need not be calibrat ed nor verified, unless t he result s serve for t he
det erminat ion of errors of indicat ion as per 5.2.

Prior t o t he t est , t he indicat ion is set t o zero. The t est load is first put on posit ion 1, is
t hen moved t o t he ot her 4 posit ions in arbit rary order, and may at last be again put
on posit ion 1.

I ndicat ions
Li
I are recorded f or each posit ion of t he load. Aft er each removal of t he
load, t he zero indicat ion should be checked and may, if appropriat e, be reset t o zero;
recording of t he no-load indicat ions
j
I
0
as per 4.4.1.

5.4 Auxi l i ar y measur ement s
The following addit ional measurement s or recordings are recommended, in part icular
where a calibrat ion is int ended t o be performed wit h t he lowest possible uncert aint y.

I n view of buoyancy effect s cf. 4.2.2:
The air t emperat ure in reasonable vicinit y t o t he inst rument should be measured,
at least once during t he calibrat ion. Where an inst rument is used in a cont rolled
environment , t he span of t he t emperat ure variat ion should be not ed, e.g. from a
t emperat ure graph, from t he set t ings of t he cont rol device et c.

Baromet ric pressure or, by default , t he alt it ude above sea-level of t he sit e may
be usef ul.

I n view of convect ion effect s cf 4.2.3:
Special care should be t aken t o prevent excessive convect ion ef fect s, by
observing a limit ing value for t he t emperat ure dif f erence bet ween st andard
weight s and inst rument , and/ or recording an acclimat isat ion t ime t hat has been
accomplished. A t hermomet er kept inside t he box wit h st andard weight s may be
helpful, t o check t he t emperat ure difference.

I n view of ef fect s of magnet ic int eract ion:
On high resolut ion inst rument s a check is recommended t o see if t here is an
observable effect of magnet ic int eract ion. A st andard weight is weighed t oget her
wit h a spacer made of non-met allic mat erial (e.g. wood, plast ic), t he spacer

being placed on t op or underneat h t he weight t o obt ain t wo dif ferent indicat ions.

I f t he difference of t hese t wo indicat ions is different from zero, t his should be
ment ioned as a warning in t he calibrat ion cert ificat e.

6 MEASUREMENT RESULTS
The formulae in chapt ers 6 and 7 are int ended t o serve as element s of a st andard
scheme for an equivalent evaluat ion of t he result s of t he calibrat ion t est s. Where
t hey are being applied unchanged as far as applicable, no f urt her descript ion of t he
evaluat ion is necessary.

I t is not int ended t hat all of t he formulae, symbols and/ or indices are used for
present at ion of t he result s in a Calibrat ion Cert ificat e.

The def i ni t i on of an i ndi cat i on I as gi ven i n 4.4 i s used i n t hi s sect i on.

6.1 Repeat abi l i t y
From t he n indicat ions
ji
I for a given t est load
j
L
T
, t he st andard deviat ion
j
s is
calculat ed

( ) ( )
=
n
i
j ji j
I I
n
I s
1
2
1
1
(6.1-1)
wit h

=
=
n
i
ji j
I
n
I
1
1
(6.1-2)

Where only one t est load has been applied, t he index j may be omit t ed.

6.2 Er r or s of i ndi cat i on

6.2.1 Di scr et e val ues
For each t est load
j
L
T
, t he error of indicat ion is calculat ed as follows:

j j j
m I E
ref
= (6.2-1a)

Where an indicat ion
j
I is t he mean of more t han one reading,
j
I is underst ood as
being t he mean value as per (6.1-2).

ref
m is t he reference weight or t rue value of t he load. cf. 4.3.1, 4.3.3.

The reference weight is
eit her t he nominal value
N
m of t he load,

j j
m m
N ref
= (6.2-2)

or it s act ual value
c
m

( )
j j j j
m m m m
c N c ref
+ = = (6.2-3)


Where a t est load was made up of more t han 1 weight ,
j
m
N
is replaced by
( )
j
m
N
and
j
m
c
is replaced by ( )
j
m
c
in t he formulae above.

Where an error and/ or indicat ion is list ed or used furt her in relat ion t o t he t est load,
it should always be present ed in relat ion t o t he nominal value
N
m of t he load, even
if t he act ual value of mass of t he t est load has been used. I n such a case, t he error
remains unchanged, while t he indicat ion is modified by

( ) ( )
c c N
m m I m I = (6.2-4)

wit h I being t he (int erim) indicat ion det ermined when
c
m was applied.

(6.2-1a) t hen t akes t he f orm

( )
j j j j j j
m m I m I E
N c N
= = (6.2-1b)

6.2.2 Char act er i st i c of t he wei ghi ng r ange
I n addit ion, or as an alt ernat ive t o t he discret e values
j
I ,
j
E , a charact erist ic, or
calibrat ion curve may be det ermined for t he weighing range, which allows t o
est imat e t he error of indicat ion for any indicat ion I wit hin t he weighing range.

A funct ion

( ) I f E =
appr
(6.2-5)

may be generat ed by an appropriat e approximat ion which should in general, be
based on t he least squares approach:

( ) ( )

= =
2 2
j j j
E I f v minimum (6.2-6)

wit h
j
v = residual
f = approximat ion f unct ion

The approximat ion should f urt her
t ake account of t he uncert aint ies ( )
j
E u of t he errors,
use a model funct ion t hat reflect s t he physical propert ies of t he inst rument ,
e.g. t he form of t he relat ion bet ween load and it s indicat ion ( ) L g I = ,
include a check whet her t he paramet ers found f or t he model funct ion are
mat hemat ically consist ent wit h t he act ual dat a.

I t is assumed t hat for any
j
m
N
t he error
j
E remains t he same if t he act ual
indicat ion
j
I is replaced by it s nominal value
j
I
N
. The calculat ions t o evaluat e (6.2-
6) can t herefore be perf ormed wit h t he dat a set s
j
m
N
,
j
E , or
j
I
N
,
j
E .

Appendix C of fers advice f or t he select ion of a suit able approximat ion formula and f or

t he necessary calculat ions.

6.3 Ef f ect of eccent r i c l oadi ng
From t he indicat ions
i
I obt ained in t he different posit ions of t he load as per 5.3, t he
differences
ecc
I are calculat ed

1 ecc
I I I
i i
= (6.3-1)

Where t he t est load consist ed of st andard weight (s), t he errors of indicat ion may be
calculat ed inst ead:

N ecc
m I E
i i
= (6.3-2)

7 UNCERTAI NTY OF MEASUREMENT
I n t his sect ion and t he ones t hat follow, t here are t erms of uncert aint y assigned t o
small correct ions, which are proport ional t o a specified mass value or t o a specified
indicat ion. For t he quot ient of such an uncert aint y divided by t he relat ed value of
mass or indicat ion, t he abbreviat ed not at ion w
will be used.
Example: let

( ) ( ) corr u m m u
corr
= (7-1)

wit h t he dimensionless t erm ( ) corr u , t hen

( ) ( ) corr u m w
corr
= (7-2)

Accordingly, t he relat ed variance will be denot ed by ( )
corr
m w
2
and t he relat ed
expanded uncert aint y by ( )
corr
m W
.

7.1 St andar d uncer t ai nt y f or di scr et e val ues
The basic formula for t he calibrat ion is

ref
m I E = (7.1-1)

wit h variance

( ) ( ) ( )
ref
2 2 2
m u I u E u + = (7.1-2)

Where subst it ut ion loads are employed see 4.3.3 -
ref
m is replaced by
n
L
T
in bot h
expressions.

The t erms are expanded furt her hereaft er.

7.1.1 St andar d uncer t ai nt y of t he i ndi cat i on
To account f or sources of variabilit y of t he indicat ion, (4.4.1-1) is amended by
correct ion t erms
xx
I as follows:

0 dig 0 ecc rep dig
I I I I I I I
L L
+ + + = (7.1.1-1)

All t hese correct ions have t he expect at ion value zero. Their st andard uncert aint ies

are:

7.1.1.1
dig0
I account s for t he rounding error of no-load indicat ion. Limit s are 2
0
d or
2
T
d as applicable; rect angular dist ribut ion is assumed, t herefore
( ) ( ) 3 2
0 0 dig
d I u = (7.1.1-2a)
or
( ) ( ) 3 2
T 0 dig
d I u = (7.1.1-2b)

respect ively.

Not e 1: cf. 4.4.2 for signif icance of
T
d .
Not e 2: on an inst rument which has been t ype approved t o OI ML R76 [ 2] (or EN
45501 [ 3] ), t he rounding error of a zero indicat ion aft er a zero-set t ing or t are
balancing operat ion is limit ed t o 4
0
d , t herefore

( ) ( ) 3 4
0 0 dig
d I u = (7.1.1-2c)

7.1.1.2
L
I
dig
account s f or t he rounding error of indicat ion at load. Limit s are 2
I
d or
2
T
d as applicable; rect angular dist ribut ion t o be assumed, t herefore

( ) 3 2
I dig
d I u
L
= (7.1.1-3a
or
( ) 3 2
T dig
d I u
L
= (7.1.1-3b)

Not e: on a mult i-int erval inst rument ,
I
d varies wit h I .

7.1.1.3
rep
I account s for t he error due t o imperfect repeat abilit y; normal dist ribut ion is
assumed, est imat ed

( ) ( )
j
I s I u =
rep
(7.1.1-5)
wit h ( )
j
I s as per 6.1.
Where an indicat ion
j
I is t he mean of n readings, t he corresponding st andards
uncert aint y is

( ) ( ) n I s I u
j
=
rep
(7.1.1-6)

Where only one repeat abilit y t est has been performed, t his st andard deviat ion may
be considered as being represent at ive for all indicat ions of t he inst rument in t he
weighing range considered.

Where several
j
s ( ( )
j j
I s s = in abbreviat ed not at ion) have been det ermined wit h
different t est loads, t he great er value of
j
s for t he t wo t est point s enclosing t he
indicat ion whose error has been det ermined, should be used.

Where it can be est ablished t hat t he values of
j
s det ermined at different t est loads

j
L
T
, are in funct ional relat ion t o t he load, t his funct ion may be applied t o combine
t he
j
s values int o a pooled st andard deviat ion
pool
s .

Examples for such funct ions are

=
j
s const (7.1.1-7)
( )
2
T
2 2
0
2
Max L s s s
j r j
+ = (7.1.1-8)

The component s
2
0
s and
2
r
s have t o be det ermined eit her by a graph or by
calculat ion.

Not e: For a st andard deviat ion report ed in a calibrat ion cert ificat e, it should be clear
whet her it is relat ed t o a single indicat ion or t o t he mean of n indicat ions.

7.1.1.4
ecc
I account s for t he error due t o off-cent re posit ion of t he cent re of gravit y of a
t est load. This ef fect may occur where a t est load is made up of more t han one body.
Where t his ef fect cannot be neglect ed, an est imat e of it s magnit ude may be based
on t hese assumpt ions:

t he differences det ermined by (6.3-1) are proport ional t o t he dist ance of t he load
from t he cent re of t he load recept or and t o t he value of t he load;
t he eccent ricit y of t he ef fect ive cent re of gravit y of t he t est load is no more
t han 2 1 of t he value at t he eccent ricit y t est .

While t here may be inst rument s on which t he ef fect of eccent ric loading is even
great er at ot her angles t han t hose where t he t est loads have been applied, based on
t he largest of t he differences det ermined as per 6.3, t he effect is est imat ed t o be

( ) { }I L I I
i ecc
max
, ecc ecc
2 (7.1.1-9)

Rect angular dist ribut ion is assumed, so t he st andard uncert aint y is

( ) ( ) 3 2
ecc
max
, ecc ecc
L I I I u
i
= (7.1.1-10)

or, in relat ive not at ion,

( ) ( ) 3 2
ecc
max
, ecc ecc
L I I w
i
= (7.1.1-11)

7.1.1.5 The st andard uncert aint y of t he indicat ion is normally obt ained by

( ) ( ) ( )
2
ecc
2 2 2 2
0
2
12 12 I I w I s d d I u
I
+ + + = (7.1.1-12)

Not e 1: t he uncert aint y ( ) I u is const ant only where s is const ant and no eccent ricit y
error has t o be considered.
Not e 2: t he first t wo t erms on t he right hand side may have t o be modified in
special cases as ment ioned in 7.1.1.1 and 7.1.1.2.

7.1.2 St andar d uncer t ai nt y of t he r ef er ence mass
From 4.2.4 and 4.3.1 t he reference value of mass is:


m m m m m m m
D
+ + + + + =
conv B c N ref
(7.1.2-1)

The right most t erm st ands for f urt her correct ions t hat may in special condit ions be
necessary t o apply, it is not furt her considered hereaft er.

The correct ions and t heir st andard uncert aint ies are:

7.1.2.1
c
m is t he correct ion t o
N
m t o obt ain t he act ual convent ional value of mass
c
m ;
given in t he calibrat ion cert ificat e f or t he st andard weight s, t oget her wit h t he
uncert aint y of calibrat ion U and t he coverage fact or k . The st andard uncert aint y is

( ) k U m u =
c
(7.1.2-2)

Where t he st andard weight has been calibrat ed t o specified t olerances Tol , e.g. t o
t he mpe given in R 111, and where it is used it s nominal value
N
m , t hen
c
m = 0,
and rect angular dist ribut ion is assumed, t herefore

( ) 3
c
Tol m u = (7.1.2-3)

Where a t est load consist s of more t han one st andard weight , t he st andard
uncert aint ies are summed up arit hmet ically not by sum of squares, t o account for
assumed correlat ions

For t est loads part ially made up of subst it ut ion loads see 7.1.2.6

Not e 1: cf. 6.2.1 f or use of
c
m or
N
m .
Not e 2: Where conformit y of t he st andard weight (s) t o R 111 is est ablished, (7.1.2-3)
may be modified by replacing Tol by mpe. For weight s of
N
m 0,1 kg the
quot ient mpe /
N
m is const ant f or all weight s belonging t o t he same accuracy
class, mpe =
N class
m c wit h
class
c from Table 7.1-1.

(7.1.2-3) may t hen be used in t he f orm

( ) 3
class N c
c m m u = (7.1.2-3a)

or as relat ive st andard uncert aint y

( ) 3
class c
c m w = (7.1.2-3b)

Tabl e 7.1- 1 Quot i ent
N class
m mpe c = f or st andar d wei ght s
N
m 100 g
accor di ng t o R 111 [ 4]

Class
class
c 10
6

E
1
0,5
E
2
1,6
F
1
5
F
2
16
M
1
50
M
2
160
M
3
500

For weight s of nominal value of 2 x 10
n
of t he f ollowing classes: E
2
, F
2
and M
2
, t he
value of class c 10
6
should be subst it ut ed by 1, 5, 15 and 150 respect ively.

7.1.2.2
B
m is t he correct ion for air buoyancy as int roduced in 4.2.4. The value depends on
t he densit y of t he calibrat ion weight , on t he assumed range of air densit y
a
,
and on t he adj ust ment of t he inst rument cf cases A and B in 4.2.4.

Case A:
( )( )
c 0 a N B
1 1 = m m (7.1.2-4)

wit h relat ive st andard uncert aint y

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2
0 a
2
c a
2
B
2
1 1 u u m w + = (7.1.2-5)

Case B1:
( )( ) | |
c as c 0 a cCal B
1 1 + = m m (7.1.2-6)


( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
c as
2 4 2 2
0 a
2
c a
2
B
2
1 1 u u u m w + + =
(7.1.2-7)

Case B2:
( )
0 a N B
= m m (7.1.2-8)


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2
0 a
2
a
2
B
2
u u m w + = (7.1.2-9)

As far as values for , ( ) u ,
a
and ( )
a
u , are known, t hese values should be
used t o det ermine ( )
B
m w .

The densit y and it s st andard uncert aint y may in t he absence of such informat ion,
be est imat ed according t o t he st at e of t he art . Appendix E1 off ers int ernat ionally
recognized values for common mat erials used for st andard weight s.


The air densit y
a
and it s st andard uncert aint y can be calculat ed from t emperat ure
and baromet ric pressure if available (t he relat ive humidit y being of minor inf luence),
or may be est imat ed from t he alt it ude above sea-level.

For t he difference
as
(Case B1), zero may be assumed wit h an appropriat e
uncert aint y ( )
as
u for which a limit
as
should be est imat ed t aking int o account
t he variabilit y of baromet ric pressure and t emperat ure at t he sit e, over a longer
period of t ime.

A simple approach may be t o use t he same est imat es for
a
and
as
wit h t he same
uncert aint y f or bot h values.

Appendix A offers several f ormulae, and informat ion about expect ed variances.

Appendix E of fers values of ( )
B
m w for some select ed combinat ions of values for
and
a
. For case A calibrat ions, t he values are most ly negligible.

For case B calibrat ions, it may most ly be advisable not t o apply a correct ion
B
m but
t o calculat e t he uncert aint y based on and on
a 0 a
=

Where conformit y of t he st andard weight s t o R 111[ 4] , is est ablished, and no
informat ion on and
a
, is at hand, recourse may be t aken t o sect ion 10 of R
111
5
. No correct ion is applied, and t he relat ive uncert aint ies are

for case A,
( ) ( ) 3 4
N B
m mpe m w (7.1.2-5a)

For cases B1 and B2,

( ) ( ) ( ) 3 4 1 , 0
N c 0 B
m mpe m w + (7.1.2-9a)

From t he requirement in foot not e 5, t hese limit s can be derived for :
For class E
2
:
c
200 kg/ m , and for class F
1
:
c
600 kg/ m .

Not e: Due t o t he fact t hat t he densit y of mat erials used for st andard weight s is
normally closer t o
c
t han t he R111 limit s would allow, t he last 2 formulae
may be considered as upper limit s for ( )
B
m w . Where a simple comparison of
t hese values wit h t he resolut ion of t he inst rument ( ) Max / d shows t hey are
small enough, a more elaborat e calculat ion of t his uncert aint y component
based on act ual dat a may be superfluous.

7.1.2.3
D
m is a correct ion for a possible drift of
c
m since t he last calibrat ion. A limit ing
value D is best assumed, based on t he difference in
c
m evident from consecut ive
calibrat ion cert ificat es of t he st andard weight s.

5
The density of the material used for weights shall be such that a deviation of 10 % from the specified air density (1.2
kg/m ) does not produce an error exceeding one quarter of the maximum permissible error.


I n t he absence of such inf ormat ion, D may be est imat ed in view of t he qualit y of
t he weight s, and frequency and care of t heir use, t o a mult iple of t heir expanded
uncert aint y ( )
c
m U :
( )
c
m U k D
D
= (7.1.2-10)

where
D
k may be chosen from 1 t o 3.

I t is not advised t o apply a correct ion but t o assume even dist ribut ion wit hin D
(rect angular dist ribut ion). The st andard uncert aint y is t hen

( ) 3 D m u
D
= (7.1.2-11)

Where a set of weight s has been calibrat ed wit h a st andardized expanded relat ive
uncert aint y ( )
c
m W
, it may be convenient t o int roduce a relat ive limit value for drift
N rel
m D D = and a relat ive uncert aint y f or drift

( ) ( ) 3
3
N rel
m W k D m w
D D
= = (7.1.2-12)

For weight s conforming t o R111 [ 4] , t he est imat e may be mpe D , or
class rel
c D
see Table 7.1-1

7.1.2.4
conv
m is a correct ion f or convect ion ef fect s as per 4.2.3. A limit ing value
conv
m
may be t aken from Appendix F, depending on a known difference in t emperat ure
T and on t he mass of t he st andard weight .

I t is not advised t o apply a correct ion but t o assume even dist ribut ion wit hin
conv
m . The st andard uncert aint y is t hen

( ) 3
conv conv
m m u = (7.1.2-13)

7.1.2.5 The st andard uncert aint y of t he reference mass is obt ained from cf. 7.1.2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
conv
2 2
B
2
c
2
ref
2
m u m u m u m u m u
D
+ + + = (7.1.2-14)

wit h t he cont ribut ions from 7.1.2.1 t o 7.1.2.4

As an example t he t erms are specified for a case A calibrat ion wit h st andard weight s
of
N
m 0,1 kg conf orming t o R111, used wit h t heir nominal values:

( ) ( ) 3 3 48 3
2
N conv
2
lass
2
class
2
class ref
2
m m c c c m w
c
+ + + = (7.1.2-14a)

7.1.2.6 Where a t est load is part ially made up of subst it ut ion loads as per 4.3.3, t he st andard
uncert aint y f or t he sum
1 2 1 1 c T
+ + + + =
n n
I I I nm L is given by t he
following expression:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
1
2
2
2
1
2
1 c
2 2
T
2
2

+ + + + =
n n
I u I u I u m u n L u (7.1.2-15)


wit h ( ) ( )
ref 1 c
m u m u = from 7.1.2.5, and ( )
j
I u from 7.1.1.5 f or ( )
j
L I I
T
=

Not e: t he uncert aint ies ( )
j
I u have t o be included also f or indicat ions where t he
subst it ut ion load has been so adj ust ed t hat t he corresponding I becomes
zero!

Depending on t he kind of t he subst it ut ion load, it may be necessary t o add
furt her uncert aint y cont ribut ions:

for eccent ric loading as per 7.1.1.4 t o some or all of t he act ual
indicat ions ( )
j
L I
T
;

for air buoyancy of t he subst it ut ion loads, where t hese are made up
of low densit y mat erials (e.g. sand, gravel) and t he air densit y varies
significant ly over t he t ime t he subst it ut ion loads are in use.

Where ( )
j
I u = const , t he expression simplifies t o

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | I u n m u n L u
n
2
1 c
2 2
T
2
1 2 + = (7.1.2-16)

7.1.3 St andar d uncer t ai nt y of t he er r or
The st andard uncert aint y of t he error is, wit h t he t erms from 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, as
appropriat e, calculat ed from

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
conv
2 2
B
2
c
2
ecc
2 2 2 2
0
2
12 12
m u m u m u m u
I u I s d d E u
D
I

+ + + +
+ + + =
(7.1.3-1a)

or, where relat ive uncert aint ies apply, from

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( )
conv
2 2
ref
2
B
2
c
2
2
ecc
2 2 2 2
0
2

12 12
m u m m w m w m w
I I w I s d d E u
D
I

+ + + +
+ + + =
(7.1.3-1b)

All input quant it ies are considered t o be uncorrelat ed, t herefore covariances are not
considered.

The index j has been omit t ed. Where t he last t erms in (7.1.3-1a, b) are small
compared t o t he f irst 3 t erms, t he uncert aint y of all errors det ermined over t he
weighing range is likely t o be quit e similar. I f t his is not t he case, t he uncert aint y has
t o be calculat ed individually for each indicat ion.

I n view of t he general experience t hat errors are normally very small compared t o
t he indicat ion, or may even be zero, in (7.1.3-1a, b) t he values for
ref
m and I may
be replaced by
N
I .

The t erms in ( 7.1.3-1a, b) may t hen be grouped int o a simple formula which bet t er
reflect s t he fact t hat some of t he t erms are absolut e in nat ure while ot hers are
proport ional t o t he indicat ion:

( )
2 2 2 2
I E u + = (7.1.3-2)


Where (7.1.1-7) or ( 7.1.1-8) applies t o t he st andard deviat ion det ermined for t he
calibrat ed inst rument , t he corresponding t erms are of course included in (7.1.3-2).

7.2 St andar d uncer t ai nt y f or a char act er i st i c
Where an approximat ion is performed t o obt ain a formula ( ) I f E = for t he whole
weighing range as per 6.2.2, t he st andard uncert aint y of t he error per 7.1.3 has t o be
modified t o be consist ent wit h t he met hod of approximat ion. Depending on t he
model funct ion, t his may be

a single variance appr
2
u which is added t o (7.1.3-1), or

a set of variances and covariances which include t he variances in ( 7.1.3-1).

The calculat ions should also include a check whet her t he model f unct ion is
mat hemat ically consist ent wit h t he dat a set s
j
E ,
j
I , ( )
j
E u .
The
2
min , approach which is similar t o t he least squares approach, is proposed
for approximat ions. Det ails are given in Appendix C.

7.3 Ex panded uncer t ai nt y at cal i br at i on
The expanded uncert aint y of t he error is

( ) ( ) E ku E U = (7.3-1)

The coverage fact or k , should be chosen such t hat t he expanded uncert aint y
corresponds t o a coverage probabilit y of approximat ely 95 %.

The value = k 2, corresponding t o a 95,5% probabilit y, applies where
a) a normal (Gaussian) dist ribut ion can be at t ribut ed t o t he error of indicat ion,
and
b) t he st andard uncert aint y ( ) E u is of suf ficient reliabilit y (i.e. it has a
suf ficient number of degrees of freedom).

Appendix B2 offers addit ional informat ion t o t hese condit ions, and Appendix B3
advises how t o det ermine t he fact or k where one or bot h of t hem are not met .

I t is accept able t o det ermine only one value of k , for t he worst case sit uat ion
ident ified by experience, which may be applied t o t he st andard uncert aint ies of all
errors of t he same weighing range.

7.4 St andar d uncer t ai nt y of a w ei ghi ng r esul t
The user of an inst rument should be aware of t he f act t hat in normal usage of an
inst rument t hat has been calibrat ed, t he sit uat ion is different from t hat at calibrat ion
in some if not all of t hese aspect s:
1. t he indicat ions obt ained for weighed bodies are not t he ones at calibrat ion,
2. t he weighing process may be different from t he procedure at calibrat ion:
a. cert ainly only one reading f or each load, not several readings t o obt ain
a mean value,
b. reading t o t he scale int erval d , of t he inst rument , not wit h higher
resolut ion,

c. loading up and down, not only upwards or vice versa,
d. load kept on load recept or for a longer t ime, not unloading aft er each
loading st ep or vice versa,
e. eccent ric applicat ion of t he load,
f. use of t are balancing device, et c.
3. t he environment (t emperat ure, baromet ric pressure et c.) may be different ,
4. on inst rument s which are not readj ust ed regularly e.g. by use of a built -in
device, t he adj ust ment may have changed, due t o ageing or t o wear and
t ear.
Unlike t he it ems 1 t o 3, t his effect is usually depending on t he t ime t hat has
elapsed since t he calibrat ion, it should t herefore be considered in relat ion t o
a cert ain period of t ime, e.g. for one year or t he normal int erval bet ween
calibrat ions.

I n order t o clearly dist inguish from t he indicat ions I obt ained during calibrat ion, t he
weighing result s obt ained when weighing a load L on t he calibrat ed inst rument ,
t hese t erms and symbols are int roduced:

R = reading, any indicat ion obt ained aft er t he calibrat ion;
W = weighing result , reading correct ed f or t he error E .

R is underst ood as a single reading in normal resolut ion (mult iple of d ), wit h
correct ions t o be applied as applicable.

For a reading t aken under t he same condit ions as t hose prevailing at calibrat ion, f or a
load well cent red on t he load recept or, only correct ions t o account for point s 2a and
2b above apply. The result may be denominat ed as t he weighing result under t he
condit ions of t he calibrat ion * W :

( ) E R R R R R W
L
+ + + =
0 dig 0 rep dig
* (7.4-1a)

wit h t he associat ed uncert aint y

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
rep
2
dig
2
0 dig
2 2
* R u R u R u E u W u
L
+ + + = (7.4-2a)

* W and ( ) * W u can be det ermined direct ly using t he informat ion, and t he result s
of t he calibrat ion as given in t he calibrat ion cert ificat e:

- dat a set s
cal
I ,
cal
E , ( )
cal
E U , and/ or
- a charact erist ic ( ) ( ) I f R E = and ( ) ( ) ( ) I g R E U = .

This is done in 7.4.1. and in 7.4.2.

To t ake account of t he remaining possible influences on t he weighing result , furt her
correct ions are formally added t o t he reading in a general manner result ing in t he
weighing result in general:

proc instr
* R R W W + + = (7.4-1b)

wit h t he associat ed uncert aint y

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
proc
2
instr
2 2
* R u R u W u W u + + = (7.4-2b)

The added t erms and t he corresponding st andard uncert aint ies are discussed in 7.4.3
and 7.4.4. The st andard uncert aint ies ( ) * W u and ( ) W u are finally present ed in
7.4.5.
Sect ions 7.4.3 and 7.4.4, and t he informat ion on ( ) W u and ( ) W U in sect ions 7.4. 5
and 7.5, are meant as advice t o t he user of t he inst rument on how t o est imat e t he
uncert aint y of weighing result s obt ained under his normal condit ions of use. They are
not meant t o be exhaust ive nor mandat ory.

Where a calibrat ion laborat ory offers t o it s client s such est imat es which are based
upon informat ion t hat has not been measured by t he laborat ory, t he est imat es may
not be present ed as part of t he calibrat ion cert ificat e.

7.4.1 St andar d uncer t ai nt y of a r eadi ng i n use
To account for sources of variabilit y of t he reading, (7.1.1-1) applies, wit h I
replaced by R :

( ) { }
ecc 0 dig 0 rep dig
R R R R R R R
L L
+ + + + = (7.4.1-1)
Term in { } t o be added if applicable

The correct ions and t heir st andard uncert aint ies are:

7.4.1.1
0 dig
R account s for t he rounding error at zero reading. 7.1.1.1 applies wit h t he
except ion t hat t he variant d d
T
< , is excluded, so

( ) 12
0 0 dig
d R u = (7.4.1-2)

Not e: 2a in 7.1.1.1 applies.

7.4.1.2
L
R
dig
account s for t he rounding error at load reading. 7.1.1.2 applies wit h t he
except ion t hat t he variant
L
d d <
T
is excluded, so

( ) 12
dig L L
d R u = (7.4.1-3)

7.4.1.3
rep
R account s for t he error due t o imperfect repeat abilit y. 7.1.3.1 applies, t he
relevant st andard deviat ion s or ( ) I s for a single reading, is t o be t aken from t he
calibrat ion cert ificat e, so

( ) s R u =
rep
or ( ) ( ) R s R u =
rep
(7.4.1-4)

Not e: I n t he calibrat ion cert ificat e, t he st andard deviat ion may be report ed as being
relat ed t o a single indicat ion, or t o t he mean of n indicat ions. I n t he lat t er case,
t he value of s has t o be mult iplied by n t o give t he st andard deviat ion for a
single reading.

7.4.1.4
ecc
R account s for t he error due t o off-cent re posit ion of t he cent re of gravit y of a
load. I t has been put in bracket s as it is normally relevant only for W not f or * W ,

and will t herefore be considered in 7.4.4.3.

7.4.1.5 The st andard uncert aint y of t he reading is t hen obt ained by

( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2
ecc
2 2 2 2
0
2
12 12 R R w R s d d R u
R
+ + + = (7.4.1-5)
Term in { } t o be added if applicable

Not e: t he uncert aint y ( ) R u is = const ant where s = const ant ; where in except ional
cases t he eccent ricit y error has t o be considered, t he t erm should be t aken
from 7.4.4.4.
7.4.2 Uncer t ai nt y of t he er r or of a r eadi ng
Where a reading R corresponds t o an indicat ion
j
I
cal
report ed in t he calibrat ion
cert ificat e, ( )
j
E u
cal
may be t aken from t here. For ot her readings, ( ) ( ) R E u may be
calculat ed by ( 7.1.3-2) if and are known, or it result s from int erpolat ion, or
from an approximat ion formula as per 7.2.

The uncert aint y ( ) ( ) R E u is normally not smaller t han ( )
j
E u
cal
for an indicat ion
j
I
t hat is close t o t he act ual reading R , unless it has been det ermined by an
approximat ion f ormula.

Not e: t he calibrat ion cert ificat e normally present s ( )
cal 95
E U from which ( )
cal
E u is
derived considering t he coverage fact or k st at ed in t he cert ificat e.

7.4.3 Uncer t ai nt y f r om envi r onment al i nf l uences
The correct ion t erm
instr
R account s for up t o 3 ef fect s which are discussed
hereaft er. They do normally not apply t o inst rument s which are adj ust ed right before
t hey are act ually being used cf 4.2.4, case A. For ot her inst rument s t hey should be
considered as applicable. No correct ions are act ually being applied, t he corresponding
uncert aint ies are est imat ed, based on t he users knowledge of t he propert ies of t he
inst rument .

7.4.3.1 The t erm
temp
R account s for a change in t he charact erist ic (or adj ust ment ) of t he
inst rument caused by a change in ambient t emperat ure. A limit ing value can be
est imat ed t o T TK R =
temp
wit h t he following t erms.

Normally t here is a manuf act urers specificat ion like ( ) T Max I TK = , in many
cases quot ed as TC TK in 10
-6
/ K. By default , for inst rument s wit h t ype approval
under OI ML 76 [ 2] (or EN 45501 [ 3] ) , it may be assumed
( ) ( )
Appr
T Max Max mpe TC where
Appr
T is t he t emperat ure range of approval
marked on t he inst rument ; for ot her inst rument s, eit her a conservat ive assumpt ion
has t o be made, leading t o a mult iple (3 t o 10 t imes) of t he comparable value for
inst rument s wit h t ype approval, or no informat ion can be given at all for a use of t he
inst rument at ot her t emperat ures t han t hat at calibrat ion.

The range of variat ion of t emperat ure T (f ull widt h) should be est imat ed in view of
t he sit e where t he inst rument is being used, as discussed in Appendix A.2.2.


Rect angular dist ribut ion is assumed, t heref ore t he relat ive uncert aint y is

( ) 12
temp
T TC R w = (7.4.3-1)

7.4.3.2 The t erm
buoy
R account s for a change in t he adj ust ment of t he inst rument due t o
t he variat ion of t he air densit y; no correct ion t o be applied, uncert aint y cont ribut ion
t o be considered as in 7.1.2.2, where a variabilit y of t he air densit y larger t han t hat
at calibrat ion is expect ed.

Not e: t he densit y of t he weighed body is not considered in t his uncert aint y
cont ribut ion, as it is const it ut ive f or t he value of t he weighing result W ! .

7.4.3.3 The t erm
adj
R account s for a change in t he adj ust ment of t he inst rument since t he
t ime of calibrat ion due t o ageing, or wear and t ear.

A limit ing value may be t aken f rom previous calibrat ions where t hey exist , as t he
largest difference ( ) Max E in t he errors at or near Max bet ween any t wo
consecut ive calibrat ions. By default , ( ) Max E should be t aken from t he
manufact urers specificat ion for t he inst rument , or may be est imat ed t o
( ) ( ) Max mpe Max E = for inst rument s conforming t o a t ype approval under OI ML
R76 [ 2] (or EN 45501 [ 3] ). Any such value can be considered in view of t he expect ed
t ime int erval bet ween calibrat ions, assuming fairly linear progress of t he change wit h
t ime.
Rect angular dist ribut ion is assumed, t heref ore t he relat ive uncert aint y is

( ) ( ) ( ) 3
adj
Max Max E R w = (7.4.3-2)

7.4.3.4 The relat ive st andard uncert aint y relat ed t o errors result ing from environment al
effect s is calculat ed by

( ) ( ) ( )
adj
2
temp
2
instr
2
R w R w R w + = (7.4.3-3)

7.4.4 Uncer t ai nt y f r om t he oper at i on of t he i nst r ument
The correct ion t erm
proc
R account s for addit ional errors which may occur where t he
weighing procedure is diff erent from t he one(s) at calibrat ion. No correct ions are
act ually being applied but t he corresponding uncert aint ies are est imat ed, based on
t he users knowledge of t he propert ies of t he inst rument .

7.4.4.1 The t erm
Tare
R account s for a net weighing result aft er a t are balancing operat ion
[ 2] (or [ 3] ). The possible error and t he uncert aint y assigned t o it should be est imat ed
considering t he basic relat ion bet ween t he readings involved:

Tare Gross Net
R R R = (7.4.4-1)

where t he R are fict it ious readings which are processed inside t he inst rument , while
t he visible indicat ion
Net
R is obt ained direct ly, aft er set t ing t he inst rument indicat ion
t o zero wit h t he t are load on t he load recept or. The weighing result in t his case is in
t heory:

( ) ( ) | |
proc instr cal cal Net Net
R R Tare E Gross E R W = (7.4.4-2)

consist ent wit h ( 7.4-1). The errors at gross and t are would have t o be t aken as errors
for equivalent R values as above. However, t he t are value and consequent ly t he
gross value are not normally recorded.

The error may t hen be est imat ed t o

( )
Tare Net
R Net E E + = (7.4.4-3)

where ( ) Net E = is t he error for a reading R = net wit h an addit ional correct ion for
t he effect of non-linearit y of t he error curve ( ) I E
cal
. To quant ify t he non-linearit y,
recourse may be t aken t o t he first derivat ive of t he f unct ion ( ) R f E =
appr
, if known,
or t he slope
E
q bet ween consecut ive calibrat ion point s may be calculat ed by

j j
j j
E
I I
E E
I
E
q
=
+
+
1
1
cal
(7.4.4-4)

The largest and t he smallest value of t he derivat ives or of t he quot ient s are t aken as
limit ing values f or t he correct ion
Net Tare
R q R
E
= , for which rect angular dist ribut ion
may be assumed. This result s in t he relat ive st andard uncert aint y

( ) ( ) 12
min max Tare E E
q q R w = (7.4.4-5)

To est imat e t he uncert aint y ( ) W u , (7.1-2) is applied wit h
Net
R R = . For ( ) E u it is
j ust ified t o assume ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Net R E u Net E u = =
cal
because of t he full correlat ion
bet ween t he quant it ies cont ribut ing t o t he uncert aint ies of t he errors of t he fict it ious
gross and t are readings.

7.4.4.2 The t erm
time
R account s for possible ef fect s of creep and hyst eresis, in sit uat ions
like t he f ollowing:

a) loading at calibrat ion was cont inuously upwards, or cont inuously up-and
downwards (met hod 2 or 3 in 5.2), so t he load remained on t he load recept or for
a cert ain period of t ime; t his is quit e significant where t he subst it ut ion met hod
has been applied, usually on high capacit y inst rument s. When in normal use, a
discret e load t o be weighed is put on t he load recept or and is kept t here j ust as
long as is necessary t o obt ain a reading or a print out , t he error of indicat ion may
differ from t he value obt ained for t he same load at calibrat ion.

Where t est s were performed cont inuously up and down, t he largest difference of
errors
j
E for any t est load
j
m may be t aken as t he limit ing value for t his ef fect ,
leading t o a relat ive st andard uncert aint y

( ) ( ) 12
max time j j
m E R w = (7.4.4-6)

Where t est s were performed only upwards, t he error on ret urn t o zero
0
E , if
det ermined may be used t o est imat e a relat ive st andard uncert aint y


( ) ( ) 3
0 time
Max E R w = (7.4.4-7)

I n t he absence of such informat ion, t he limit ing value may be est imat ed for
inst rument s wit h t ype approval under OI ML R76 [ 2] ( or EN 45501 [ 3] ) as

( ) ( ) Max Max Rmpe R E = (7.4.4-8)

For inst rument s wit hout such t ype approval, a conservat ive est imat e would be a
mult iple (n = 3 t o 10 t imes) of t his value.

The relat ive st andard uncert aint y is

( ) ( ) ( ) 3
time
Max Max mpe R w = , or ( ) ( ) 3 Max Max nmpe = (7.4.4-9)

b) loading at calibrat ion was wit h unloading bet ween load st eps, loads t o be
weighed are kept on t he load recept or for a longer period. I n t he absence of any
ot her informat ion e.g. observat ion of t he change in indicat ion over a t ypical
period of t ime recourse may be t aken t o (7.4.4-9) as applicable.

c) loading at calibrat ion was only upwards, discharge weighing is perf ormed in use.
This sit uat ion may be t reat ed as t he inverse of t he t are balancing operat ion see
7.4.4.1 - combined wit h point b) above. ( 7.4.4-5) and ( 7.4.4-9) apply.

Not e: I n case of discharge weighing, t he reading R shall be t aken as a posit ive
value alt hough it may be indicat ed as negat ive by t he weighing inst rument .

7.4.4.3
ecc
R account s for t he error due t o off-cent re posit ion of t he cent re of gravit y of a
load. 7.1.1.4 applies wit h t he modificat ion t hat t he effect found during calibrat ion
should be considered in full, so

( ) ( ) ( ) 3
ecc
max
, ecc ecc
L I R w
i
= (7.4.4-10)

7.4.4.4 Where dynamic obj ect s e.g. live animals are weighed, it is assumed t hat ( )
rep
I u will
be increased. A t ypical obj ect should t herefore be used t o det ermine t he st andard
deviat ion
dyn
s of at least 5 weighings, and ( ) R s in (7.4.1-5) should be replaced by
dyn
s .

7.4.5 St andar d uncer t ai nt y of a wei ghi ng r esul t
The st andard uncert aint y of a weighing result is calculat ed from t he t erms specif ied
in 7.4.1 t o 7.4.4, as applicable.

For t he weighing result under t he condit ions of t he calibrat ion:

( ) ( ) ( ) E u R s d d * W u
L
2 2 2 2
0
2
12 12 + + + = (7.4.5-1a)

For t he weighing result in general:


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) | | R s s
R R w R w R w R w R w W* u W u
2 2
dyn
2
ecc
2
time
2
Tare
2
adj
2
temp
2 2 2

+ + + + + + =
(7.4.5-1b)

The t erm ( ) W* u
2
has been put in bold t o indicat e t hat it applies in any case,
whereas t he ot her t erms should be included as applicable.

The many cont ribut ions t o ( ) W u may be grouped in t wo t erms
2
W
and
2
W

( )
2 2 2 2
R W u
W W
+ = (7.4.5-2)

where
2
W
is t he sum of squares of all absolut e st andard uncert aint ies, and
2
W
is
t he sum of squares of all relat ive st andard uncert aint ies.

7.5 Ex panded uncer t ai nt y of a w ei ghi ng r esul t

7.5.1 Er r or s account ed f or by cor r ect i on
The complet e formula for a weighing result which is equal t o t he reading correct ed
for t he error det ermined by calibrat ion, is

( ) ( ) * * W U R E R W = (7.5.1a)
or
( ) ( ) W U R E R W = (7.5.1b)
as applicable.

The expanded uncert aint y ( ) W U is t o be det ermined as

( ) ( ) * * W ku W U = (7.5-2a)
or
( ) ( ) W ku W U = (7.5-2a)

wit h ( ) * W u or ( ) W u as applicable from 7.4.5.

For ( ) * W U t he coverage fact or k should be det ermined as per 7.3.
For ( ) W U t he coverage fact or k will, due t o t he large number of t erms const it ut ing
( ) W u , in most cases k = 2 even where t he st andard deviat ion s is obt ained from
only few measurement s, and/ or where >
cal
k 2 was st at ed in t he calibrat ion
cert ificat e.
I n cases of doubt , k should be det ermined as per 7.3 f or

( ) ( )
W
R W u = = 0 , and for
( ) ( )
2 2 2
Max Max R W u
W W
+ = =
7.5.2 Er r or s i ncl uded i n uncer t ai nt y

I t may have been agreed by t he calibrat ion laborat ory and t he client t o derive a
global uncert aint y ( ) W U
gl
which includes t he errors of indicat ion such t hat no
correct ions have t o be applied t o t he readings in use:

( ) W U R W
gl
= (7.5.2-1)

Unless t he errors are more or less cent red about zero, t hey form a one-sided
cont ribut ion t o t he uncert aint y which can only be t reat ed in an approximat e manner.
For t he sake of simplicit y and convenience, t he global uncert aint y is best st at ed in
t he format of an expression for t he whole weighing range, inst ead of individual
values st at ed for fixed values of t he weighing result .

Let ( ) R E be a funct ion, or
0
E be one value represent at ive f or all errors st at ed over
t he weighing range in t he calibrat ion cert ificat e, t hen t he combinat ion wit h t he
uncert aint ies in use may in principle t ake on one of t hese forms:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
gl
R E W u k W U + = (7.5.2-2)
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 2
gl
E W u k W U + = (7.5.2-2a)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
0 2
gl
Max
R
E W u k W U + = (7.5.2-2b)
( ) ( ) ( ) R E W ku W U + =
gl
(7.5.2-3)
( ) ( )
0
gl
E W ku W U + = (7.5.2-3a)
( ) ( )
Max
R
E W ku W U
0
gl
+ = (7.5.2-3b)

Considering t he format for u(W) in (7.4.5-2) , t he formulae (7.5.2-2b) and (7.5.2-3b)
may be more suit able t han t he corresponding versions wit h let t er a .

For t he generat ion of t he formulae ( ) R E or t he represent at ive value
0
E see
Appendix C.

I t is import ant t o ensure t hat ( ) W U
gl
ret ains a coverage probabilit y of not less t han
95 % over t he whole weighing range.

7.5.3 Ot her ways of qual i f i cat i on of t he i nst r ument
A client may expect from, or have asked t he Calibrat ion Laborat ory for a st at ement of
conformit y t o a given specificat ion, as Tol R W wit h Tol being t he applicable
t olerance. The t olerance may be specified as % x Tol = of R , as nd Tol = , or
t he like.

Conf ormit y may be declared, in consist ency wit h I SO/ I EC 17025 under condit ion t hat

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) R Tol R W U R E + (7.5.3-1)

eit her for individual values of R or for any values wit hin t he whole or part of t he
weighing range.

Wit hin t he same weighing range, conformit y may be declared for different part s of
t he weighing range, t o dif ferent values of Tol.

8 CALI BRATI ON CERTI FI CATE
This sect ion cont ains advice what informat ion may be useful t o be given in a
calibrat ion cert ificat e. I t is int ended t o be consist ent wit h t he requirement s of
I SO/ I EC 17025 which t ake precedence.

8.1 Gener al I nf or mat i on
I dent ificat ion of t he calibrat ion laborat ory,
reference t o t he accredit at ion (accredit ing body, number of t he accredit at ion),
ident ificat ion of t he cert ificat e (calibrat ion number, dat e of issue, number of pages),
signat ure(s) of aut horised person(s).

I dent ificat ion of t he client .

I dent ificat ion of t he calibrat ed inst rument ,
informat ion about t he inst rument ( manufact urer, kind of inst rument , Max, d, place of
inst allat ion).

Warning t hat t he cert ificat e may be reproduced only in f ull unless t he calibrat ion
laborat ory permit s ot herwise in writ ing.

8.2 I nf or mat i on about t he cal i br at i on pr ocedur e
Dat e of measurement s,
sit e of calibrat ion, and place of inst allat ion if different ,
condit ions of environment and/ or use t hat may affect t he result s of t he calibrat ion.

I nformat ion about t he inst rument (adj ust ment performed, any anomalies of
funct ions, set t ing of soft ware as far as relevant for t he calibrat ion, et c.).

Reference t o, or descript ion of t he applied procedure, as far as t his is not obvious
from t he cert ificat e, e.g. const ant t ime int erval observed bet ween loadings and/ or
readings.

Agreement s wit h t he client e.g. over limit ed range of calibrat ion, met rological
specificat ions t o which conf ormit y is declared.

I nformat ion about t he t raceabilit y of t he measuring result s.

8.3 Resul t s of measur ement
I ndicat ions and/ or errors f or applied t est loads, or errors relat ed t o indicat ions as
discret e values and/ or by an equat ion result ing from approximat ion,

det ails of t he loading procedure if relevant for t he underst anding of t he above,

st andard deviat ion(s) det ermined, ident ified as relat ed t o a single indicat ion or t o t he
mean of indicat ions,

expanded uncert aint y of measurement for t he report ed result s.

I ndicat ion of t he coverage fact or k , wit h comment on coverage probabilit y, and
reason for 2 k where applicable.

Where t he indicat ions/ errors have not been det ermined by normal readings - single
readings wit h t he normal resolut ion of t he inst rument - , a warning should be given
t hat t he report ed uncert aint y is smaller t han what would be found wit h normal

readings.

For client s t hat are less knowledgeable, advice might be useful where applicable, on:
t he definit ion of t he error of indicat ion,
how t o correct readings in use by subt ract ing t he corresponding errors,
how t o int erpret indicat ions and/ or errors present ed wit h smaller decimals
t han t he scale int erval d .

I t may be usef ul t o quot e t he values of ( ) * W U for eit her all individual errors or for
t he funct ion ( ) R E result ing from approximat ion.

8.4 Addi t i onal i nf or mat i on
Addit ional informat ion about t he uncert aint y of measurement expect ed in use,
inclusive of condit ions under which it is applicable, may be at t ached t o t he cert ificat e
wit hout becoming a part of it .

Where errors are t o be account ed for by correct ion, t his formula could be used:

( ) ( ) W U R E R W = (8.4-1)

accompanied by t he equat ion f or ( ) R E .

Where errors are included in t he global uncert aint y , t his f ormula could be used:

( ) W U R W
gl
= (8.4-2)

A st at ement should be added t hat t he expanded uncert aint y of values from t he
formula corresponds t o a coverage probabilit y of at least 95 %.

Opt ional:
St at ement of conformit y t o a given specificat ion, and range of validit y where
applicable.

This st at ement may t ake t he form

Tol R W = (8.4-3)

and may be given
in addit ion t o t he result s of measurement , or
as st and-alone st at ement , wit h reference t o t he result s of measurement
declared t o be ret ained at t he calibrat ion Laborat ory.

The st at ement may be accompanied by a comment indicat ing t hat all measurement
result s enlarged by t he expanded uncert aint y of measurement , are wit hin t he
specificat ion limit s.

9 VALUE OF MASS OR CONVENTI ONAL VALUE OF MASS
The quant it y W is an est imat e of t he convent ional value of mass
c
m of t he obj ect
weighed
6
. For cert ain applicat ions it may be necessary t o derive from W t he value of

6
In the majority of cases, especially when the results are used for trade, the value W is used as the
result of the weighing

mass m, or a more accurat e value for
c
m .
The densit y or t he volume V of t he obj ect , t oget her wit h an est imat e of t heir
st andard uncert aint y, must be known from ot her sources.

9.1 Val ue of mass
The mass of t he obj ect is

( ) | |
c a
1 1 1 + =W m (9.1-1)

Neglect ing t erms of second and higher order, t he relat ive st andard uncert aint y ( ) m w

is given by

( )
( )
( )
( )
4
2
2
a
2
c
a
2
2
2
2
1 1
u
u
W
W u
m w + |
.
|
\
|
+ = (9.1-2)

For
a
and ( )
a
u (densit y of air) see Appendix A.
I f V and ( ) V u are known inst ead of and ( ) u , may be approximat ed by
V W , and ( ) w
may be replaced by ( ) V w
.

9.2 Convent i onal val ue of mass
The convent ional value of mass of t he obj ect is

( )( ) | |
c 0 a c
1 1 1 + =W m (9.2-1)

Neglect ing t erms of second and higher order, t he relat ive st andard uncert aint y
( )
c
m w is given by

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
4
2
2
0 a
2
c
a
2
2
2
c
2
1 1
u
u
W
W u
m w + |
.
|
\
|
+ = (9.2-2)

The same comment s as given t o (9.1-2) apply

10 REFERENCES

[ 1] JCGM 100: 2008 (GUM 1995 wit h minor correct ions) Evaluat ion of measurement dat a
Guide t o t he expression of uncert aint y in measurement , Sept ember 2008

[ 2] OI ML R 76: Non-aut omat ic Weighing I nst rument s Part 1: Met rological Requirement s -
Test s, edit ion 2006 (E)

[ 3] EN 45501: Met rological Aspect s of Non-aut omat ic Weighing I nst rument s, edit ion
1992 wit h supplement 1994

[ 4] OI ML R111, Weight s of Classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M1-2, M2, M2-3, M3, Edit ion 2004
(E)

[ 5] A Picard, R S Davis, M Glser, K Fuj ii: Revised formula for t he densit y of moist air
(CI PM-2007) . Met rologia 45 (2008), p. 149-155.

[ 6] M. Glser: Change of t he apparent mass of weight s arising from t emperat ure
differences Met rologia 36 ( 1999), p. 183-197

[ 7] I SO 31 Quant it ies and Unit s (1993) Part 11: Mat hemat ical Signs and Symbols for use
in physical sciences and t echnology

[ 8] VI M, I nt ernat ional Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Met rology, 2
nd
edit ion
1994

[ 9] Det erminat ion of Mass Part 1: Disseminat ion of t he unit of mass , by R. Balhorn, D.
Buer, M. Glser and M. Kochsiek PTB-Bericht MA-24, 2
nd
revised edit ion,
Braunschweig, April 1992

APPENDI X A: ADVI CE FOR ESTI MATI ON OF AI R DENSI TY
Not e: I n Appendix A, t he symbols are T for t emperat ure in K, and t for t emperat ure in C

A1 For mul ae f or t he densi t y of ai r
The most accurat e formula t o det ermine t he densit y of moist air is t he one
recommended by CI PM [ 5]
7
. For t he purposes of t his Guideline, less sophist icat ed
formulae are sufficient which render slight ly less precise result s.

A1.1 Si mpl i f i ed ver si on of CI PM- f or mul a, exponent i al ver si on
from [ 4] , sect ion E3

( )
t
t h p
+
=
15 , 273
061 , 0 exp 009 , 0 34848 , 0
a
(A1.1-1)
wit h
a

air densit y in kg/ m
p
baromet ric pressure in hPa
h relat ive humidit y of air in %
t air t emperat ure in C

Formula yields result s wit h
a form
/ u 2,4 10
-4
under t he f ollowing condit ions of
environment (uncert aint ies of measurement of p ,
r
h , t not included)

600 hPa p 1 100 hPa
20 % h 80 %
15 C t 27 C

A1.2 Si mpl i f i ed ver si on of CI PM- f or mul a, st andar d ver si on
From [ 9] t his expression can be quot ed

( )
t
t h p
+

=
15 , 273
020582 , 0 00252 , 0 348444 , 0
a
(A1.2-1)
wit h symbols as above.

Formula yields result s wit h
form a,
0,001 41 kg/ m under t he following condit ions
of environment (uncert aint ies of measurement of p , h , t not included):

p
600 hPa p 1 100 hPa
h 20 % h 80 %
t 15 C t 27 C

form a,
is t he difference bet ween values from t his formula and t he corresponding
values from t he CI PM formula. Therefore, t he combined relat ive formula st andard

7
The recommended ranges of t emperat ure and pressure over which t he CI PM-2007 equat ion may be used are
600 hPa p 1 100 hPa
15 C t 27 C.

uncert aint y ( )
form a,
w is given by
( )
form a,
2
w = (2,2 10
-5
)
2
+ ((0,001 41 kg/ m
3
)/ (1,2 kg/ m
3
))
2
/ 3
= 4,61 10
-7
(A1.2-2)
( )
form a,
w = 6,79 x10
-4
(A1.2-3)
A1.3 Boyl e- Mar i ot t e- For mul a
From t he basic formula RT p = it follows

ref
ref ref a,
a
Tp
p T
= (A1.3-1)

The reference values may be chosen at convenience. I t could be t he act ual values
det ermined at t he t ime of calibrat ion, or any ot her convenient set of values.
A very convenient modificat ion t o t his formula can be offered as f ollows:

( )( )
( )( ) hPa 015 1 15 , 273
K 15 , 293 kg/m 39 201 , 1
65 992 , 0
3
a
t
p
+
= (A1.3-2)

which yields values wit hin 1,1% of t he CI PM values - see A1.4 for j ust ificat ion, and
range of validit y.

A1.4 For mul a er r or s
Sample calculat ions using EXCEL spreadsheet s were performed t o compare t he
result s of air densit y obt ained by t he formulae above, against t he CI PM values based
on 4 000 , 0
2
CO
= x .
Comparisons were perf ormed over t he f ollowing st eps of paramet ers:
Temperat ure t = 15 C t o 27 C
Baromet ric pressure p = 600 hPa t o 1 100 hPa
Relat ive humidit y h = 20 % t o 80 %

The largest dif ference bet ween any value from a simpler formula and t he
corresponding CI PM value, expressed in % of t he CI PM value, was

Formula Maximum Difference
(absolut e)
(A.1.1-1) 0,024 %
(A.1.2-1) 0,20 %
(A.1.3-1), Reference
a
= 1,200 21 kg/ m
1,4 %
(A.1.3-2), Reference
a
= 1,201 39 kg/ m
0,9 %

Not e:
For
a
= 1,200 21 kg/ m , t he reference values were

t = 20 C, p = 1 014 hPa, and h = 50%.
I n t he last line, t he reference value were t = 20 C, p = 1 015 hPa, h = 50 %
while t he reference air densit y has arbit rarily been set t o
ref a,
= (1,201 39 kg/ m x 0,994 62) t o obt ain a bet t er fit relat ive t o CI PM 2007.

A1.5 Aver age ai r densi t y
Where measurement of t emperat ure and baromet ric pressure is not possible, t he
mean air densit y at t he sit e can be calculat ed from t he alt it ude above sea level, as
recommended in [ 4] :
|
.
|
\
|
=
SL
0
0
0 a
exp gh
p

(A1.5-1)
wit h
0
p = 101 325 Pa
0
= 1,200 kg/ m
g = 9,81 m/ s
SL
h = alt it ude above sea level in met re

A2 Var i at i ons of par amet er s const i t ut i ng t he ai r densi t y

A2.1 Bar omet r i c pr essur e:
The average baromet ric pressure ( )
SL
h p may be est imat ed from t he alt it ude
SL
h in
met re above sea level of t he locat ion, using t he relat ion
( ) ( ) ( ) hPa/m 12 , 0
SL 0 SL
= h h p h p (A2.1-1)
wit h ( )
0
h p = 1 013,12 hPa
At any given locat ion, t he variat ions at most p = 40 hPa about t he average
8
.
Wit hin t hese limit s, t he dist ribut ion is not rect angular as ext reme values do occur only
once in several years. I t is more realist ic t o assume a normal dist ribut ion, wit h p
being t he 2 or even t he 3 . Hence
( ) p u = 20 hPa (f or k = 2) or ( ) p u = 13,3 hPa (for k = 3) (A2.1-2)

8
Example: at Hannover, Germany, t he difference bet ween highest and lowest baromet ric pressures ever observed
over 20 years was 77,1 hPa ( I nformat ion from DWD, t he German Met eorological Service) .

A2.2 Temper at ur e
The possible variat ion
min max
t t t = of t he t emperat ure at t he place of use of t he
inst rument may be est imat ed from informat ion which is easy t o obt ain:

limit s st at ed by t he client from his experience,
reading from suit able recording means,
set t ing of t he cont rol inst rument , where t he room is acclimat ized or t emperat ure
st abilized;

in case of default sound j udgement should be applied, leading t o e.g.

17 C t 27 C for closed office or laboratory rooms with windows,
t 5 K for closed rooms without windows in the centre of a building,
- 10 C t + 30 C or t + 40 C for open workshops or fact ory halls.

As has been said f or t he baromet ric pressure, a rect angular dist ribut ion is unlikely t o
occur for open workshops or fact ory halls where t he at mospheric t emperat ure
prevails. However, t o avoid different assumpt ions for different room sit uat ions, t he
assumpt ion of rect angular dist ribut ion is recommended, leading t o
( ) 12 t t u = (A2.2-1)

A2.3. Rel at i ve humi di t y
The possible variat ion
min max
h h h = of t he relat ive humidit y at t he place of use of
t he inst rument may be est imat ed from inf ormat ion which is easy t o obt ain:

limit s st at ed by t he client from his experience,
reading from suit able recording means,
set t ing of t he cont rol inst rument , where t he room is acclimat ized;

in case of default , sound j udgement should be applied, leading, for example, t o

30 % h 80 % for closed office or laboratory rooms with windows,
h 30 % for closed rooms wit hout windows in t he cent re of a building,
20 % h 80 % for open workshops or fact ory halls.

I t should be kept in mind t hat
at h < 40 % elect rost at ic ef fect s may already influence t he weighing result on high
resolut ion inst rument s,
at h > 60 % corrosion may begin t o occur.

As has been said f or t he baromet ric pressure, a rect angular dist ribut ion is unlikely t o
occur for open workshops or fact ory halls where t he at mospheric relat ive humidit y
prevails. However, t o avoid different assumpt ions for different room sit uat ions, t he
assumpt ion of rect angular dist ribut ion is recommended, leading t o
( ) 12 h h u = (A2.3-1)

A3 Uncer t ai nt y of ai r densi t y
The relat ive st andard uncert aint y of t he air densit y ( )
a a
/ u may be calculat ed by

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
a a form
2
a a
2
a a
2
a a a a
/ / / / / u h u u t u u p u u u
h t p
+ + + =

(A3-1)

wit h t he sensit ivit y coef ficient s (derived from t he CI PM formula for air densit y)
( )
a a
/
p
u = 1x10
- 3
hPa
-1
for baromet ric pressure
( )
a a
/
t
u = - 4x10
-3
C
- 1
for air t emperat ure
( )
a a
/
h
u = -9x10
-3
for relat ive humidit y

Exampl es of st andar d uncer t ai nt y of ai r densi t y, cal cul at ed f or di f f er ent par amet er s
usi ng t he CI PM 2007 f or mul a
p / hPa t / C h
) (
) (
a
a
p u
u
p

) (
) (
t u
u
a
a t
) (
) (
a
a
h u
u
h

a
a form
) (
u

a
a
) (
u

40 2 0,2 1,15 x 10
-2
-2,31 x 10
-3
-5,20 x 10
-4
2,20 x 10
-5
1,18 x 10
-2

40 2 1 1,15 x 10
-2
-2,31 x 10
-3
-2,60 x 10
-3
2,20 x 10
-5
1,21 x 10
-2

40 5 0,2 1,15 x 10
-2
-5,77 x 10
-3
-5,20 x 10
-4
2,20 x 10
-5
1,29 x 10
-2

40 5 1 1,15 x 10
-2
-5,77 x 10
-3
-2,60 x 10
-3
2,20 x 10
-5
1,32 x 10
-2

40 10 0,2 1,15 x 10
-2
-1,15 x 10
-3
-5,20 x 10
-4
2,20 x 10
-5
1,63 x 10
-2

40 10 1 1,15 x 10
-2
-1,15 x 10
-3
-2,60 x 10
-3
2,20 x 10
-5
1,65 x 10
-2

40 20 0,2 1,15 x 10
-2
-2,31 x 10
-3
-5,20 x 10
-4
2,20 x 10
-5
2,58 x 10
-2

40 20 1 1,15 x 10
-2
-2,31 x 10
-3
-2,60 x 10
-3
2,20 x 10
-5
2,60 x 10
-2

40 30 0,2 1,15 x 10
-2
-3,46 x 10
-3
-5,20 x 10
-4
2,20 x 10
-5
3,65 x 10
-2

40 30 1 1,15 x 10
-2
-3,46 x 10
-3
-2,60 x 10
-3
2,20 x 10
-5
3,66 x 10
-2

40 40 0,2 1,15 x 10
-2
-4,62 x 10
-3
-5,20 x 10
-4
2,20 x 10
-5
4,76 x 10
-2

40 40 1 1,15 x 10
-2
-4,62 x 10
-3
-2,60 x 10
-3
2,20 x 10
-5
4,77 x 10
-2

40 50 0,2 1,15 x 10
-2
-5,77 x 10
-3
-5,20 x 10
-4
2,20 x 10
-5
5,89 x 10
-2

40 50 1 1,15 x 10
-2
-5,77 x 10
-3
-2,60 x 10
-3
2,20 x 10
-5
5,89 x 10
-2

The relat ive st andard uncert aint y due t o t he formula of CI PM is 2,2 x 10
-5
[ 5] .
For approximat ions A.1.1-1, A.1.2-1 and A.1.3-1, t he relat ive st andard uncert aint y due t o t he
corresponding approximat ion f ormula should be properly subst it ut ed, ( )
a a form
/ u .

.

APPENDI X B: COVERAGE FACTOR k FOR EXPANDED UNCERTAI NTY
OF MEASUREMENT
Not e: in t his Appendix t he general symbol y is used f or t he result of measurement ,
not a part icular quant it y as an indicat ion, an error, a mass of a weighed body et c..

B1 Obj ect i ve
The coverage fact or k shall in all cases be chosen such t hat t he expanded
uncert aint y of measurement has a coverage probabilit y of approximat ely 95 %.

B2 Basi c condi t i ons f or t he appl i cat i on of k = 2
A fact or k = 2 is t o be applied where t he following condit ions are met :

nor mal di st r i but i on can be assigned t o t he out put est imat e y and
( ) y u i s suf f i ci ent l y r el i abl e, see [ 1] .

Nor mal di st r i but i on may be assumed where several (i.e.. N 3) uncertainty
component s, each derived f rom well-behaved dist ribut ions ( normal, rect angular or
t he like), cont ribut e t o ( ) y u by comparable amount s - see [ 1] .
Not e: t his implies t hat none of t he cont ribut ions wit h ot her t han normal dist ribut ion
is of dominant value as defined in B.3.2.
Suf f i ci ent r el i abi l i t y is depending on t he ef fect ive degrees of freedom. This
crit erion is met where no Type A cont ribut ion t o ( ) y u is based on less t han 10
observat ions. see [ 1] .

B3 Det er mi ni ng k i n ot her cases
I n any of t he following cases, t he expanded uncert aint y is ( ) ( ) y ku y U = .

B3.1 Di st r i but i on assumed t o be nor mal
Where t he dist ribut ion of t he out put est imat e y may be assumed t o be normal, but
( ) y u is not sufficient ly reliable see B.2 t hen t he effect ive degrees of freedom
eff
have t o be det ermined using t he Welch-Sat t ert hwait e formula, and k > 2 is
read from t he appropriat e Table, as per [ 1] , Appendix E.

B3.2 Di st r i but i on not nor mal
I t may be obvious in a given sit uat ion t hat ( ) y u cont ains one Type B uncert aint y
component ( ) y u
1
from a cont ribut ion whose dist ribut ion is not normal but , e. g.,
rect angular or t riangular, which is significant ly great er t han all t he remaining
component s. I n such a case, ( ) y u is split up in t he (possibly dominant ) part
1
u
and
R
u = square root of
2
j
u wit h j 2, the combined standard uncertainty
comprising t he remaining cont ribut ions, see [ 1] .

I f
R
u 0,3
1
u , t hen
1
u is considered t o be dominant and t he dist ribut ion of y is
considered t o be essent ially ident ical wit h t hat of t he dominant cont ribut ion.

The coverage fact or is chosen according t o t he shape of dist ribut ion of t he
dominant component :

for t rapezoidal dist ribut ion wit h 95 , 0 < :
( = edge paramet er, rat io of smaller t o larger edge of t rapezoid)

( ) | | { } ( ) | | 6 1 1 05 , 0 1
2 2
+ = k - see [ 1]

for a rect angular dist ribut ion ( = 1): k = 1,65 see [ 1]

for a t riangular dist ribut ion ( = 0): k = 1,90

for U-shaped dist ribut ion: k = 1,41

The dominant component may it self be composed of 2 dominant component s
( ) y u
1
, ( ) y u
2
, e.g. 2 rect angular making up one t rapezoid, in which case
R
u will
be det ermined from t he remaining
j
u wit h j 3

APPENDI X C: FORMULAE TO DESCRI BE ERRORS I N RELATI ON TO
THE I NDI CATI ONS

C1 Obj ect i ve
This Appendix offers advice on how t o derive, from t he discret e values obt ained at
calibrat ion and/ or given in a calibrat ion cert ificat e, errors and associat ed
uncert aint ies for any ot her reading R wit hin t he calibrat ed weighing range.

I t is assumed t hat t he calibrat ion yields n set s of dat a
j
I
N
,
j
E ,
j
U , or
alt ernat ively
j
m
N
,
j
I ,
j
U , t oget her wit h t he coverage fact or k and an indicat ion
of t he dist ribut ion of E underlying k .

I n any case, t he nominal indicat ion
j
I
N
is considered t o be
j j
m I
N N
= .
I t is furt her assumed t hat for any
j
m
N
t he error
j
E remains t he same if
j
I is
replaced by
j
I
N
, it is t herefore suf ficient t o look at t he dat a
j
I
N
,
j
E ,
j
u , and t o
omit t he suffix N for simplicit y.

C2 Funct i onal r el at i ons

C2.1 I nt er pol at i on
There are several polynomial formulae for int erpolat ion
9
, bet ween values t abled
versus equidist ant argument s, which are rat her easy t o employ. The t est loads may,
however, in many cases not be equidist ant which leads t o quit e complicat ed
int erpolat ion formulae if one looks for a single f ormula t o cover t he whole weighing
range.

Linear int erpolat ion bet ween t wo adj acent point s may be performed by

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
k k k k k k
I I E E I R I E R E + =
+ + 1 1
(C2.1-1)
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
k k k k k k
I I U U I R I U R U + =
+ + 1 1

(C2.1-2)

for a reading R wit h
1 +
< <
k k
I R I . A higher order polynomial would be needed t o
est imat e t he possible int erpolat ion error t his is not furt her elaborat ed.

C2.2 Appr oxi mat i on
Approximat ion should be performed by calculat ions or algorit hms based on t he
minimum
2
approach:

( ) ( )

= = = minimum
2 2 2
j j j j j
E I f p v p (C2.2-1)
wit h:
j
p = weight ing fact or (basically proport ional t o
2
1
j
u )
j
v = residual
f = approximat ion f unct ion cont aining
par
n paramet ers

9
An int erpolat ion formula is underst ood t o yield exact ly t he given values bet ween which int erpolat ion t akes place.
An approximat ion formula will normally not yield t he given values exact ly.


Toget her wit h t he coefficient s of t he approximat ion funct ion, t he sum of t he
squares of t he deviat ions should be det ermined as per (C.2.2-1), which is
denominat ed by t he t erm
2
min . This serves t o check t he validit y of t he
approximat ion.

I f t he f ollowing condit ion is met :

( ) 2 min
2
(C2.2-2)

wit h
par
n n = = degrees of freedom, and
= fact or chosen t o be 1, 2 ( value applied most ), or 3,

it is j ust ified t o assume t he form of t he model f unct ion ( ) I E t o be mat hemat ically
consist ent wit h t he dat a underlying t he approximat ion.

C2.2.1 Appr oxi mat i on by pol ynomi al s
Approximat ion by a polynomial yields t he general funct ion

( ) ( )
a
a
...
2
2 1 0
n
n
R a R a R a a R f R E + + + + = = (C2.2-3)

The degree
a
n of t he polynomial should be chosen such t hat 2 1
a par
n n n + = .

The calculat ion is best perf ormed by mat rix calculat ion.

Let
) x (
par
n n
X be a mat rix whose n rows are (1,
j
I ,
2
j
I ,...,
a
n
j
I )

1) x (
par
n
a be a column vect or whose component s are t he
coef ficient s
0
a ,
1
a , ... ,
a
n
a of t he approximat ion
polynomial
( ) 1 x n
e be a column vect or whose component s are t he
j
E
( )
( ) n n x
e U be t he variance-covariance mat rix of e .

( ) e U is eit her a diagonal mat rix whose element s are ( )
j jj
E u u
2
= , or it has been
derived as a complet e var/ cov mat rix.

The weight ing mat rix P is

( )
1
= e U P (C2.2-4)
and t he coefficient s
0
a ,
1
a , are found by solving t he normal equat ions

0 = Pe X PXa X
T T
(C2.2-5)

wit h solut ion

( ) Pe X PX X a
T
1
T

= (C2.2-6)


The n deviat ions ( )
j j j
E I f v = are comprised in t he vect or

e Xa v = (C2.2-7)
and
2
min is obt ained by

Pv v
T 2
min = (C2.2-8)

Provided t he condit ion of (C.2.2-2) is met , t he variances and covariances for t he
coef ficient s
i
a are given by t he mat rix

( ) ( )
1
T

= PX X a U (C2.2-9)

Where t he condit ion (C.2.2-2) is not met , one of t hese procedures may be applied:
a: repeat t he approximat ion wit h an approximat ing polynomial of higher
degree
a
n , as long as 2 1
a
n n + ;
b: repeat t he approximat ion aft er increasing all values
j
u e.g. by
mult iplicat ion by a suit able fact or 1 > c .
(
2
min is proport ional t o
2
1 c )

The result s of t he approximat ion, a and ( ) a U may be used t o det ermine t he
approximat ed errors and t he associat ed uncert aint ies f or t he n point s
j
I .
The errors
j
E
appr
are comprised in t he vect or

Xa e =
appr
(C2.2-10)

wit h t he uncert aint ies given by

( ) ( ) ( )
T
appr
2
diag X a XU =
j
E u . (C2.2-11)

They also serve t o det ermine t he error and it s associat ed uncert aint y for any ot her
indicat ion called a reading R t o discriminat e from t he indicat ions
j
I wit hin t he
calibrat ed weighing range.

Let
r be a column vect or whose element s are
( )
T
3 2
a
, ... , , , , 1
n
R R R R ,
r be a column vect or whose element s are t he derivat ives
( )
T
1
a
2
a
, ... , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0
n
R n R R

The error is
( ) a r
T
appr
= R E (C2.2-12)


And t he uncert aint y is given by

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )r a U r a r U a r
T
T
T T
appr
2
+ = R E u (C2.2-13)

The first t erm on t he right -hand side simplifies, as all 3 mat rices are only one
dimensional, t o

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) R u R a n R a R a a R
n
n a
2
2
1 2
3 2 1
T
T T
a
a
... 3 2

+ + + + = a r U a r (C2.2-14)

wit h ( ) ( ) I s d d R u
R
2 2 2
0
2
12 12 + + = as per (7.1.1.-11).

C2.2.2 Appr oxi mat i on by a st r ai ght l i ne
Many modern elect ronic inst rument s are well designed, and correct ed int ernally t o
achieve good linearit y of t he f unct ion ( ) m f I = . Therefore t he errors are most ly
result ing from incorrect adj ust ment , and are by and large increasing in proport ion
t o R . For such inst rument s it may be quit e appropriat e t o rest rict t he polynomial t o
a linear funct ion, provided it is suf ficient in view of condit ion (C.2.2-2).

The st andard solut ion is t o apply (C.2.2-3) wit h 1
a
= n :

( ) ( ) R a a R f R E
1 0
+ = = (C2.2-15)

One variant t o t his is t o set 0
0
= a and t o det ermine only
1
a . This can be j ust ified
by t he fact t hat due t o zero-set t ing at least for increasing loads - t he error
( ) 0 = R E is aut omat ically = 0:

( ) ( ) R a R f R E
1
= = (C2.2-16)

Anot her variant is t o define t he coef ficient a (=
1
a in (C2.2-16)) as t he mean of all
gradient s
j j j
I E q = . This allows inclusion of errors of net indicat ions aft er a t are
balancing operat ion if t hese have been det ermined at calibrat ion:

( ) n I E a
j j
= (C2.2-17)

The calculat ions, except f or t he variant (C2.2-17), may be performed using t he
mat rix formulae in C.2.2.1.

Ot her possibilit ies are given hereaft er.

C2.2.2.1 Linear regression as per (C2.2-12) may be performed by many st andard pocket
calculat ors.

Correspondence bet ween result s is t ypically,
int ercept
0
a
slope
1
a

However, calculat ors may not be able t o perform linear regression based on

weight ed error dat a, or linear regression wit h 0
0
= a .

C2.2.2.2 To facilit at e programming t he calculat ions by comput er in non-mat rix not at ion, t he
relevant formulae are present ed hereaft er. All formulae include t he weight ing
fact ors ( )
j j
E u p
2
1 =

For simplicit y, all indices j have been omit t ed from I , E , p

a) linear regression for (C2.2-15)

( )
2
2
2
0

=
pI pI p
pIE pI pI pE
a (C2.2-15a)

( )
2
2
1

=
pI pI p
pI pE pIE p
a (C2.2-15b)

( )
2
1 0
2
min

+ = E I a a p (C2.2-15c)

( )
( )
2
2
2
0
2

=
pI pI p
pI
a u (C2.2-15d)

( )
( )
2
2
1
2

=
pI pI p
p
a u (C2.2-15e)

( )
( )
2
2
1 0
, cov

=
pI pI p
pI
a a (C2.2-15f)

(C.2.2-15) applies fro t he approximat ed error of t he reading R , and t he uncert aint y
of t he approximat ion ( )
appr
E u is given by

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 1
2 2
0
2 2 2
1 appr
2
, cov 2 a a R a u R a u R u a E u + + + = (C2.2-15g)

b) linear regression wit h
0
a = 0

=
2
1
pI pIE a (C2.2-16a)

( )
2
1
2
min

= E I a p (C2.2-16b)

( )

=
2
1
2
1 pI a u (C2.2-16c)

(C.2.2-16) applies for t he approximat ed error of t he reading R , and t he assigned
uncert aint y ( )
appr
E u is given by

( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 2 2 2
1 appr
2
a u R R u a E u + = (C2.2-16d)

c) mean gradient s
I n t his variant t he uncert aint ies are ( ) ( )
j j j j
I E u I E u = and ( )
j j j
E u I p
2 2
= .

( )

= p I pE a ` (C2.2-17a)

( )
2
2
min

= I E a p (C2.2-17b)

( )

= p a u 1
2
(C2.2-17c)

(C.2.2-16) applies for t he approximat ed error of t he reading R which may be also a
net indicat ion, and t he uncert aint y of t he approximat ion ( )
appr
E u is given by
( ) ( ) ( ) a u R R u a E u
2 2 2 2
appr
2
+ = (C2.2-17d)

C3 Ter ms w i t hout r el at i on t o t he r eadi ngs
While t erms t hat are not a funct ion of t he indicat ion do not of fer any est imat ed
value for an error t o be expect ed for a given reading in use, t hey may be helpful t o
derive t he global uncert aint y ment ioned in 7.5.2.

C3.1 Mean er r or
The mean of all errors is
=
= =
n
j
j
E
n
E E
1
0
1
(C3.1-1)
wit h t he st andard deviat ion

( ) ( )
appr
1
2
1
1
u E E
n
E s
n
j
j
=
=

=
(C3.1-2)
Not e: t he dat a point 0 = I , 0 = E shall be included as
1
I ,
1
E .
Where E is close t o zero, only ( ) E s
2
may be added in (7.5.2-2a). I n ot her cases,
in part icular where ( ) W u E , (7.5.2-3a) should be used, wit h ( ) W u increased
by ( ) E s u =
appr
.

C3.2 Maxi mum er r or
The maximum error shall be underst ood as t he largest absolut e value of all errors:
max
max j
E E = (C3.2-1)

C3.2.1 Wit h
max
0
E E = , (7.5.2-3a) would cert ainly describe a global uncert aint y which
would cover any error in t he weighing range wit h a higher coverage probabilit y t han
95 %. The advant age is t hat t he formula is simple and st raight forward.

C3.2.2 Assuming a rect angular dist ribut ion of all errors over t he fict it ious! range
max
E ,
0
E could be defined as t he st andard deviat ion of t he errors
3
max
0
E E = (C3.2-2)


t o be insert ed int o ( 7.5.2-2a).

APPENDI X D: SYMBOLS AND TERMS

D1 Symbol s of gener al appl i cat i on
Symbols t hat are used in more t han one sect ion of t he main document , are list ed and
explained hereaft er

Symbol Definition Unit
C correct ion
D drift , variat ion of a value wit h t ime
E error (of an indicat ion) g, kg, t
I indicat ion of an inst rument g, kg, t
L load on an inst rument g, kg, t
Max maximum weighing capacit y g, kg, t
x Ma upper limit of specified weighing range, Max x Ma < g, kg, t
Min value of t he load below which t he weighing result may be
subj ect t o an excessive relat ive error
g, kg, t
n Mi lower limit of specified weighing range, Min n Mi > g, kg, t
R indicat ion (reading) of an inst rument not relat ed t o a t est load g, kg, t
T t emperat ure C, K
Tol specified t olerance value
U expanded uncert aint y g, kg, t
W weighing result , weight in air g, kg, t

d scale int erval, t he dif ference in mass bet ween t wo consecut ive
indicat ions of t he indicat ing device
g, kg, t
d
T effect ive scale int erval < d , used in calibrat ion t est s g, kg, t
x
k
number of it ems x, as indicat ed in each case
k coverage fact or
m mass of an obj ect g, kg, t
c
m
convent ional value of mass, preferably of a st andard weight g, kg, t
N
m
nominal convent ional value of mass of a st andard weight g, kg, t
ref
m
reference weight ( t rue value ) of a t est load g, kg, t
mpe
maximum permissible error (of an indicat ion, a st andard
weight et c.) in a given cont ext
g, kg
n number of it ems, as indicat ed in each case
s st andard deviat ion
t t ime h, min
u st andard uncert aint y
w
st andard uncert aint y relat ed t o a base quant it y

number of degrees of freedom

densit y kg/ m
0
reference densit y of air,
0
= 1,2 kg/ m
kg/ m
a

air densit y kg/ m
c
reference densit y of a st andard weight ,
c
= 8 000 kg/ m
kg/ m


- Suf f i x r el at ed t o
B air buoyancy
D drift
N nominal value
T t est
adj adj ust ment
appr
approximat ion
cal calibrat ion
conv convect ion
dig digit alisat ion
ecc eccent ric loading
gl global, overall
i , j numbering
intr weighing inst rument
max maximum value from a given populat ion
min minimum value from a given populat ion
proc
weighing procedure
ref reference
rep
repeat abilit y
s st andard (mass); act ual at t ime of adj ust ment
sub subst it ut ion load
tare t are balancing operat ion
temp t emperat ure
time t ime
0 zero, no-load

D2 Locat i ons of i mpor t ant t er ms and ex pr essi ons

D2.1 Cal i br at i on t est s and measur ement r esul t s

Quant i t y Component s of st andar d
uncer t ai nt y
Sect i ons,
subsect i ons
I ndi cat i on
j
I f or di scr et e t est l oad
j
m
4.4.1; 6.2.1
I ndi cat i on I
0 dig 0 ecc rep dig
I I I I I I I
L L
+ + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
dig0
2
ecc
2
rep
2
dig
2 2
I u
I u I u I u I u
L

+
+ + =

( ) I u consist ing of
12 12
0 L
d d + for
rounding, s or
pool
s for
repeat abilit y, ( )I I w
ecc
for
eccent ricit y of t est load
4.4; 6; 7.1
7.1.1;
7.1.1.57.1.1.1+
2
7.1.1.3
7.1.1.4
Repeat abi l i t y
Mean of n indicat ions:
=
=
n
i
ji j
I
n
I
1
1

St andard deviat ion:
( ) ( )
=
n
i
j ji j
I I
n
I s
1
2
1
1

4.4; 6.1
Eccent r i ci t y
1 ecc,
I I I
i i
=
( ) ( ) 3 2
ecc
max
, ecc ecc
L I I w
i
=

6.3; 7.1.1.4
Ref er ence mass
ref
m
conv
B c N ref
m
m m m m m
D
+ + + + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
conv
2
2
B
2
c
2
ref
2
m u
m u m u m u m u
D

+
+ + =

For t est loads
Tn
L comprising subst it ut ion
loads:
( ) ( ) ( )
n
j
j c Tn
I u m u n L u
1
1
2
1
2 2 2
2
=

+ =

( )
ref
m u consist ing of ( )
c
m u
or ( )
c
m w for calibrat ion,
( )
B
m w for buoyancy,
( )
D
m u for drift ,
( )
conv
m u for convect ion,

( ) ( )
ref 1
m u m u
c
= as above
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
=
Tj j
L I u I u
4.3; 7.1
7.1.2, 7.1.2.5
+ 6
7.1.2.1
7.1.2.2,
App. A + E
7.1.2.3 7.1.2.4
App. F

7.1.1.5
Er r or E
ref
m I E =
( ) ( ) ( )
ref
2 2 2
m u I u E u + =

Wit hout convect ion ef fect s:
( )
2 2 2 2
I E u + =
6.2.1 7.1; 7.1.3
Char act er i st i c
( ) I f E =
appr
, based on dat a set s
j
I ,
j
E ,
( )
j
E u
( ) ( ) I g E u =
appr

( )
appr
E u result ing from t he
approximat ion calculus

6.2; 7.2; App.
C
Expanded uncer t ai nt y: ( ) ( ) E ku E U = wit h k = 2 (normal dist ribut ion) or
k 2
7.3; App. B

D2.2 Wei ghi ng r esul t s obt ai ned by t he user of t he i nst r ument

Quant i t y
Component s of st andar d
uncer t ai nt y
Sect i ons,
subsect i ons
Readi ng by t he user :
( )
ecc dig0
0 rep dig
R R
R R R R R
L L

+
+ + =

( ) ( ) ( )
dig0
2 2
dig
2 2
R u s R u R u
L
+ + =
as ( ) I u above, based on d , not
T
d
7.4
7.4.1
Er r or t o readi ng:
( ) ( )
j
I E R E = , and ( )
cal
E u from
calibrat ion cert ificat e, or by int erpolat ion
bet ween known values, or ( ) I f E =
appr
,
approximat ion formula wit h | |
appr
E u
E values rounding t o d
( ) ( )
cal cal cal
k E U E u =

( ) | | ( ) ( ) I g R f R E u = =
appr
as
above
( ) | | ( ) | |
cal appr
k R E U R E u =
7.4
7.4.2
Wei ghi ng resul t s
*
W based on cal i brat i on dat a:
E R W =
*

( ) ( ) ( ) E u R u W u
2 2 * 2
+ =
W i n ever yday use:
proc instr
*
R R W W + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
proc
2
instr
2 * 2 2
R u
R u W u W u

+
+ =

instr
R and
proc
R for effect s of environment
and handling of t he inst rument being different
from t he sit uat ion at calibrat ion

( )
*
W u consist ing of
( ) R u from above
( ) ( ) R E u from above

( )
instr
R u comprising
( )
temp
R w for t emperat ure
( )
buoy
R w for variat ion of air
densit y
( )
adj
R w for long t erm drift
( )
proc
R u comprising
( )
Tare
R w
( )
time
R w
( )
ecc
R w
dyn
s
7.4
( 7.4-1a)
( 7.4-2a)
7.4.1
7.4.2

( 7.4.-1b) ;
7.4.5
( 7.4-2b)
7.4.3.1
7.4.3.2

7.4.3.3
7.4.4
7.4.4.1
7.4.4.2
7.4.4.3
7.4.4.4
Expanded uncer t ai nt y:
( )
*
W U wit h k = 2 ( normal dist ribut ion) or k 2
( ) ( ) W ku W U = wit h k = 2
7.5, App. B
Wei ghi ng resul t wi t h corr ect i on:
( ) W U E R W =
( ) W U from above
7.5.1
Wei ghi ng resul t wi t hout cor r ect i on:
( ) W U R W
gl
=
wit h
( ) ( ) ( ) { } R E W U f W U + =
gl

( ) W U from above, enlarged by
t erm represent ing ( ) R E
7.5.2
Wei ghi ng resul t wi t hi n speci f i ed l i mi t s:
( ) R Tol R W =
wit h Tol specified by client , under condit ions
t hat
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) R Tol R W U R E +
7.5.3
Conver si on of W t o mass m, or t o
convent i onal val ue of mass
c
m
To be calculat ed based on W by
user of t he inst rument
9.1
9.2

APPENDI X E: I NFORMATI ON ON AI R BUOYANCY
This Appendix gives addit ional informat ion t o t he air buoyancy correct ion t reat ed in
7.1.2.2. I t f ocuses on t he st andard uncert aint y for t he correct ion, as 7.1.2.2 advises
t o apply a correct ion value of 0
B
= m wit h an appropriat e st andard deviat ion.

E1 Densi t y of st andar d w ei ght s
Where t he densit y of a st andard weight , and it s st andard uncert aint y ( ) u are
not known, t he f ollowing values may be used f or weight s of R111 classes E2 t o M2
(t aken from [ 4] , Table B7).

Al l oy/ mat er i al Assumed densi t y
i n kg/ m
St andar d uncer t ai nt y
( ) u i n kg/ m
Nickel silver 8 600 85
Brass 8 400 85
st ainless st eel 7 950 70
carbon st eel 7 700 100
iron 7 800 100
cast iron (whit e) 7 700 200
cast iron (grey) 7 100 300
aluminium 2 700 65

For weight s wit h an adj ust ment cavit y filled wit h a considerable amount of mat erial
of dif ferent densit y, [ 4] gives a formula t o calculat e t he overall densit y of t he weight .

E2 Ex ampl es f or ai r buoyancy i n gener al
Table E2.1 gives relat ive st andard uncert aint ies for air buoyancy correct ions assumed
t o be zero, for
st andard weight s made of t he alloys/ mat erials ment ioned in E1
select ed st andard uncert aint ies of t he air densit y cf. t he t able in A3.1
t he cases A, B1, and B2 relat ed t o t he adj ust ment of t he calibrat ed
inst rument .
The f ormulae are (7.1.2-5) for case A, (7.1.2-7) f or case B1, and (7.1.2-9) for case
B2.
For case B1, ( ) ( )
a as
5 , 0 u u = has been assumed.

I t is obvious t hat for case A t he relat ive uncert aint y ( )
B
m w is always below 0,4
mg/ kg for t he mat erials normally used for st andard weight s of higher accuracy
(st ainless st eel nowadays, previously brass), and need t herefore be considered only
for calibrat ions wit h ext remely small uncert aint y.

For case B1 calibrat ions, t he relat ive uncert aint y ( )
B
m w is below 5 mg/ kg for all
mat erials but aluminium, and for case B2 calibrat ions below 10 mg.

Tabl e E2.1 Rel at i ve st andar d uncer t ai nt y of ai r buoyancy cor r ect i on
( )
B
m w i n mg/ kg f or case A
a
= 1,2 kg/ m wi t h ( )
a
u bel ow
Mat erial

( ) u
0,016 0,025 0,04 0,064
nickel silver 8 600 85 0,14 0,22 0,35 0,56
brass 8 400 85 0,10 0,15 0,24 0,39
st ainless st eel 7 950 70 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,09
cast iron (whit e) 7 700 200 0,09 0,15 0,24 0,38
cast iron (grey) 7 100 300 0,27 0,42 0,68 1,08
aluminium 2 700 65 3,93 6,14 9,82 15,71

( )
B
m w i n mg/ kg f or case B1
a
= 1,2 kg/ m wi t h ( )
a
u bel ow
Mat erial

( ) u
0,016 0,025 0,04 0,064
nickel silver 8 600 85 1,01 1,58 2,52 4,04
brass 8 400 85 1,01 1,57 2,51 4,02
st ainless st eel 7 950 70 1,00 1,56 2,50 4,00
cast iron (whit e) 7 700 200 1,00 1,57 2,51 4,01
cast iron (grey) 7 100 300 1,03 1,61 2,58 4,13
aluminium 2 700 65 4,05 6,33 10,13 16,21

( )
B
m w i n mg/ kg f or case B2
a
= 1,2 kg/ m wi t h ( )
a
u bel ow
Mat erial

( ) u
0,016 0,025 0,04 0,064
nickel silver 8 600 85 1,86 2,91 4,65 7,44
brass 8 400 85 1,90 2,98 4,76 7,62
st ainless st eel 7 950 70 2,01 3,14 5,03 8,05
cast iron (whit e) 7 700 200 2,08 3,25 5,20 8,31
cast iron (grey) 7 100 300 2,26 3,52 5,64 9,02
aluminium 2 700 65 5,93 9,26 14,82 23,71

E3 Ai r buoyancy f or w ei ght s conf or mi ng t o R111
As quot ed in a foot not e t o 7.1.2.2, R 111 requires t he densit y of a st andard weight t o
be wit hin cert ain limit s t hat are relat ed t o t he maximum permissible error mpe and a
specified variat ion of t he air densit y. The mpe are proport ional t o t he nominal value
for weight s of 100 g. This allows an estimate of the relative uncertainty ( )
B
m w .
The corresponding formulae (7.1.2-5a) for case A and (7.1.2-9a) for cases B1 and
B2, have been evaluat ed in Table E2.2, in relat ion t o t he accuracy classes E
2
t o M
1
.

For weight s of
N
m 50 g t he mpe are t abled in R111, t he relat ive value
N
m mpe
increasing wit h decreasing mass. For t hese weight s, Table E2.2 cont ains t he absolut e
st andard uncert aint ies ( ) ( )
N B B
m m w m u = .

A comparison of t he relat ive uncert aint ies shows t hat t he values from Table E2.2 are
always great er t han t he corresponding values from Table E2.1. This is due t o t he fact
t hat t he assumed uncert aint ies ( ) u and ( )
a
u are great er in Table E2.2.

The values in Table E2.2 can be used for a worst case est imat e of t he uncert aint y
cont ribut ion for air buoyancy in a given sit uat ion.

Tabl e E2.2: St andar d uncer t ai nt y of ai r buoyancy cor r ect i on f or st andar d
wei ght s conf or mi ng t o R 111
Calculat ed according t o 7.1.2.2 for cases A (7.1.2-5a) and B (7.1.2-9a)

Class E
2
Class F
1
Class F
2
Class M
1

N
m
in g
mpe
in mg
A
u
in mg
B
u
in mg
mpe
in mg
A
u
in mg
B
u
in mg
mpe
in mg
A
u
in mg
B
u
in mg
mpe
in mg
A
u
in mg
B
u
in mg
50 0,100 0,014 0,447 0,30 0,043 0,476 1,00 0,14 0,58 3,0 0,43 0,87
20 0,080 0,012 0,185 0,25 0,036 0,209 0,80 0,12 0,29 2,5 0,36 0,53
10 0,060 0,009 0,095 0,20 0,029 0,115 0,60 0,09 0,17 2,0 0,29 0,38
5 0,050 0,007 0,051 0,16 0,023 0,066 0,50 0,07 0,12 1,6 0,23 0,27
2 0,040 0,006 0,023 0,12 0,017 0,035 0,40 0,06 0,08 1,2 0,17 0,19
1 0,030 0,004 0,013 0,10 0,014 0,023 0,30 0,04 0,05 1,0 0,14 0,15
0,5 0,025 0,004 0,008 0,08 0,012 0,016 0,25 0,04 0,04 0,8 0,12 0,12
0,2 0,020 0,003 0,005 0,06 0,009 0,010 0,20 0,03 0,03 0,6 0,09 0,09
0,1 0,016 0,002 0,003 0,05 0,007 0,008 0,16 0,02 0,02 0,5 0,07 0,07

Relat ive mpe and relat ive st andard uncert aint ies ( )
B
m w
in mg/ kg for weight s of 100 g and great er

Class E
2
Class F
1
Class F
2
Class M
1

mpe/
mg
A
w
B
w
mpe/
mg
A
w
B
w
mpe/
mg
A
w
B
w
mpe/
mg
A
w
B
w
100
1,60 0,23 8,89 5,00 0,72 9,38 16,0 2,31 11,0 50,0 7,22 15,88

APPENDI X F: EFFECTS OF CONVECTI ON
I n 4.2.3 t he generat ion of an apparent change of mass
conv
m by a difference in
t emperat ure T bet ween a st andard weight and t he surrounding air has been
explained in principle. More det ailed informat ion is present ed hereaft er, t o allow an
assessment of sit uat ions in which t he ef fect of convect ion should be considered in
view of t he uncert aint y of calibrat ion
All calculat ions of values in t he following t ables are based on [ 6] . The relevant
formulae, and paramet ers t o be included, are not reproduced here. Only t he main
formulae, and essent ial condit ions are referenced.
The problem t reat ed here is quit e complex, bot h in t he underlying physics and in t he
evaluat ion of experiment al result s. The precision of t he values present ed hereaft er
should not be overest imat ed.

F1 Rel at i on bet w een t emper at ur e and t i me
An init ial t emperat ure dif f erence
0
T is reduced wit h t ime t by heat exchange
bet ween t he weight and t he surrounding air. The rat e of heat exchange is fairly
independent of t he sign of
0
T , t heref ore warming up or cooling down of a weight
occurs in similar t ime int ervals.

Figure F.1.1 gives some examples of t he ef fect of acclimat isat ion. St art ing from an
init ial t emperat ure difference of 10 K, t he act ual T aft er different acclimat isat ion
t imes is shown for 4 different weight s. The weight s are supposed t o rest on t hree
fairly t hin PVC columns in free air . I n comparison, T is also shown for a 1 kg
weight rest ing on t he same columns but enclosed in a bell j ar which reduces t he air
flow of convect ion, so it t akes about 1,5 t imes t o 2 t imes as much t ime t o achieve t he
same reduct ion of T , as for t he 1 kg piece wit hout t he j ar.

References in [ 6] : formula (21), and paramet ers f or cases 3b and 3c in Table 4.

Fi gur e F1.1: Accl i mat i sat i on of st andar d wei ght s

Tables F1.2 and F1.3 give acclimat isat ion t imes t for st andard weight s t hat may
have t o be wait ed if t he t emperat ure difference is t o be reduced f rom a value
1
T t o
a lower value
2
T . The condit ions of heat exchange are t he same as in Figure F1.1:
Table F1.2 as for m= 0,1 kg t o m= 50 kg ; Table F1.3 as for m = 1 kg
enclosed .

Under act ual condit ions t he wait ing t imes may be short er where a weight st ands
direct ly on a plane surface of a heat conduct ing support ; t hey may be longer where a
weight is part ially enclosed in a weight case.
References in [ 6] : formula (26), and paramet ers f or cases 3b, 3c in Table 4.

Tabl e F1.2 Ti me i nt er val s f or r educt i on i n st eps of t emper at ur e di f f er ences
Weight s st anding on 3 t hin PVC columns in free air
Acclimat isat ion t ime in min for T t o be reached from t he next higher T , case 3b

K / T
m/ kg 20 15 10 7 5 3 2 1
50 149,9 225,3 212,4 231,1 347,9 298,0 555,8
20 96,2 144,0 135,2 135,0 219,2 186,6 345,5
10 68,3 101,9 95,3 94,8 153,3 129,9 239,1
5 48,1 71,6 66,7 66,1 106,5 89,7 164,2
2 30,0 44,4 41,2 40,6 65,0 54,4 98,8
1 20,8 30,7 28,3 27,8 44,3 37,0 66,7
0,5 14,3 21,0 19,3 18,9 30,0 24,9 44,7
0,2 8,6 12,6 11,6 11,3 17,8 14,6 26,1
0,1 5,8 8,5 7,8 7,5 11,8 9,7 17,2
0,05 3,9 5,7 5,2 5,0 7,8 6,4 11,3
0,02 2,3 3,3 3,0 2,9 4,5 3,7 6,4
0,01 1,5 2,2 2,0 1,9 2,9 2,4 4,2
Examples for a 1 kg weight :
t o reduce T from 20 K t o 15 K will t ake 20,8 min;
t o reduce T from 15 K t o 10 K will t ake 30,7 min;
t o reduce T from 10 K t o 5 K will t ake 28,3 min + 27,8 min = 56,1 min

Tabl e F1.3 Ti me i nt er val s f or r educt i on i n st eps of t emper at ur e di f f er ences
Weight s st anding on 3 t hin PVC columns, enclosed in a bell j ar
Acclimat isat ion t ime in min for T t o be reached from t he next higher T , case 3c

K / T
m/ kg 20 15 10 7 5 3 2 1
50 154,2 235,9 226,9 232,1 388,7 342,7 664,1
20 103,8 158,6 152,4 155,6 260,2 228,9 442,2
10 76,8 117,2 112,4 114,7 191,5 168,1 324,0
5 56,7 86,4 82,8 84,3 140,5 123,1 236,5
2 37,8 57,5 54,9 55,8 92,8 81,0 155,0
1 27,7 42,1 40,1 40,7 67,5 58,8 112,0
0,5 20,2 30,7 29,2 29,6 48,9 42,4 80,5
0,2 13,3 20,1 19,1 19,2 31,7 27,3 51,6
0,1 9,6 14,5 13,7 13,8 22,6 19,5 36,6
0,05 6,9 10,4 9,8 9,9 16,1 13,8 25,7
0,02 4,4 6,7 6,3 6,2 10,2 8,6 16,0
0,01 3,2 4,7 4,4 4,4 7,1 6,0 11,1

F2 Change of t he appar ent mass
The air flow generat ed by a t emperat ure difference T is direct ed upwards where
t he weight is warmer, 0 > T , t han t he surrounding air, and downwards where it is
cooler 0 < T . The air flow causes frict ion forces on t he vert ical surface of a weight ,
and pushing or pulling f orces on it s horizont al surfaces, result ing in a change
conv
m
of t he apparent mass. The load recept or of t he inst rument is also cont ribut ing t o t he
change, in a manner not yet fully invest igat ed.

There is evidence from experiment s t hat t he absolut e values of t he change are
generally smaller for 0 < T t han for 0 > T . I t is t herefore reasonable t o
calculat e t he mass changes for t he absolut e values of T , using t he paramet ers for
0 > T .

Table F2.1 gives values for
conv
m f or st andard weight s, f or t he t emperat ure
differences T appearing in Tables F1.2 and F1.3. They are based on experiment s
performed on a mass comparat or wit h t urning t able for aut omat ic exchange of
weight s inside a glass housing. The condit ions prevailing at calibrat ion of normal
weighing inst rument s being dif ferent , t he values in t he t able should be considered as
est imat es of t he ef fect s t hat may be expect ed at an act ual calibrat ion.
References in [ 6] : formula (34), and paramet ers f or case 3d in Table 4

Tabl e F2.1 Change i n appar ent mass
conv
m

Change
conv
m in mg of st andard weight s, for select ed t emperat ure differences T

T in K
m in
kg
20 15 10 7 5 3 2 1
50 113,23 87,06 60,23 43,65 32,27 20,47 14,30 7,79
20 49,23 38,00 26,43 19,25 14,30 9,14 6,42 3,53
10 26,43 20,47 14,30 10,45 7,79 5,01 3,53 1,96
5 14,30 11,10 7,79 5,72 4,28 2,76 1,96 1,09
2 6,42 5,01 3,53 2,61 1,96 1,27 0,91 0,51
1 3,53 2,76 1,96 1,45 1,09 0,72 0,51 0,29
0,5 1,96 1,54 1,09 0,81 0,61 0,40 0,29 0,17
0,2 0,91 0,72 0,51 0,38 0,29 0,19 0,14 0,08
0,1 0,51 0,40 0,29 0,22 0,17 0,11 0,08 0,05
0,05 0,29 0,23 0,17 0,12 0,09 0,06 0,05 0,03
0,02 0,14 0,11 0,08 0,06 0,05 0,03 0,02 0,01
0,01 0,08 0,06 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,01

The values in t his t able may be compared wit h t he uncert aint y of calibrat ion, or wit h
a given t olerance of t he st andard weight s t hat are used for a calibrat ion, in order t o
assess whet her an act ual T value may produce a significant change of apparent
mass.

As an example, Table F2.2 gives t he t emperat ure differences which are likely t o
produce, for weight s conforming t o R 111, values of
conv
m not exceeding cert ain
limit s. The comparison is based on Table F2.1.
The limit s considered are t he maximum permissible errors, or 3 1 t hereof.

I t appears t hat wit h t hese limit s, t he effect of convect ion is relevant only for weight s
of classes E
2
and F
1
of R111.

Tabl e F2.2 Temper at ur e l i mi t s f or speci f i ed
conv
m val ues
A
T = t emperat ure dif ference f or mpe m
conv

B
T = t emperat ure dif ference f or 3
conv
mpe m
Dif ferences
A
T for mpe m
conv
and
B
T for 3
conv
mpe m
Class E
2
Class F
1

N
m in kg
mpe in
mg
A
T in K
B
T in K
mpe in
mg
A
T in K
B
T in K
50 75 12 4 250 > 20 12
20 30 7 3 100 > 20 7
10 15 10 3 50 > 20 10
5 7,5 10 3 25 > 20 10
2 3 9 1 10 > 20 9
1 1,5 7 1 5 > 20 7
0,5 0,75 6 1 2,5 > 20 6
0,2 0,30 5 1 1,0 > 20 5
0,1 0,15 4 1 0,50 > 20 4
0,05 0,10 6 1 0,30 > 20 6
0,02 0,08 10 2 0,25 > 20 10
0,01 0,06 15 3 0,20 > 20 15

APPENDI X G: EXAMPLES
The examples present ed in t his Appendix demonst rat e in different ways how t he
rules cont ained in t his guideline may be applied correct ly. They are not int ended t o
indicat e any preference f or cert ain procedures as against ot hers for which no
example is present ed.
Where a calibrat ion laborat ory wishes t o proceed in full conf ormit y t o one of t hem,
it may make reference t o it in it s qualit y manual and in any cert ificat e issued.

Not e 1: The cert ificat e should cont ain all t he inf ormat ion present ed in Gn.1, as f ar
as known, and, as applicable, at least what is print ed in bold figures in Gn.2 and
Gn.3, wit h Gn = G1, G2
Not e 2: For references t o t he relevant sect ions of t he guideline see Appendix D2.

G1 I nst r ument of 200 g capaci t y, scal e i nt er val 0,1 mg

G1.1 Condi t i ons speci f i c f or t he cal i br at i on
I nst r ument : El ect r oni c wei ghi ng i nst r ument , descr i pt i on and
i dent i f i cat i on
d Max
200 g / 0,1 mg
Temperat ure coefficient
K 10 5 , 1
6
TC (manufact urers manual)
Built -in adj ust ment
device
Act s aut omat ically upon: swit ch-on, and when T 3 K
Adj ust ment by
cal i br at or
Per f or med bef or e t he cal i br at i on
Temper at ur e dur i ng
cal i br at i on
20,2 C t o 20,6 C
Room condit ions Temperature stabilized to 21 C 1 C; h 300 m
Load recept or Diamet er 80 mm
Test l oads St andar d wei ght s, cl ass E
2

G1.2 Test s and r esul t s

Repeat abi l i t y (assumed
t o be const . over t he
weighing range)
Test l oad 100 g, appl i ed 6 t i mes, indicat ion at no
load reset t o zero where necessary; indicat ions
recorded: 100,000 2 g; 99,999 9 g; 100,000 1 g;
100,000 0 g; 100,000 2 g; 100,000 2 g
Errors of indicat ion Test loads each applied once; discont inuous loading
only upwards, indicat ion at no load reset t o zero where
necessary; all loads in cent re of load recept or.
I ndicat ions recorded:
load/ g indicat ion/ g
30 30,000 1
60 60,000 3
100 100,000 4
150 150,000 6
200 200,000 9

Eccent r i ci t y t est Test l oad 100 g; indicat ion at no load reset t o zero
where necessary; posit ions/ readings in g:
1/ 100,000 5; 2/ 100,000 3; 3/ 100,000 4; 4/ 100,000 6;
5/ 100,000 4 =
max ecc
I 0,2 mg

G1.3 Er r or s and r el at ed uncer t ai nt i es
The calculat ions f ollow 7.1 t o 7.3
Quant it y or I nfluence Load, indicat ion in g
St andard uncert aint y, error in mg
Dist ribut ion /
degrees of
freedom
I ndi cat i on I m
N
/ g 30 60 100 150 200
Er r or Ecal / mg 0,1 0,3 0,4 0,6 0, 9
Repeat abi l i t y s 0,13 mg norm/ 5
Digit alisat n 12
0
d
0,03 mg rect / 100
10

Digit alisat n 12
I
d
0,03 mg rect / 100
Eccent ricit y
( )
ecc
I w

Not relevant in t his case rect / 100
u( I ) 0,14 mg
Test loads g m
N
11

10 + 20 10 + 50 100 50 + 100 200
( ) 3
c
mpe m u =
0,08 mg 0,09 mg 0,09 mg 0,15 mg 0,17 mg rect / 100
( ) ( ) 3 3 mpe m u
D
=
0,03 mg 0,03 mg 0,03 mg 0,05 mg 0,06 mg rect / 100
( ) ( ) 3 4
N B
mpe m m w =
0,02 mg 0,02 mg 0,02 mg 0,04 mg 0,04 mg rect / 100
( )
conv
m u
Not relevant in t his case
Unc. of error ( ) E u / mg
0,165 0,170 0,170 0,215 0,232
eff

12 14 14 34 44
k ( 95,45 %) 2,23 2,20 2,20 2,08 2,06
U( E) = k u( E) / mg 0,37 0,37 0,37 0,45 0,48
Addit ional, opt ional
Approximat ion by st raight line
t hrough zero / mg
( ) = R E
appr
4,27 10
-6
R

Uncert aint y t o approximat ed
errors, ( )
appr
E u / mg
( ) ( )
2 13 2 13
appr
10 8 , 5 mg 10 25 , 3 R E u

+ =
12

Expanded uncert aint y ( )
appr
E U
/ mg
( ) ( )
2 13 2 13
appr
10 8 , 5 mg 10 25 , 3 2 R E U

+ =
R
6
10 5 , 1

=

I t would be accept able t o st at e in t he cert ificat e only t he largest value of expanded
uncert aint y for all t he report ed errors: ( ) E U = 0,48 mg, based on k = 2,06 f or
eff
=
44, accompanied by t he st at ement t hat t he coverage probabilit y is at least 95 %.

The cert ificat e may give t he advice t o t he user t hat t he st andard uncert aint y t o t he error
of any reading R, obt ained aft er t he calibrat ion, is increased by t he uncert aint y of t he
reading u(R) = 0,14 mg.

G1.4 Uncer t ai nt y of i ndi cat i ons i n use
As st at ed in 7.4, t he f ollowing informat ion may be developed by t he calibrat ion

10
There were assumed 100 degrees of freedom for all t ype B uncert aint ies, ( ) ( ) 0707 , 0
i i
x u x u [ 1]
11
Class E2, calibrat ed t hree mont hs ago, average drift monit ored over t wo recalibrat ions 3
c
mpe D
m
; over 12
mont hs; used at nominal value; well accommodat ed t o room t emperat ure,, T < 1 K

12
The first t erm is negligible!

laborat ory or by t he user of t he inst rument . I n any case, it may not be present ed nor
considered as part of t he calibrat ion cert ificat e.

G1.4.1 The normal condit ions of use of t he inst rument , as assumed, or as specified by t he
user may include:
Variat ion of t emperat ure 1 K
Loads not always cent red carefully
Tare balancing f unct ion operat ed
Loading t imes: normal, as at calibrat ion

G1.4.2 Calculat ion t able as per 7.4 and 7.5
Quant it y or I nfluence I ndicat ion in g
Error, uncert aint y: relat ive or in mg
Dist ribut ion /
degrees of
freedom
I ndicat ion g m I
N

30 60 100 150 200
Error mg E
cal

0,1 0,3 0,4 0,6 0,9
Uncert aint y ( ) E u
0,23 mg norm/ 44
Alt ernat ive: t o quot e result s of t he approximat ion
Error
appr
E / mg
R
6
10 27 , 4

( )
appr
E u / mg R
6
10 76 , 0

Repeat abilit y
R
s
0,13 mg norm/ 5
Digit alisat n 12
0
d
0,03 mg rect / 100
Digit alisat n 12
R
d
0,03 mg rect / 100
Adj ust mt drift ( )
adj
R w
Not relevant in t his case, as inst rument is
regularly adj ust ed

Temperat ure ( )
temp
R w
0,87 10
-6
rect / 100
Weighing. procedure: ( )
ecc
R w
1,15 10
-6
rect / 100
( )
tare
R w
1,23 10
-6
rect / 100
( )
time
R w
Not relevant in t his case
Unc. of weighing result ( ) W u
( ) ( )
2 12 2
10 0 , 4 mg 0178 , 0 R W u

+ =

eff

> 30
( ) % 95 k
2
Uncert aint y of weighing result wit h correct ion by -
appr
E
( ) ( ) W ku W U =
( )
2 12 2
10 0 , 4 mg 0178 , 0 2 R W U

+ =

Simplified t o first order
( ) ( )
( )
( )
R Max
W U
Max W U
W U W U
)
`
=
=
+ =
0
0
( ) R W U
6
10 88 , 2 mg 27 , 0

+

Global uncert aint y of weighing result wit hout correct ion t o t he reading
( ) ( ) ( ) R E W U W U
appr gl
+ = ( ) R W U
6
gl
10 15 , 7 mg 27 , 0

+ =

G1.4.3 An at t achment t o t he cert ificat e could cont ain t his st at ement :

Under normal condit ions of use, including
room t emperat ure varying wit hin 1 K,
loads applied wit hout special care t o apply cent re of gravit y in
cent re of load recept or,
obt aining readings R wit h or wit hout t are balancing ( net or gross
values),
enabling aut omat ic adj ust ment of t he inst rument ,
not applying any correct ion t o t he readings R,

t he weighing result W is

( ) R R W
6
10 1 , 7 mg 27 , 0

+ =

at a level of confidence of bet t er t han 95%.

An alt ernat ive would read:

(Condit ions as before).. ., t he weighing result W is
wit hin a t olerance of 1 % f or R 30 mg,
wit hin a t olerance of 0,1 % for R 280 mg,

G2 I nst r ument of 60 k g, mul t i - i nt er val

i dent i f i cat i on, wit h OI ML R76 (or EN 45501) t ype
approval, but not verified
d Max
Mul t i - i nt er val i nst r ument , 3 par t i al wei ghi ng r anges:
kg
i
Max = 12/ 30/ 60; g
i
d = 2/ 5/ 10
Load recept or Plat form 60 cm 40 cm
I nst allat ion I n packaging workroom; 17 C T 27 C reported by
client
Temperat ure
coef ficient
TC 2 10
-6
/ K (manufact urers manual)
Built -in adj ust ment
device
Not provided;
( ) g Max E 10 ( manufact urers manual)
Last calibrat ion
Performed 1 year ago; ( ) Max E was 7 g
Temper at ur e
dur i ng
cal i br at i on
22,3 C t o 23,1 C
Baromet ric
pressure during
calibrat ion:
1 002 hPa 5 hPa
Test l oads St andar d wei ght s, st ainless st eel, cert ified t o class M
1

t olerances of 50 mg/ kg (OI ML R111)

Repeat abi l i t y
(assumed t o be
const ant over weighing
range 1)
Test l oad 10 kg, appl i ed 5 t i mes, indicat ion at no
load reset t o zero where necessary. Readings recorded:
9,998 kg; 10,000 kg; 9,998 kg; 10,000 kg; 10,000 kg
Repeat abi l i t y
(assumed t o be
const ant over weighing
ranges 2 and 3)
Test l oad 30 kg, appl i ed 5 t i mes, indicat ion at no
load reset t o zero where necessary. Readings recorded:
29,995 kg; 30,000 kg; 29,995 kg; 29,995 kg; 30,000 kg
Errors of indicat ion Test loads each applied once; discont inuous loading
only upwards, indicat ion at no load reset t o zero where
necessary; all loads in cent re of load recept or.
Load / kg I ndicat ion / kg
Wit hout t are load
10 10,000
25 24,995
40 39,990
60 59,990
25 kg put on load recept or, indicat ion set t o net zero by
t are operat ion
10 9,998
20 19,995
Eccent r i ci t y t est Test l oad 20 kg; indicat ion at no load reset t o zero
where necessary; posit ions/ readings:
1: 19,995 kg; 2: 19,995 kg; 3: 19,995 kg
4: 19,990 kg; 5: 19,990 kg;
max ecc
I = 5 g

Quant it y or I nfluence Load, indicat ion, error in kg
St andard uncert aint y in g, or as relat ive value
Dist ribut ion /
degrees of
freedom
I ndi cat i on I m
N
/ kg 10 25 40 60
Er r or Ecal / kg 0 -0,005 -0,010 -0,010
I ndi cat i on
Net
I / kg
Af t er t are bal anci ng a pr el oad of 25
kg
10 20
Er r or
Net
E
, Cal
/ kg
-0,002 -0,005
Repeat abi l i t y s / g 1,10 2,74 1,10 2,74 norm/ 4
Digit alisat n 12
0
d
0,58 g rect / 100
Digit alisat n 12
I
d
0,58 g 1,44 g 2,89 g 2,89 g 0,58 g 1,44 g rect / 100
Eccent ricit y ( )
ecc
I w
Not relevant in t his case rect / 100
u( I ) / g 1,37 3,15 4,02 4,02 1,37 3,15
Test loads
13

/ kg
10 20+ 5 2* 20 3* 20 ( 25+ )
10
( 25+ )
20

( ) 3
c
mpe m u =
0,29 g 0,72 g 1,15 g 1,73 g 0,29 g 0,58 g rect / 100
( ) ( ) 3 2 mpe m u
D
=
0,14 g 0,36 g 0,58 g 0,87 g 0,14 g 0,29 g rect / 100
( ) ( )
N
m m w m u
B B
=
= ( 2,5 mg/ kg)
N
m
14

Negligible
( )
conv
m u
Negligible
Unc. of error ( ) E u
1,41 g 3,25 g 4,22 g 4,46 g 1,41 g 3,22 g
f ef

10 7 21 26 10 7
k ( 95,45 %) 2,28 2,43 2,13 2,10 2,28 2,43
U( E) = k u( E) / g 3,2 7,9 9,0 9,4 3,2 7,8
Approximat ion, performed wit h t he 4 gross indicat ions
Approximat ion by st raight
line t hrough zero / kg
( ) R R E
4
appr
10 69 , 1

=

errors, ( )
appr
E u , for part ial
weighing ranges (PWR)
PWR 1
( ) ( )
2 9 2 8
appr
10 63 , 2 g 10 4 , 5 R E u

+ =
15

PWR 2
( ) ( )
2 9 2 7
appr
10 63 , 2 g 10 8 , 2 R E u

+ =
PWR 3
( ) ( )
2 9 2 7
appr
10 63 , 2 g 10 7 , 4 R E u

+ =
( )
appr
E u , for
PWR 1 t o 3 / g
( ) R E u
5
appr
10 13 , 5

=

Expanded uncert aint y / g,
wit h k= 2
( ) ( ) R E u E U
5
appr appr
10 3 , 10 2

= =

13 Class M1, calibrat ed 8 mont hs ago, average drift monit ored over 2 recalibrat ions:
2 mpe D
mc

; over 12 mont hs;
used at nominal value; well accommodated to room temperature, T < 1 K
14
For p = 40 hPa, T = 10 K, ( )
a
u 0,02 kg/ m
3
( from t able in A3)
I f = (7 950 70) kg/ m
3
, ( 7.1.2-7) result in ( )
B
m w = 2,5 mg/ kg
15
The first t erm is negligible in all 3PWR!


Dist ribut ion /
degrees of
freedom
For comparison, approximat ions repeat ed wit h all 6 indicat ions
Approximat ion by st raight
line t hrough zero / g
( ) R R E
4
appr
10 79 , 1

=

( )
appr
E u , for
PWR 1 t o 3 / g
( ) R E u
5
appr
10 62 , 4

=

Expanded uncert aint y, wit h
k= 2 / g
( ) ( ) R E u E U
5
appr appr
10 2 , 9 2

= =

At Max , t he first approximat ion gives = E 10,1 g, ( ) =
appr `
E U 6,2 g; t he second
approximat ion gives = E 10,7 g, ( ) =
`appr
E U 5,5 g:
The differences are not significant . see G2.5.1

uncert aint y for all t he report ed errors: ( ) = E U 9,4 g, based on k = 2,1 for =
eff

26, accompanied by t he st at ement t hat t he coverage probabilit y is at least 95 %.

The cert ificat e may give t he advice t o t he user t hat t he st andard uncert aint y t o t he
error of any reading R , obt ained aft er t he calibrat ion, is increased by t he st andard
uncert aint y of t he reading ( ) R u depending on t he scale int erval:

from 0 t o 12 kg: d = 2 g, u(R) = 1,4 g
from 12 t o 30 kg: d = 5 g, u(R) = 3,2 g
from 30 t o 60 kg: d = 10 g, u(R) = 4,0 g

For t he t est point s ment ioned above, t he uncert aint ies ( ) * W U t o t he weighing
result s under t he condit ions of t he calibrat ion: E R W = * , are t hen

Reading R/ kg 10 25 40 60
Uncert aint y U(W* )/ g 3,9 9,1 11,7 12,0

As st at ed in 7.4, t he following inf ormat ion may be developed by t he calibrat ion
laborat ory or by t he user of t he inst rument . I n any case, it may not be present ed
nor considered as part of t he calibrat ion cert ificat e.

user may include
Variat ion of t emperat ure 5 K
Loading t imes: normal, as at calibrat ion

Dist rib. /
degrees
of
freedom
Errors of indicat ion for gross
and net readings / g
( ) R R E
4
appr
10 79 , 1

=

Uncert aint y t o errors
( ) ( ) R E u
appr
v
( ) R E u
5
appr
10 62 , 4

=

Uncert aint y of reading
( ) ( ) I u R u = / g
PWR 1 PWR 2 PWR 3
1,37 3,15 4,02
Uncert aint y of error
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
appr
2 2
E u R u
R E u
+
=

PWR 1
( ) ( ) { }
2 9 2
10 13 , 2 g 88 , 1 R R E u

+ =

PWR 2
( ) ( ) { }
2 9 2
10 13 , 2 g 92 , 9 R R E u

+ =

PWR 3
( ) ( ) { }
2 9 2
10 13 , 2 g 16 , 16 R R E u

+ =

I nfluences from inst rument
Adj ust ment drift see G2.5.2
( )
5
adj
10 6 , 9

= R w

Temperat ure see G2.5.3
( )
6
temp
10 8 , 5

= R w

I nfluences from weighing procedure
Eccent ric loading
( )
4
ecc
10 44 , 1

= R w

Operat ion of t are device
( )
tare
R w : included by calibrat ion procedure

Loading t ime not relevant in t his case
Uncert aint y of weighing
result ( ) W u
PWR 1
( ) { }
2 8 2
10 0 , 3 g 88 , 1 R W u

+ =

PWR 2
( ) { }
2 8 2
10 0 , 3 g 92 , 9 R W u

+ =

PWR 3
( ) { }
2 8 2
10 0 , 3 g 20 , 16 R W u

+ =

Uncert aint y of weighing result wit h correct ion by
appr
E
Expanded uncert aint y
( ) ( ) W ku W U = , k= 2
PWR 1
( ) { }
2 8 2
10 0 , 3 g 88 , 1 2 R W U

+ =

PWR 2
( ) { }
2 8 2
10 0 , 3 g 92 , 9 2 R W U

+ =

PWR 3
( ) { }
2 8 2
10 0 , 3 g 20 , 16 2 R W U

+ =

simplified t o first order:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
R
Max Max
Max U Max U
Max U W U
i i
i i
i
)
`
1
1
1

PWR 1
( ) R W U
4
10 9 , 1 g 7 , 2

+

PWR 2
( ) ( ) kg 12 10 2 , 3 g 5 , 7
4
+

R W U

PWR 3
( ) ( ) kg 30 10 4 , 3 g 1 , 13
4
+

R W U

Global uncert aint y of weighing result wit hout correct ion t o t he readings
( )
( ) ( ) R E W U
W U
gl
appr
+
=

also simplified t o first order:
PWR 1
( ) R W U
gl
4
10 82 , 2 g 7 , 2

+

PWR 2
( ) ( ) kg 12 10 12 , 4 g 5 , 7
4
+

R W U
gl

PWR 3
( ) ( ) kg 30 10 32 , 4 g 1 , 13
4
+

R W U
gl


room t emperat ure varying wit hin 17 C and 27 C,
loads applied wit hout special care t o apply cent re of gravit y in cent re of load
recept or,
obt aining readings R wit h or wit hout t are balancing ( net or gross values),
( ) W U R W = , wit h ( ) W U as t abled below

Weighing
range
Reading R
from t o
Uncert aint y ( ) W U of weighing result W
/ g
PWR 1 0 12 kg
R
4
10 82 , 2 g 7 , 2

+
PWR 2 12 kg 30 kg
( ) kg 12 10 12 , 4 g 5 , 7
4
+

R
R
4
10 4 g 3

+
PWR 3 30 kg 60 kg
( ) kg 30 10 32 , 4 g 1 , 13
4
+

R
R
4
10 4 , 4

at a level of confidence bet t er t han 95%.


(Condit ions as before).. ..., t he weighing result W is
wit hin a t olerance of 1 % for R 0, 28 kg,
wit hin a t olerance of 0,5 % for R 0,57 kg,
wit hin a t olerance of 0,2 % for R 1,56 kg,
wit hin a t olerance of 0,1 % for R 3,72 kg
at a level of confidence bet t er t han 95%.

G2.5 Fur t her i nf or mat i on t o t he exampl e
Mult i-int erval inst rument s have a varying scale int erval over t he weighing range see
t he specificat ions for Max and d in G2.1 and t hey display net indicat ions aft er a t are
balancing operat ion always st art ing wit h t he smallest scale int erval, in t he same
manner as t hey display gross indicat ions.

I t is not possible t o t est , wit h reasonable eff ort , such an inst rument for errors of net
indicat ion wit h a large variet y of t are loads. One may t herefore consider t hat on an
inst rument wit h sufficient linearit y of t he relat ion ( ) m f I = , t he same net load will
be indicat ed wit h almost t he same error irrespect ive of t he value of t he balanced
t are. The approximat ion by a linear funct ion wit hout an offset value i.e. a linear
funct ion t hrough zero - ( ) 0 0 = = m l - as per (C2.2-16) allows t o assess t he linearit y
of t he relat ion: as long as t he condit ion (C2.2-2) , t he
2
min crit erion is sat isfied by
t he act ual t est dat a, t he approximat ion by t he linear funct ion is considered t o be a
suit able approach which means t hat t he individual errors are indeed sufficient ly close
t o a st raight line t hrough zero.

A t est wit h one or t wo net loads applied aft er t are balancing a considerable preload

should however, be perf ormed t o make sure t hat t he errors for net loads are not
significant ly influenced by creep and hyst eresis effect s. As long as t he errors for t he
same net loads, wit h or wit hout a preload are about t he same wit hin t he repeat abilit y
st andard deviat ion, it may be assumed t hat t he errors det ermined by t he calibrat ion
act ually do apply t o all indicat ed gross or net loads.

G.2.5.1 Comparison of t he approximat ions
This comparison shows t hat in t his case, t he error values found at t est point s 5 and 6
do not significant ly alt er t he result s of t he approximat ion.

The
2
min values obt ained by t he evaluat ions are

2,08 t o be assessed against t he crit erion value of 4,9 for t he first approximat ion,
and
2,33 t o be assessed against t he crit erion value 4,9 for t he second approximat ion.

I n bot h cases t here is no doubt t hat t he linear approximat ion model is consist ent wit h
t he act ual t est dat a.

G2.5.2 As st at ed in G2.1, t he error at Max was + 7 g at t he t ime of t he last calibrat ion, and it
is 10 g at this time. Both values are within the manufact urers specificat ion for t he
error at Max. Wit h (7.4.3-2) t he relat ive uncert aint y for variat ion of adj ust ment is

( ) ( ) ( )
5
adj
10 6 , 9 3

= = Max Max E R w

G2.5.3 As st at ed in G2.1, t he ambient t emperat ure about t he inst rument is from 17 C t o 27
C which leads t o T = 10 K. The t emperat ure coef ficient of t he inst rument is
specified by t he manufact urer t o be TC 210
-6
/ K: Therefore (7.4.3-1) gives

( )
6 6
temp
10 8 , 5 12 10 10 2

= = x R w

G3 I nst r ument of 30 t capaci t y, scal e i nt er val 10 k g

i dent i f i cat i on, wit h OI ML R76 (or EN 45501) Type approval but
not verified
d Max
30 t / 10 kg
Load recept or 3 m wide, 10 m long, 4 point s of support
I nst allat ion Out side, in plain air, under shadow
Temperat ure
coef ficient
TC 2 10
-6
/ K (manufact urers manual)
Built -in
adj ust ment
device
Not provided
Last calibrat ion Performed 10 mont hs ago; error at Max was 5 kg
Scal e i nt er val
f or t est i ng
Hi gher r esol ut i on ( ser vi ce mode) ,
T
d = 1 kg
Durat ion of
t est s
From 9h00 t o 11h00
Temper at ur e
dur i ng
cal i br at i on:
17C t o 20C
Bar omet r i c
pr essur e
dur i ng
cal i br at i on:
1 010 hPa 10 hPa
Test l oads St andar ds wei ght s:
12 r ol l i ng cyl i ndr i cal wei ght s, cast i r on, 500
kg each, cert ified t o class M
1
t olerance of mpe = 25
g (OI ML R111)

Subst i t ut i on l oads made up of st eel or cast i r on:
6 st eel cont ainers filled wit h loose st eel or cast iron,
each weighing 3 000 kg;
t railer t o support t he st eel cont ainers, weight
adjusted to 6 000 kg;
forklift, weight 4,5 t, capacity 6 t to move
subst it ut ion loads

Repeat abi l i t y
(assumed t o be const .
over t he weighing
range)
Fork lift wit h 2 st eel cont ainers, moved on alt ernat ing f rom
eit her long end of load recept or, load cent red by eyesight ;
indicat ion at no load reset t o zero where necessary. Test
load 10,5 t
Readings recorded: 10 411 kg; 10 414 kg; 10 418 kg; 10
412 kg; 10 418 kg. Aft er unloading, no-load indicat ions
were bet ween 0 and 2 kg
Er r or s of i ndi cat i on Test loads built up by subst it ut ion, wit h 6 000 kg st andard
weight s and 4 subst it ut ion loads of approximat ely 6 t each.
All t est loads applied once, discont inuous loading, only
upwards; indicat ions aft er removal of st andard weight s
recorded but no correct ion applied; all loads arranged
reasonably around cent re of load recept or.
Load
j
L
T
/ kg I ndicat ion
j
I / kg
6 000 6 001
12 014 12 014
17 996 17 999
24 014 24 019
30 001 30 010
0 4
See G3.5.1 f or f ull record of dat a
Eccent r i ci t y t est Same test load of 10,5 t was used as for the
repeat abilit y t est , indicat ion at no load reset t o zero where
necessary; posit ions/ readings in kg:
1/ 10 471 kg; 2/ 10 467 kg; 3/ 10 473 kg;
4/ 10 476 kg; 5/ 10 475 kg
max
ecc
I = 5 kg

St andard uncert aint y in kg, or as relat ive value
Dist ribut ion /
degrees of
freedom
I ndi cat i on
N
m I / kg
6 000 12 000 18 000 24 000 30 000
Er r or
cal
E / kg
1 0 3 5 9
Repeat abi l i t y s / kg 3,3 norm/ 4
Digit alisat n 12
T0
d / kg
0,3 rect / 100
Digit alisat n 12
TI
d / kg
0,3 rect / 100
Eccent ricit y
( ) =
ecc
I u 6,9x10
-5

j
I
Background: G3.5.2
0,4 kg 0,8 kg 1,2 kg 1,7 kg 2,1 kg rect / 100
Creep/ hyst eresis
( ) =
time
I u 7,7x10
-5
j
I
Background: G3.5.3
0 0,92 kg 1,39 kg 1,85 kg 2,31 kg rect / 100
Uncert aint y of indicat ion ( ) I u
3,34 kg 3,54 kg 3,80 kg 4,14 kg 4,54 kg

St andard uncert aint y in kg, or as relat ive value
Dist ribut ion /
degrees of
freedom
Test loads
St andard weight s
16

c1
m
6 000 kg
( ) 3
c
mpe m u =
0,173 kg rect / 100
( ) 3 mpe m u
D
=
0,173 kg rect / 100
( ) =
B
m u 7,2x10
-6

1 c
m
17

0,043 kg rect / 100
( )
1 c
m u
0,25 kg t riang/ > 100

Subst it ut ion loads
j
L
sub

0

6 000 kg

12 000 kg

18 000 kg

24 000 kg

+ =
j c j
L m L
sub 1 T

6 000 kg 12 000 kg 18 000 kg 24 000
kg
30 000
kg

( )
sub
6
B
10 9 , 2 L x m u

=
see G3.5.4

Negligible

( )
( )
( )
)
+
=
1
2
1
2 2
T
2
j
c
j
I u
m u j
L u

0,25 kg 4,76 kg 6,93 kg 8,80 kg 10,62 kg t riangular t o
normal /
> 100
Unc. of error
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
j j
L u I u E u
T
2 2
+ =

3,36 kg 5,93 kg 7,90 kg 9,74 kg 11,56 kg
eff

4 35 74 100 113
k ( 95,45 %)
2,87 2,07 2,03 2,03 2,02
( ) ( ) E ku E U = / kg
9,6 12,3 16,0 19,8 23,4
Addit ional, opt ional:
Result of approximat ion by
st raight line t hrough zero / kg
( ) R R E 00019 , 0
appr
=

errors
/ kg
( ) ( ) ( )
2 7 2 7
appr
10 75 , 1 kg 10 3 , 7 R R E u

+ =
18

k = 2 / kg
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) R R E u R E U
4
appr appr
10 4 , 8 2

= =

The cert ificat e should give t he advice t o t he user t hat any reading R obt ained aft er
t he calibrat ion, should be correct ed by subt ract ing t he relevant error E ment ioned
above only aft er rounding t o t he scale int erval d, symbol
d
E , and t hat t he st andard
uncert aint y t o t he error of any reading is increased by t he st andard uncert aint y of
t he reading ( ) ( ) = + =
2 2
12 2 s d R u 5,25 kg.

For act ual values t hat may be present ed in t he cert ificat e see G3.5.5.

16
Class M1, calibrat ed 3 mont hs ago, average drift monit ored over 2 recalibrat ions
mpe D
m

c
over 12 mont hs;
used at nominal value; fairly accomodated to ambient temperature, T < 5 K
17
Value from Table E1 for cast iron, grey: = ( 7 100 300) kg/ m
3
,
( ) =
B
m w
7,2x10
-6
(7.1.2-5a)

18
The first t erm is negligible


uncert aint y for all t he report ed errors: ( ) = E U 23,4 kg, o ( ) =
d
E U 25 kg based
on k = 2,02, accompanied by t he st at ement t hat t he coverage probabilit y is at
least 95 %.

As st at ed in 7.4, t he following inf ormat ion may be developed by t he calibrat ion
laborat ory or by t he user of t he inst rument . I n any case, it may not be present ed
nor considered as part of t he calibrat ion cert ificat e.

user may include
Variat ion of t emperat ure from 10 C t o + 30 C
Loading t imes: normal, t hat is short er t han at calibrat ion

Quant it y or I nfluence I ndicat ion in kg
St andard uncert aint y, relat ive or in kg
Dist ribut ion /
degrees of
freedom
Errors det ermined by
calibrat ion / kg
( ) R R E 00019 , 0 =

St andard uncert aint y
( ) ( ) R E u / kg
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2 7 2
10 75 , 1 kg 25 , 5 R R E u

+ =

Furt her cont ribut ions t o t he uncert aint y
Weighing inst rument
Adj ust mt drift : change
of ( ) Max E over 1 year =
15 kg

( ) ( )
4
10 89 2 3 30000 15

= = , R w
adj

rect / 100
Temperat ure:
( ) 12
temp
T TC R w =

4 6
10 23 , 0 12 40 10 2

=
rect / 100
Weighing procedure
Eccent ricit y of load:
( ) ( ) 3
ecc max ecc
L I R w =
( )
4
10 76 , 2 3 10470 5

=
rect / 100
Tare balancing: non-linearit y
of errors smaller t han t heir
st andard uncert aint y!

-----
rect / 100
Loading t ime:
( )
time
R u applies for t he
whole weighing range, see
G3.5.3

( )
4
time
10 77 , 0

= R w

rect / 100
Uncert aint y of weighing
result
( ) W u
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+ =
2 8
2
10 ) 59 , 0 62 , 7
053 , 0 35 , 8 48 , 17
kg 24 , 5
R
W u
( ) ( )
2 7 2
10 41 , 3 kg 25 , 5 R W u

+ =

k (95%)
2
Uncert aint y of weighing result wit h correct ion by
appr
E
( ) ( ) W ku W U =
( ) ( )
2 7 2
10 x 41 , 3 kg 25 , 5 2 R W U

+ =

Simplified t o first order
( ) ( )
( )
( )
R Max
W U
Max W U
W U W U
)
`
=
=
+ =
0
0
( ) R W U
4
10 69 , 8 kg 5 , 10

+

Global uncert aint y of weighing result wit hout correct ion t o t he reading
( ) ( )
( ) R E
W U W U
appr
gl
+
=

( ) R W U
3
gl
10 06 , 1 kg 5 , 10

+ =

ambient t emperat ure varying bet ween10 C and + 30 C,
loads applied wit hout special care t o apply cent re of gravit y in
cent re of load recept or,
obt aining readings R wit h or wit hout t are balancing ( net or gross
values)



( ) R , , R W
3
10 06 1 kg 5 10

+ =

at a level of confidence of bet t er t han 95%

(Condit ions as before).. .,

wit hin a t olerance of 1 % for R 1 200 kg,
wit hin a t olerance of 0,5 % for R 2 800 kg,
wit hin a t olerance of 0,2% for R 13 930 kg,


G3.5 Fur t her i nf or mat i on t o t he exampl e
G3.5.1 Det ails of subst it ut ion procedure; reference: 4.3.3
For t he calibrat ion t est s wit h load subst it ut ion, each subst it ut ion load was adj ust ed
by adding or subt ract ing machinery part s so as t o achieve dif ferences of
j
I 20
kg (saves t ime compared wit h adj ust ment t o I 1 kg). All indications in high
resolut ion
T
d = 1 kg.
At st ep 1, t he empt y t railer was used as subst it ut ion load; at st eps 2 t o 4, 2 st eel
cont ainers were put on t he t railer each t ime.
All dat a t hat have been recorded are present ed in f ull hereaft er. Consist ent wit h
4.3.3, t he symbols are
j
L
T
t est load at st ep j , made up of
1 c
m = 6 000 kg st andard
weight s plus t he accumulat ed subst it ut ion load
1 T j
L

j
E
j j
L I
T
=
j
I indicat ion alt er removal of
1 c
m
( )
j
L I
sub
indication alter adding 6 000 kg substitution load
j
I ( )
j j
I L I =
sub

j
L
sub

j j
I L + =
T
, value of t he subst it ut ion load

St ep j
j
L
T

kg
j
I
kg
j
E
kg
j
I
kg
( )
j
L I
sub

kg
j
I
kg
j
L
sub

kg
0 0 0 0
1 6 000 6 001 1 1 6 015 14 6 014
2 12 014 12 014 0 6 016 11 996 -18 11 996
3 17 996 17 999 3 12 001 18 017 18 18 014
4 24 014 24 019 5 18 022 24 006 -13 24 001
5 30 001 30 010 9 --- ---

A st able indicat ion of 4 kg was recorded aft er removal of all t est loads.,

I n G3.3, all indicat ions are quot ed as t he nominal values, as per 6.2.1.

G3.5.2 Eccent ricit y of t est loads
Posit ions of load for eccent ricit y t est : dist ances from cent re of load recept or were
2,50 m in lengt h and 0,75 m in widt h, as for st andard load posit ions for t his t est .
Loads for t est s of indicat ion were cent ered caref ully by eyesight , a largest dist ance
of 1 m in lengt h and 0,4 m in widt h was observed. The eccent ricit y of t hese loads
was t herefore not great er t han 1/ 2 of t he dist ances at eccent ricit y t est .
The relat ive st andard uncert aint y for eccent ricit y at indicat ion t est s is t hen

( ) ( ) 12 2
ecc max ecc ind ecc,
L I R w =

G3.5.3 Effect s of creep and hyst eresis
For all load st eps wit h subst it ut ion loads, an addit ional uncert aint y should be
considered due t o t he fact t hat t he procedure includes a loading and unloading
sequence, and t hat some ext ra t ime is needed for t he adj ust ment of each
accumulat ed subst it ut ion load.
For creep and hyst eresis, a cont ribut ion can be derived from t he indicat ion
0
E on
ret urn t o zero load, as per 7.4.4.2.
Expression ( 7.4.4-7): ( ) ( ) 3
0 time
Max E R w =
Gives a value of
( ) ( ) = = 3 30000 4
time
R w 7,7x10
- 5

which should be added t o t he uncert aint y of t he indicat ion for all loads except t he
first 6 000 kg load which consist s only of t he st andard weight s

The same uncert aint y is added t o t he indicat ions in use, because t he loading t ime in
normal use is expect ed t o be quit e short , and t herefore differs from t hat at
calibrat ion.

G3.5.4 Air buoyancy correct ion for subst it ut ion loads
The subst it ut ion loads were a t railer and st eel cont ainers filled wit h wast e
machinery part s (st eel or cast iron).
For t he densit y of t he filled cont ainers, = (7 500 400) kg/ m is assumed (based
on t he informat ion given in Appendix E).
For t he t railer, t he same densit y may be assumed f or simplicit y (made most ly of
st eel, except for t he t yres and some part s of t he brake syst em).
Over t he durat ion of t he calibrat ion, t he air t emperat ure t varied from 17 C t o 20
C, and t he at mospheric pressure was = p (1 010 10) hPa.
Applying t he expression ( A1.1-1) in which we neglect t he t erm wit h relat ive
humidit y, we find t he ext reme values

( ) = + =
max min min a,
15 , 273 34848 , 0 t p 1,188 9 kg/ m
( ) = + =
min max max a,
15 , 273 34848 , 0 t p 1,225 1 kg/ m

Wit h a dif ference =
a
0,036 2 kg/ m
A maximum change of t he air buoyancy of t he subst it ut ion loads would t herefore be
=
a
L m
sub B sub,
24 000 0,036 2 / 7 500 = 0,12 kg
yielding a relat ive uncert aint y of
( ) ( ) = = 3
sub B sub, B sub,
L m m w 2,9 x 10
-6

Which is negligible indeed.

G3.5.5 Weighing result s under t he condit ions of t he calibrat ion

The weighing result s under t he condit ions of t he calibrat ion E R W =
*
obt ained
aft er t he calibrat ion when det ermined for t he t est point s, are as follows

Readi ng R / kg 6 000 12 000 18 000 24 000 30 000
Er r or s r ounded t o d / kg 0 0 0 10 10
( ) R u / kg
5,25
( ) ( ) ( ) E u R u W u
2 2 *
+ =
6,23 kg 7,92 kg 9,49 kg 11,06 kg 12,70 kg
eff

38 91 133 153 157
( ) % 45 , 95 k 2,07 2,03 2,02 2,02 2,02
( ) ( )
* *
W ku W U =
12,9 kg 16,1 kg 19,2 kg 22,3 kg 25,6 kg
Result of approximat ion by
st raight line t hrough zero / kg
( ) R R E 00019 , 0
appr
=

Uncert aint y t o
*
W / kg ( ) R W u
4 *
10 29 , 5 kg 5 , 10

+ =

k = 2 / kg
( ) ( )
* *
2 W u W U =

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