Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(ENT- 692)
INSECT BIOTYPES
Submitted to: Course Instructor: Dr. A. L. Narangalkar Head, Dept. of Agril. Entomology
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DAPOLI DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, DAPOLI - 415712, DIST - RATNAGIRI, (MS)
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Introduction
The continuous growing of insect resistant variety may lead to certain physiological and behavioral changes in insect pest. So that they are capable of feeding and developing on resistant varieties.The term biotype is generally used to describe a population of insects capable of damaging and surviving on plants previously known to be resistant to other populations of the same species (Kogan, 1994). Biotype refers to the populations within a species which can survive Page17
on and destroy varieties that have gene for resistance (Heinrichs et al., 1985). Bohssini et al. (2001) insect biotype studies genotypic interaction between resistance in plant and virulence gene in insect. The challenge for the host-plant resistance strategy is the constant development of new biotypes that can overcome the resistance of deployed genes (Ratcliffe et al. 2000).In these cases, an insect biotype is considered to be a population of insects that is able to survive, reproduce on, and/or cause injury to a cultivated plant that is resistant to other populations of the same species. Biotypes are morphologically similar with normal insect types but they are physiologically differing from them.Biotypes are convenient and useful designations for applied problems in agricultural pest management, especially involving host plant resistance. First, biotypes are intraspecic categories. Second, biotypes are usually morphologically indistinguishable. Third, bio- types differ in expressed biological attributes (Claridge and et al 1983). Biotype development is, one of the major constraints encountered in breeding programmes for varietal resistance. (Dhaliwal and Arora, 2005). Biotypes are developed more on varieties having more biochemical defense than the varieties offering physical defense. The development of insect biotype has based has posed a serious threat to the success of plant resistance for the management of insect pests. Aphids constitute about 50 % of the spp. with known biotype (Dhaliwal and Arora. 2005) because of parthenogenesis. Although the occurrence of biotype among insect is comparatively less frequent than in plant pathogen (Dhaliwal and Arora, 2005).
Puterka and Burton (1990) reasoned that biotype developed from 1. Mutation or a Pre-existing variability of virulence: Even a single mutant aphid capable of feeding on a resistant genotype can build up into a new biotype (Pathak, 1970). Insect biotypes are strains of the pest insect that mutate to express virulence genes that overcome resistance. 2. Biotypes of the insects are evolving as a result of selection pressure exerted by large scale growing of resistant cultivars. Resistance due to antibiosis will put high pressure on biotype development. Biotype are known to develops on varieties where antibiosis (biochemical defense)is the major component of resistance. 3. Resistance due to Antixenosis will put little pressure on biotype development. Biotypes are known to rarely develop on varieties where antixenosis is mechanism of resistance. 4. Complete tolerance will put no pressure on biotype development. Biotype not develops on varieties where tolerance is mechanism of resistance
Cuculionidae Cuculionidae
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2. Diptera
Species Agromyza oryzae Mayetiola destructor Orseolia oryzae Chlorops oryzae Rhagolitis cerasi 3. Lepidoptera Species Ostrinia nubilalis Laspeyresia pomonella Yponomeuta padells 4. Thysanoptera Species Thrips tabaci
Common name Rice leaf miner Hessian fly Asian rice gall midge Rice stem maggot Cherry Fruit fly
Biotype no. Recent reference 2 14 Bohissini et al. 2001 Naber, 2000 Indian -6 Chinese-4 Katitar et al. 2000 2 2
Common name European corn borer Walnut Coddling Moth Small ermine moth
Family Thripidae
Crop Tobbaco
5. Homoptera
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Species Bemisia tabacci Acyrthosiphon pisum Aphis kondi Amphoraphora rubi A. idaei Aphis craccivora Aphis fabae Aphis gossypii Aphis nasturtii Aulacorthum solani Brevicoryne brassicae Chaetosiphon fragaefoli Dysaphis directa D. plantaginea Eriosoma lanigerum Macrisiphum euphorbiae Myzus persicae Rhopalosiphum maidis Rhopalosiphum padi Schizaphis graminum Therioaphis maculata Diuraphis
Common name Whitefly Pea aphid Aphid Raspbery Aphid Cowpea aphid Bean aphid Cotton aphid Buckhorn aphid Green spotted potato aphid Cabbage Aphid Strawberry aphid Apple aphid Wooly apple aphid Potato aphid Green peach aphid Corn leaf aphid Oat-bird cherry aphid Green bug Spotted alfalfa aphid Russian wheat
Family Aleyrodide Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphidida Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae Aphididae
Crop
Cotton, 9 Okra,Cassava, Cervera et al. 2000 9 Alfalfa Zarrabi, 1995 1 Zarrabi et al 1995 6 Beeries Panda and Khush 1995, Jones, 2000 Groundnut 2 Bush sitao 5 Broad bean 2 Pepper 2 Potato Potato Cabbage Strawberry Apple Apple Potato Potato Barley, Corn, Sorghum Cherry Barley, oat, sorghum, wheat Alfalfa Wheat 2 1 2 2 3 Morris, 1998 3 Young, 1982 2 3 5 5, 2 Panda and Khush, 1995 2 11 Porter, 2000 6 Panda and Khush, 1995 Zsuzsa, 2001
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noxia Mueleerianella farmairei Nephotettix virescens Saisstia oleae Nilaparvata lugens Lepidosahes ulmi Daktulosphaira Vitrifoliae
aphid Leaf hopper Green leaf hopper Black scale Brown plant hopper Oystershell scale Grapr phylloxera
BPH Resistance Varieties Released The host resistance of rice against BPH was first reported for the variety Mudgo in 1969. Following gene inserted in different variety of rice for development of resistance of brown plant hopper.
BPH Resistance Varieties IR26, IR 1561-228-3 , Mudgo, TKM6 IR36, IR38 ,ASD 7, IR1154-243 IR50, IR60 , Rathu Heenati Babawee ARC10550 Swarnalatha T12 Chin Saba Kharamana, Balamwee and Pokkali Introgression line of O. australiensis
BPH Resistance Gene Bph 1 gene Bph 1 gene Bph 3 gene Bph4 bph5 (Khush et al., 1985) Bph6 bph7 bph8 Bph9 Bph10 (Kabir and Khush, 1988) (Kabir and Khush, 1988) (Nemoto et al., 1989) (Ikeda, 1985) (Jena and Khush, 1990).
Resistance and Susceptible to Insect Biotype The following table shows that the different resistance varieties of rice develop biotypes. Gene Bph3,bph4 Bph5, Bph6, Bph7 Bph8, Bph9,Bph 10 Resistance and susceptible to insect biotype Resistant to all four biotype Susceptible to biotypes 1,2,3, Resistant to biotype 4 Resistant to biotypes1, 2,3
Scheme for selection of new Biotypes of Nilaparvata lugens Insect biotype in rice gall midge (GM) Biotype Biotype 1 Biotype 2 Biotype 3 Biotype 4 Response of Cultivar Resistance IR26,ASD7,Rathu Heenati, Babawee Rathu Heenati, Babawee, ASD7 IR26, Rathu Heenati, Babawe Babawee(Coimbatore) RathuHeenati,Babawee (Bangladesh and hyderabad) Susceptible TN1 IR26,TN1 ASD7,TN1 IR26,ASD7,Rathu Heenati (Coimbatore) IR26,TN1, ASD7 (Bangladesh and Hyderabad Page17
The losses of rice due to rice gall midge are about 477 thousand tons of grain or 0.8% of total production (Rs 330 Crores) in India. The occurrence of biotype in India suspected by Khan and Murthy in 1955.The Biotype developed in rice gall midge in Indian-6 and Chinese-4 (Katiyar
et al 2000).Genetic studies have identified, so far, 10 major genes conferring resistance (Kumar et al., 2005). Most of the 60 plus gall midge resistant rice varieties developed to date contain one of the three major genes viz., Gm1, Gm2 and an unidentified gene(s) in Ptb21 conferring immune level of resistance. Six distinct gall midge biotypes have been characterized so far the reaction of biotype among different group of cultivars of rice against rice gall midge is follows. Biotype in rice gall midge Biotype 1 2 3 4 5 6 Location Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh Orissa, Maharashtra, Karnataka Bihar, Manipur Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra (Sakoli) Kerala Manipur
Important biotype in whitefly Bemisia tabaci Common names of whitefly are Tobacco whitefly, Sweet potato whitefly, Cotton whitefly.The host of whitefly are Cassava, Cotton, Sweet potatoes, Tobacco, Tomatoes ,Capsicum, Cucurbita pepo, Cucumbers , Hibiscus, Gerbera, lettuces, poinsettia, soybeans, green beans, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is one of the most devastating pest insects of agriculture and horticulture in the world (Denholm et al. 1996) but it is also an efficient vector of a great many plant viruses (Brown 2007). The pest status of this insect is further complicated by the recognition of more than 20 distinct strains or biotypes worldwide(Brown et al. 1995; Perring 2001).Of these, the B(silverleaf whitefly or poinsettia strain) and Q biotypes represent the greatest threat to growers. First reports of a newly evolved biotype of B. tabaci, the B biotype, appeared in the mid1980s (Brown et al., 1995) B biotype has been shown to be highly polyphagous. The B biotype is able to cause phytotoxic disorders in certain plant species, e.g. silverleaf in squashes (Cucurbita sp.) Although indistinguishable in appearance from silverleaf whitefly (biotype B), these insects are much less susceptible to insect growth regulators and many neonicotinoid insecticides. The Q biotype was detected in the United States in 2004 on greenhouse poinsettia plants (Dennehy et al. Page17
2005). Q-biotype populations are generally less susceptible to many insecticides currently used in this country, including pyriproxifen (Distance), buprofezin (Talus, Applaud), imidacloprid (Marathon), thiamethoxam (Flagship), and acetamiprid (Tristar). Important biotype in soyabean aphid Rhamnus cathartica L.(buckthorn) is the primary or overwintering host ofA.glycines on which sexual reproduction occurs; how-ever, eggs can be laid on Rhamnus alnifolia L. (Voegtlin et al. 2004). Soybean aphids are the No. 1 insect threat to soybean production in the North Central region of the United States.Soybean is the most important secondary or summer host of A. glycines (Hill et al. 2004). Soybean aphid has the ability to transmit plant viruses to soybean such as Alfalfa mosaic virus, Soybean dwarf virus, and Soybean mosaic virus (Hartman et al. 2001, Hill et al. 2001, Clark and Perry 2002, Wang and Ghabrial 2002, Domier et al. 2003). Earlier study identifying a soybean aphid biotype that could colonize plants with the Rag1 resistance geneThis gives the pest a high potential to adapt to and reduce the effective life of resistance genes deployed in production." When farmers plant aphid-resistant soybean varieties, they provide protection against Biotype 1. However, recent research indicates that Biotype 2, which was first discovered in 2006, can overcome some aphid-resistant varieties University of Illinois researchers recently identified a new soybean aphid biotype that can multiply on aphidresistant soybean varieties The most recently identified soybean aphid, Biotype 3, was discovered in Springfield Fen, Ind., on an overwintering host, glossy buckthorn They found it was capable of feeding and multiplying on varieties carrying the resistance genes Rag1 and Rag2. Biotype 3 was capable of feeding and multiplying on varieties carrying the resistance genes Rag1 and Rag2 in soybean.Other resistance genes against soybean aphid Rag 3 Rag 4, are currently on the breeding pipelines for incorporation into elite varieties to suppress biotype 3 Prevention of Insect Biotype Development Systemic surveillance programme should be designed for monitoring the insect biotype development. (Ratcliffe, 2001). Adaptation of integrated pest management techniques likes inters- cropping mixed Page17 cropping.
Reduction of the alate phase will slow down the development of the insect towards a resistance breaking biotype. Use of insect growth regulator: Example-Buprofezin inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Cottage and Gunning, 2006). Use good non-chemical controls: Remove older leaves, keep areas free from weeds, segregate infested from non-infested plants, discard heavily infested material. E.g. Q biotype of white flies (Sanderson et al 2005). Insecticides for rotation include Azatin, Insecticidal soap, Horticultural oil, Botanigard etc.
No single control treatment can be used on a long-term basis against this pest.Example: There have also been good results with applications of Orthene followed several days later by a pyrethroid. Give good result to control Q and B biotype of white fly. (Sanderson et al 2005).
Maintenance of Refugia: Provide harborage for susceptible moth production to reduce the chance of resistant (R).To support avirulent individuals to mate with virulent individuals in the insect population.
Use of susceptible cultivars for at least 20% of the growing area to offer
avirulent biotype in the insect population. (Sloderbeck, 1997 and Kerlin, 2002). 1. To preserve and promote the activity of parasites and predators.Avoid the use of broad-spectrum insecticides such as pyrethroids, organophosphates, Oraganochlorine. 2. Increasing the number of miner gene in a variety may enhance the level of horizontal resistance and its stability. 1. Miner gene may be combined with major gene. Page17
2. Gene rotating: Use cultivars with one gene in one season, then a different resistance gene the next (gene rotation).To minimize selection pressure on given resistance varieties on insect population may be reduced. 3. DNA marker technology is currently used to map and identify specific gene structures conferring resistance traits in plants. Understanding the genetics of resistance in plants will provide the knowledge to improve resistance deployment strategies. 4. Use of tolerant cultivars that tolerant varieties would not only check yield loss caused by insects, but this character combined with major genes. 5. Crop multiline: Different resistance genes in different plants of the same crop within a single field of area 6. Sequential cultivar release: Use until failure, switch to next gene or when varieties with a major gene become susceptible due to selection for new biotype another a variety with a new major gene for resistance is released. 7. Gene pyramiding combines multiple resistance genes (against one pest) in the hybrid or cultivar OR two or more major gene for vertical resistance is incorporated into a variety to impart resistance to more biotype. Since monogenic resistance is generally more vulnerable to biotype development than polygenic resistance. 8. Phytosanitary risk Very few countries remain free from B. tabaci, illustrating the difficulty of preventing its movement in international trade. Emergence of the B biotype of B. tabaci, with its ability to feed on many different host plants has given whitefly-transmitted viruses the potential to infect new plant species.(Tobacco leaf curl, transmissible tomato yellow leaf curl bean golden mosaic, squash leaf curl. Particular attention is needed from countries where certain B. tabaci isted viruses. Conclusion Insect biotypes are main limitation of host plant resistance. An average period of 5-8 years is required for development of variety; however, it has taken less than 10 years for breakdown of resistance in the field. Insect biotypes are more developed in Homopteran insect (50% in aphids). Developed more on varieties having more biochemical defense than the varieties offering physical defense. Monogenic resistance is generally more vulnerable to biotype development than polygenic resistance. Page17
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