TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CONTENTS

PAGES

INTRODUCTION

1-9

RESULTS
FKKSA
I.

10-11

GDM2000
II.

III.

RSO (NEW)

12-13

MRT48

14-15

RSO OLD

16-17

GDM2000
MRT48
HELIPAD

I.
II.
III.

GDM2000
GDM2000
MRT48

18-19

RSO (NEW)

20-21

MRT48

22-23

RSO (OLD)

24-25

ELLIPSOIDAL HEIGHT,GEIOD HEIGHT AND

ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT (FKKSA)

26-27

ELLIPSOIDAL HEIGHT,GEIOD HEIGHT AND

ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT (HELIPAD)

28-29

PLOTING 2D IMAGE AND CONTOUR

I.
II.

FKKSA

30-32

HELIPAD

33-35

CONCLUSION

36

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 0

EARTH GRAVITATIONAL MODEL 2008 (EGM2008)

EGM2008 is a spherical harmonic model of the Earth's gravitational potential, developed

by a least squares combination of the ITG-GRACE03S gravitational model and its associated
error covariance matrix, with the gravitational information obtained from a global set of areamean free-air gravity anomalies defined on a 5 arc-minute equiangular grid. This grid was
formed by merging terrestrial, altimetry-derived, and airborne gravity data. Over areas where
only lower resolution gravity data were available, their spectral content was supplemented with
gravitational information implied by the topography. EGM2008 is complete to degree and order
2159, and contains additional coefficients up to degree 2190 and order 2159. Over areas covered
with high quality gravity data, the discrepancies between EGM2008 geoid undulations and
independent GPS/Leveling values are on the order of 5 to 10 cm. EGM2008 vertical
deflections over USA and Australia are within 1.1 to 1.3 arc-seconds of independent
astrogeodetic values. These results indicate that EGM2008 performs comparably with
contemporary detailed regional geoid models. EGM2008 performs equally well with other
GRACE-based gravitational models in orbit computations. Over EGM96, EGM2008 represents
improvement by a factor of six in resolution, and by factors of three to six in accuracy,
depending on gravitational quantity and geographic area. EGM2008 represents a milestone and a
new paradigm in global gravity field modeling, by demonstrating for the first time ever, that
given accurate and detailed gravimetric data, a single global model may satisfy the requirements
of a very wide range of applications.
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 1

EARTH GRAVITATIONAL MODEL 1996(EGM96)

EGM96 (Earth Gravitational Model 1996) is a geopotential model of the Earth consisting of
spherical harmonic coefficients complete to degree and order 360. It is a composite solution,
consisting of a combination solution to degree and order 70, a block diagonal solution from
degree 71 to 359 and the quadrature solution at degree 360.This model is the result of
collaboration between the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), the NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center (GSFC), and Ohio State University. The joint project took advantage of new
surface gravity data from many different regions of the globe, including data newly released
from the NIMA archives. Major terrestrial gravity acquisitions by NIMA since 1990 include
airborne gravity surveys over Greenland and parts of the Arctic and the Antarctic, surveyed by
the Naval Research Lab (NRL) and cooperative gravity collection projects, several which were
undertaken with the University of Leeds. These collection efforts have improved the data
holdings over many of the world's land areas, including Africa, Canada, parts of South America
and Africa, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union. In addition, there have
been major efforts to improve NIMA's existing 30' mean anomaly database through contributions
over various countries in Asia.

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 2

MYGEOID

GPS infrastructures that have been established in Malaysia are mainly served as a ground
control stations for cadastral and mapping purposes. Another element that has not been utilized is
the height component due to its low accuracy. Conventional leveling is still the preferred method
by the land surveyors to determine the stations orthometric height (H) with a proven accuracy.
Therefore, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) has embarked the Airborne
Gravity Survey, with one of the objectives is to compute the local precise geoid for Malaysia
within centimeter level of accuracy. With the availability of the precise geoid, the missing
element of GPS system is solved.
The Malaysian geoid project (MyGEOID) is unique where the whole country is covered
by with dense airborne gravity, with the aim to make the best possible national geoid model. The
basic underlying survey and computation work of the Malaysian geoid project was done by
Geodynamics Dept. of the Danish National Survey and Cadastral (KMS; since Jan 1 part of the
Danish National Space Center) in cooperation with JUPEM. With the new data the geoid models
are expected to be much improved over earlier models (Kadir et al. 1998).

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 3

The main objective of the Malaysian geoid model (MyGEOID) is to be able to compute
orthometric heights H that refer to the national geodetic vertical datum (NGVD).
Mathematically, there is a simple relation between the two reference systems (neglecting the
deflection of the vertical and the curvature of the plumb line);

where, hGPS is the GPS height above the ellipsoid and N the geoid separation. In the above
equation it is important to realize that H refers to a local vertical datum, h GPS refers to a
geocentric system (ITRF/ WGS84), to which the computed (gravimetric) geoid also usually
refers.In practice, the expression shows the possibility of using GPS leveling technique, knowing
the geoidal height N, the orthometric height H can be calculated from ellipsoidal height h.
Deriving orthometric height using this technique with certain level of accuracy, could replace
conventional spirit leveling and therefore make the leveling procedures cheaper and faster. The
existence of datum bias (differences between geoid and local mean sea level) will not give
satisfactory results if based on the above formula. In order to overcome this problem, fitting the
gravimetric geoid onto the local mean sea level (NGVD) will minimize the effect of datum
biases.
The Malaysian gravimetric geoid is apparent accurate to few cm r.m.s, with larger errors
closer to the international borders (Forsberg, 2005). The geoid is fitted to GPS leveling
information, and any errors in H Leveling and hGps, will directly affect the high quality of the
gravimetric geoid; in other cases it will help control longer wavelength errors. The balance
between fit of GPS, and errors in geoid and GPS, is delicate, and undoubtedly there will be many
regions in the present geoid where GPS users can expect problems due to fitting of GPS-leveling
data with errors. Based on the statistical analyses, it can be concluded that the accuracy of fitted
geoid models of WMGeoid04 and EMGeoid05 is 0.033 and 0.042 meter respectively, and can be
used for height determination. To achieved certain level of accuracy in determination of
orthometric height (H), accuracy of observed GPS network has to be better than 1 ppm
(relatively) and the vertical errors (95% Conf. Region) have to be less than 3 cm

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 4

Real Time Kinematic (RTK) survey and MyRTKnet service provided by DSMM with 3
cm level of accuracy can make use of the models for engineering survey, rapid height monitoring
and establishing leveling route.
Fitted geoid model WMGeoid04 and EMGeoid05 is the product of GPS on Benchmark
observation. In order to improve the results and to achieve 1cm geoid, the recommendations
listed below need further considerations:i. New GPS observation on Standard Benchmark (SBM) to dandify current GPS leveling
Network, with the distribution between 10 km nations wide.
ii. The existing Precise leveling Network based on spirit leveling carried out from 1985 to
1995. The leveling networks need to be carefully analyzed, and possibility of carry out a
new adjustment including analysis of subsidence and land uplift.
iii. Resurvey by leveling and GPS of selected, suspected erroneous points with large
geoid outliers. iv. If long GPS observation is needed, GPS processing software must be
capable of producing the solution with the statistic and to model the troposphere with the
adequate parameters.
v. Make a new GPS-fitted version of the gravimetric geoid as new batches of GPSleveling data become available, and as GPS users report problem regions for heights.
vi. GPS leveling technique need the antenna height measure correctly. The use of stable
Bipod with fixed antenna height will minimize the error especially with the shorter
baselines.
vii. Leveling route is always following the federal and states road, hence, the BMs are
established along the roadside, which the clearance of 15 is difficult to get. To overcome
this situation, the use of stable Bipod with more than 2 meter will certainly solve the
problems and also minimize the disturbance of vehicle passing by.

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 5

DATUM AND COORDINATES TRANSFORMATION

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 6

In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or

coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on a
manifold such as Euclidean space. The order of the coordinates is significant and they are
sometimes identified by their position in an ordered tuple and sometimes by a letter, as in 'the xcoordinate'. In elementary mathematics the coordinates are taken to be real numbers, but may be
complex numbers or elements of a more abstract system such as a commutative ring. The use of
a coordinate system allows problems in geometry to be translated into problems about numbers
and vice versa; this is the basis of analytic geometry. An example in everyday use is the system
of assigning longitude and latitude to geographical locations. In physics, a coordinate system
used to describe points in space is called a frame of reference.
Cartesian coordinate system
The prototypical example of a coordinate system is the Cartesian coordinate system. In the plane,
two perpendicular lines are chosen and the coordinates of a point are taken to be the signed
distances to the lines.

In three dimensions, three perpendicular planes are chosen and the three coordinates of a point
are the signed distances to each of the planes. This can be generalized to create n coordinates for
any point in n-dimensional Euclidean space.

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 7

Transformations between coordinate systems

Because there are often many different possible coordinate systems for describing geometrical
figures, it is important to understand how they are related. Such relations are described by
coordinate transformations which give formulas for the coordinates in one system in terms of the
coordinates in another system. For example, in the plane, if Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and
polar coordinates (r, ) have the same origin, and the polar axis is the positive x axis, then the
coordinate transformation from polar to Cartesian coordinates is given by x = r cos and y = r
sin.
Coordinate curves and surfaces
In two dimensions if all but one coordinates in a point coordinate system is held constant
and the remaining coordinate is allowed to vary, then the resulting curve is called a coordinate
curve (some authors use the phrase "coordinate line"). This procedure does not always make
sense, for example there are no coordinate curves in a homogeneous coordinate system. In the
Cartesian coordinate system the coordinate curves are, in fact, lines. Specifically, they are the
lines parallel to one of the coordinate axes. For other coordinate systems the coordinates curves
may be general curves. For example the coordinate curves in polar coordinates obtained by
holding r constant are the circles with center at the origin. Coordinates systems for Euclidean
space other than the Cartesian coordinate system is called curvilinear coordinate systems.
In three dimensional spaces, if one coordinate is held constant and the remaining
coordinates are allowed to vary, then the resulting surface is called a coordinate surface. For
example the coordinate surfaces obtained by holding constant in the spherical coordinate
system are the spheres with center at the origin. In three dimensional space the intersection of
two coordinate surfaces is a coordinate curve. Coordinate hyper surfaces are defined similarly in
higher dimensions.

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 8

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 9

RESULTS
GDM 2000 FKKSA

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

Latitude
1.563089
1.563123
1.563145
1.563150
1.563174
1.563123
1.563147
1.563141
1.563157
1.563177
1.563201
1.563190
1.563217
1.563199
1.563212
1.563243
1.563262
1.563264
1.563291
1.563281
1.563259
1.563243
1.563226
1.563208
1.563211
1.563221
1.563243
1.563259
1.563281
1.563232
1.563246
1.563272
1.563274
1.563281
1.563312
1.563302
1.563299
1.563294
1.563284

Longitude
103.6401
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6401
103.6401
103.6401
103.6401
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6400
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6400
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399

Height
42.65879
43.34063
43.61777
43.61836
44.18262
43.66719
44.56270
44.27969
44.70273
45.22266
45.10801
45.49004
45.42207
45.49863
45.48047
45.68184
45.73613
45.68711
46.36406
45.88008
45.74609
45.79590
45.76641
45.74492
45.74707
45.83594
45.80840
45.74844
45.82793
45.88398
45.91387
45.83281
45.77031
45.84102
46.06113
46.04043
45.91055
45.78438
46.00859
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 10

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

1.563280
1.563268
1.563260
1.563260
1.563253
1.563290
1.563297
1.563300
1.563305
1.563298
1.563310
1.563313
1.563307
1.563316
1.563311
1.563319
1.563317
1.563322
1.563324
1.563358
1.563358
1.563377
1.563364
1.563364
1.563345
1.563354
1.563338
1.563338
1.563348
1.563341
1.563329
1.563321
1.563334
1.563340
1.563256
1.563256
1.563178
1.563161

103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6400
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6399
103.6400
103.6400
103.6401
103.6401

45.99023
45.90918
45.88066
45.89199
45.81484
46.66484
47.07441
47.16484
47.20059
46.51875
47.05879
47.13691
46.53027
46.92305
46.46484
47.00547
46.50820
46.91250
46.60703
48.90078
48.89727
49.09492
49.02363
49.01816
48.91230
49.06387
48.96367
48.92266
49.00332
49.02129
48.85039
48.82480
48.96953
49.01738
46.31895
46.31758
45.74648
45.64219

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 11

GDM2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Northing
172859.8
172863.5
172866.0
172866.6
172869.2
172863.6
172866.3
172865.6
172867.3
172869.5
172872.3
172871.0
172874.0
172872.0
172873.5
172876.8
172879.0
172879.2
172882.1
172881.0
172878.6
172876.9
172875.0
172873.0
172873.4
172874.4
172876.9
172878.6
172881.0
172875.7
172877.2
172880.o
172880.3
172881.0
172884.5
172883.4
172883.0

RSO (New)
Easting
627058.7
627056.0
627054.9
627052.8
627053.8
627061.7
627063.0
627060.4
627058.7
627056.1
627056.5
627054.3
627054.0
627050.6
627051.3
627048.9
627050.3
627052.0
627053.8
627046.5
627045.8
627044.3
627044.6
627042.6
627041.5
627042.1
627044.3
627045.8
627046.5
627038.5
627041.5
627042.2
627043.6
627046.5
627048.1
627045.9
627044.8
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 12

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

172882.5
172881.4
172881.0
172879.6
172878.8
172878.8
172878.0
172882.0
172882.9
172883.2
172883.8
172882.9
172884.2
172884.7
172884.0
172884.9
172884.4
172885.3
172885.0
172885.6
172885.9
172889.6
172889.6
172891.7
172890.2
172890.3
172888.2
172889.1
172887.3
172887.3
172888.5
172887.7
172886.4
172885.5
172886.9
172887.6
172878.3
172878.3
172869.7
172867.8

627042.8
627040.9
627039.9
627040.5
627038.9
627038.9
627036.8
627038.1
627038.0
627039.2
627040.2
627040.6
627041.5
627042.6
627042.9
627043.9
627044.1
627045.3
627046.8
627046.6
627048.9
627046.6
627046.6
627045.9
627044.0
627044.0
627044.9
627042.0
627042.7
627042.8
627040.5
627038.8
627040.1
627037.6
627037.2
627038.7
627056.7
627056.7
627061.8
627064.2
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 13

GDM2000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Latitude
1.563157
1.56319
1.563213
1.563218
1.563241
1.563191
1.563215
1.563209
1.563225
1.563245
1.563269
1.563258
1.563285
1.563267
1.56328
1.563311
1.56333
1.563332
1.563359
1.563349
1.563327
1.563311
1.563294
1.563276
1.563279
1.563289
1.563311
1.563327
1.563349
1.5633
1.563314
1.56334
1.563342
1.563349
1.56338
1.56337
1.563367

MRT48
Longitude
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6418
103.6418
103.6418
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6417
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6417
103.6416
103.6416

Height
34.403
35.085
35.363
35.363
35.928
35.412
36.307
36.024
36.448
36.968
36.853
37.235
37.167
37.244
37.226
37.427
37.481
37.432
38.109
37.625
37.491
37.541
37.512
37.49
37.492
37.581
37.554
37.494
37.573
37.629
37.659
37.578
37.516
37.586
37.807
37.786
37.656
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 14

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

1.563362
1.563352
1.563348
1.563336
1.563328
1.563328
1.563321
1.563358
1.563365
1.563368
1.563373
1.563366
1.563378
1.563381
1.563375
1.563384
1.563379
1.563387
1.563385
1.56339
1.563392
1.563426
1.563426
1.563445
1.563432
1.563432
1.563413
1.563422
1.563406
1.563405
1.563416
1.563409
1.563397
1.563389
1.563402
1.563408
1.563324
1.563324
1.563246
1.563229

103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6417
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6416
103.6417
103.6417
103.6418
103.6418

37.53
37.754
37.736
37.655
37.626
37.638
37.56
38.41
38.82
38.91
38.946
38.264
38.804
38.882
38.276
38.669
38.21
38.751
38.254
38.658
38.352
40.646
40.643
40.84
40.769
40.764
40.658
40.809
40.709
40.668
40.749
40.767
40.596
40.57
40.715
40.763
38.064
38.063
37.491
37.387
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 15

MRT48

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

RSO (old)
Northing
172854.3
172858.1
172860.5
172861.1
172863.7
172858.1
172860.8
172860.1
172861.9
172864.0
172866.8
172865.6
172868.5
172866.5
172868.0
172871.4
172873.5
172873.7
172876.6
172875.5
172873.1
172871.4
172869.5
172867.6
172867.9
172869.0
172871.4
172873.1
172875.6
172870.2
172871.7
172874.6
172874.9
172875.5
172879.0
172877.9
172877.6

Easting
627251.8
627249.1
627248.0
627245.9
627246.9
627254.8
627256.1
627253.5
627251.8
627249.2
627249.6
627247.3
627247.1
627243.7
627244.4
627242.0
627243.4
627245.0
627246.9
627239.6
627238.9
627237.4
627237.7
627235.7
627234.6
627235.2
627237.4
627238.9
627239.6
627231.6
627234.6
627235.3
627236.7
627239.6
627241.2
627239.0
627237.9
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 16

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

172877.0
172875.9
172875.5
172874.1
172873.3
172873.3
172872.5
172876.5
172877.4
172877.7
172878.3
172877.5
172878.8
172879.2
172878.5
172879.4
172878.9
172879.8
172879.5
172880.2
172880.4
172884.1
172884.1
172886.2
172884.7
172884.8
172882.7
172883.6
172881.8
172881.8
172883.0
172882.2
172880.9
172880.0
172881.5
172882.1
172872.9
172872.9
172864.2
172862.3

627235.9
627234.0
627233.0
627233.6
627232.0
627232.0
627229.9
627231.2
627231.1
627232.3
627233.3
627233.7
627234.6
627235.7
627236.0
627237.0
627237.2
627238.4
627239.9
627239.7
627242.0
627239.7
627239.7
627239.0
627237.1
627237.1
627238.0
627235.1
627235.8
627235.9
627233.6
627231.9
627233.2
627230.7
627230.3
627231.8
627249.8
627249.8
627254.9
627257.3
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 17

GDM2000 (Helipad).

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Latitude
1.558525
1.558525
1.558452
1.558310
1.558230
1.558190
1.558150
1.558110
1.558070
1.558051
1.558088
1.558126
1.558164
1.558202
1.558277
1.558235
1.558160
1.558122
1.558085
1.558048
1.558011
1.557974
1.557921
1.557960
1.558000
1.558040
1.558080
1.558120
1.558198
1.558172
1.558131
1.558090
1.558050
1.558010
1.557969
1.557929
1.557889

Longitude
103.6364
103.6364
103.6364
103.6368
103.6368
103.6368
103.6368
103.6367
103.6367
103.6367
103.6368
103.6368
103.6368
103.6368
103.6369
103.6370
103.6369
103.6369
103.6369
103.6368
103.6368
103.6368
103.6369
103.6369
103.6369
103.6370
103.6370
103.6370
103.6370
103.6371
103.6371
103.6371
103.6371
103.6371
103.6370
103.6370
103.6370

Height
36.15996
36.18555
34.80430
40.87637
39.93652
39.35254
38.58379
37.80273
36.90234
37.20234
38.20371
38.98652
39.74258
40.39180
41.19688
41.57441
40.75273
40.13184
39.36816
38.51094
37.61641
36.61465
37.04023
38.05352
38.90879
39.67090
40.41504
40.99863
41.74668
41.73105
41.39063
40.88945
40.38574
39.70078
38.99141
38.31777
37.47910
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 18

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

1.557849
1.558122
1.558097
1.558109
1.558094
1.558063
1.558102
1.558085
1.558064
1.558064
1.558119
1.558439
1.558377
1.558339
1.558302
1.558265
1.558228

103.6370
103.6373
103.6373
103.6373
103.6373
103.6373
103.6374
103.6374
103.6373
103.6373
103.6374
103.6372
103.6363
103.6363
103.6363
103.6363
103.6362

36.53496
40.75352
40.54629
40.48242
40.42813
40.10723
40.09609
39.89023
39.73418
39.75254
40.15742
41.95801
34.04121
33.58691
33.06992
32.48750
31.87520

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 19

GDM2000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Northing
172355.5
172355.4
172347.3
172331.7
172322.8
172318.4
172313.9
172309.5
172305.2
172303
172307.1
172311.3
172315.5
172319.7
172328.0
172323.4
172315.0
172310.9
172306.8
172302.7
172298.6
172294.5
172288.6
172293.0
172297.3
172301.7
172306.2
172310.6
172319.3
172316.4
172311.8
172307.4
172302.9
172298.4
172294.0
172289.5
172285.1

RSO (New)
Easting
626656.4
626656.5
626650.9
626699.5
626695.0
626692.8
626690.6
626688.4
626686.1
626690.2
626692.8
626695.5
626698.1
626700.7
626705.8
626714.1
626708.7
626705.9
626703.3
626700.6
626697.9
626695.2
626708.0
626710.2
626712.4
626714.6
626716.9
626719.1
626723.4
626734.3
626732.2
626730.0
626727.9
626725.7
626723.5
626721.4
626719.2
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 20

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

172280.6
172310.8
172308.1
172309.5
172307.7
172304.3
172308.6
172306.8
172304.4
172304.4
172310.5
172345.8
172339.1
172334.9
172330.8
172326.7
172322.7

626717.1
626750.0
626748.7
626751.6
626750.6
626748.7
626758.1
626757.3
626755.7
626755.7
626759.0
626745.0
626645.2
626642.4
626639.6
626636.8
626634.0

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 21

GDM2000

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Latitide
1.558593
1.558593
1.558519
1.558378
1.558298
1.558257
1.558217
1.558178
1.558138
1.558118
1.558156
1.558193
1.558231
1.558270
1.558345
1.558303
1.558227
1.558190
1.558152
1.558115
1.558078
1.558041
1.557988
1.558028
1.558067
1.558107
1.558147
1.558187
1.558266
1.558240
1.558199
1.558158
1.558117
1.558077
1.558037
1.557996
1.557956

MRT48
Longitude
103.6381
103.6381
103.6381
103.6385
103.6385
103.6385
103.6384
103.6384
103.6384
103.6384
103.6385
103.6385
103.6385
103.6385
103.6386
103.6387
103.6386
103.6386
103.6386
103.6385
103.6385
103.6385
103.6386
103.6386
103.6386
103.6387
103.6387
103.6387
103.6387
103.6388
103.6388
103.6388
103.6388
103.6388
103.6387
103.6387
103.6387

Height
27.908
27.934
26.553
32.623
31.683
31.099
30.331
29.549
28.649
28.949
29.950
30.733
31.489
32.138
32.943
33.321
32.499
31.878
31.114
30.257
29.363
28.361
28.786
29.799
30.655
31.417
32.161
32.744
33.493
33.477
33.136
32.635
32.131
31.446
30.737
30.063
29.225
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 22

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

1.557916
1.558189
1.558165
1.558177
1.558161
1.558131
1.558169
1.558153
1.558132
1.558132
1.558187
1.558506
1.558445
1.558407
1.55837
1.558333
1.558296

103.6387
103.639
103.639
103.639
103.639
103.639
103.6391
103.639
103.639
103.639
103.6391
103.6389
103.638
103.638
103.638
103.638
103.6379

28.280
32.498
32.291
32.227
32.173
31.852
31.841
31.635
31.479
31.497
31.902
33.704
25.79
25.335
24.818
24.236
23.624

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 23

MRT48

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Northing
172350
172350
172341.9
172326.2
172317.3
172312.9
172308.4
172304.1
172299.7
172297.5
172301.7
172305.8
172310.0
172314.2
172322.5
172317.9
172309.6
172305.4
172301.3
172297.2
172293.1
172289.0
172283.1
172287.5
172291.9
172296.3
172300.7
172305.1
172313.8
172310.9
172306.4
172301.9
172297.4
172292.9
172288.5
172284.0
172279.6

RSO (Old)
Easting
626849.5
626849.6
626843.9
626892.6
626888.1
626885.9
626883.7
626881.5
626879.2
626883.3
626885.9
626888.5
626891.2
626893.8
626898.9
626907.2
626901.8
626899.0
626896.4
626893.7
626891.0
626888.3
626901.1
626903.3
626905.5
626907.7
626910.0
626912.2
626916.5
626927.4
626925.3
626923.1
626921.0
626918.8
626916.6
626914.5
626912.3
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 24

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

172275.2
172305.3
172302.6
172304.0
172302.2
172298.9
172303.1
172301.3
172299.0
172298.9
172305.1
172340.4
172333.6
172329.5
172325.3
172321.3
172317.2

626910.2
626943.1
626941.8
626944.7
626943.7
626941.8
626951.2
626950.4
626948.8
626948.8
626952.1
626938.1
626838.3
626835.5
626832.7
626829.8
626827.0

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 25

Ellipsoidal Height, Geoid Height and Orthometric Height (FKKSA).

h
42.65878906
43.34062500
43.61777344
43.61835938
44.18261719
43.66718750
44.56269531
44.27968750
44.70273438
45.22265625
45.10800781
45.49003906
45.42207031
45.49863281
45.48046875
45.68183594
45.73613281
45.68710938
46.36406250
45.88007813
45.74609375
45.79589844
45.76640625
45.74492188
45.74707031
45.83593750
45.80839844
45.74843750
45.82792969
45.88398438
45.91386719
45.83281250
45.77031250
45.84101563
46.06113281
46.04042969
45.91054688

N
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.078
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079

H
35.57978906
36.26162500
36.53877344
36.53935938
37.10361719
36.58818750
37.48369531
37.20068750
37.62373438
38.14365625
38.02900781
38.41103906
38.34307031
38.41963281
38.40146875
38.60283594
38.65713281
38.60810938
39.28506250
38.80107813
38.66709375
38.71689844
38.68740625
38.66592188
38.66807031
38.75693750
38.72939844
38.66943750
38.74892969
38.80598438
38.83486719
38.75381250
38.69131250
38.76201563
38.98213281
38.96142969
38.83154688
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 26

45.78437500
46.00859375
45.99023438
45.90917969
45.88066406
45.89199219
45.81484375
46.66484375
47.07441406
47.16484375
47.20058594
46.51875000
47.05878906
47.13691406
46.53027344
46.92304688
46.46484375
47.00546875
46.50820313
46.91250000
46.60703125
48.90078125
48.89726563
49.09492188
49.02363281
49.01816406
48.91230469
49.06386719
48.96367188
48.92265625
49.00332031
49.02128906
48.85039063
48.82480469
48.96953125
49.01738281
46.31894531
46.31757813
45.74648438
45.64218750

7.079
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.078
7.079
7.079
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.078
7.079
7.079
7.079
7.079

38.70537500
38.93059375
38.91223438
38.83117969
38.80266406
38.81399219
38.73684375
39.58684375
39.99641406
40.08684375
40.12258594
39.44075000
39.98078906
40.05791406
39.45127344
39.84404688
39.38584375
39.92646875
39.42920313
39.83350000
39.52803125
41.82178125
41.81826563
42.01592188
41.94463281
41.93916406
41.83330469
41.98586719
41.88467188
41.84365625
41.92532031
41.94328906
41.77239063
41.74680469
41.89153125
41.93938281
39.23994531
39.23857813
38.66748438
38.56318750
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 27

Ellipsoidal height, Geoid Height and Orthometric Height (Helipad).

h
36.15996094
36.18554688
34.80429688
40.87636719
39.93652344
39.35253906
38.58378906
37.80273438
36.90234375
37.20234375
38.20371094
38.98652344
39.74257813
40.39179688
41.19687500
41.57441406
40.75273438
40.13183594
39.36816406
38.51093750
37.61640625
36.61464844
37.04023438
38.05351563
38.90878906
39.67089844
40.41503906
40.99863281
41.74667969
41.73105469
41.39062500
40.88945313
40.38574219
39.70078125
38.99140625
38.31777344
37.47910156

N
7.0680
7.0680
7.0680
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0690
7.0690
7.0690
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0700
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710
7.0710

H
29.09196094
29.11754688
27.73629688
33.80636719
32.86652344
32.28253906
31.51478906
30.73373438
29.83334375
30.13234375
31.13371094
31.91652344
32.67257813
33.32179688
34.12687500
34.50441406
33.68273438
33.06183594
32.29816406
31.44093750
30.54640625
29.54464844
29.97023438
30.98351563
31.83878906
32.60089844
33.34503906
33.92763281
34.67567969
34.66005469
34.31962500
33.81845313
33.31474219
32.62978125
31.92040625
31.24677344
30.40810156
COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 28

36.53496094
40.75351563
40.54628906
40.48242188
40.42812500
40.10722656
40.09609375
39.89023438
39.73417969
39.75253906
40.15742188
41.95800781
34.04121094
33.58691406
33.06992188
32.48750000
31.87519531

7.0710
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0720
7.0710
7.0680
7.0680
7.0680
7.0670
7.0670

29.46396094
33.68151563
33.47428906
33.41042188
33.35612500
33.03522656
33.02409375
32.81823438
32.66217969
32.68053906
33.08542188
34.88700781
26.97321094
26.51891406
26.00192188
25.42050000
24.80819531

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 29

PLOTING 2D IMADE AND CONTOUR.

FKKSA
ELLIPSOIDAL HEIGHT, h

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 30

GEIOD HEIGHT, N

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 31

ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT, H

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 32

HELLIPAD
ELLIPSOIDAL HEIGHT, h

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 33

GEIOD HEIGHT, N

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 34

ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT, H

COORDINATES AND HEIGHT | 35

CONCLUSION
In the case of a 3D transformation it is recommended that the procedure in two steps
should be preferred, since the least squares solution becomes more stable and, due to the small
values of the rotation and scale parameters, no iterations appear to be necessary. Another also
acceptable approach is to solve for the translation parameters in three dimensions, and then for
the full two dimensional model. Obviously, the 2D approach for estimating the transformation
parameters is the appropriate choice in the case of small networks. However, when deformation
processes take place in an area, the long term behavior is, often, investigated with geodetic
methods, by comparing older and recently acquired data, such as GPS observations. During the
analysis, pairs of two dimensional coordinate sets are, usually, compared in the projection plane
and the displacements for the time interval between the two epochs are derived. Such coordinate
sets refer, probably, to different reference frames; the older ones to a geodetic datum. Therefore,
an estimation of local transformation parameters should take place before the deformation
analysis.
Since, usually, the two sets of coordinates refer to different epochs, the size of the residuals in
the least squares solution for the transformation parameters, whether the 2D or the 3D approach
is preferred, depends largely on the time interval elapsed and the size of the displacement field
expected. Consequently, the question of choosing the appropriate procedure in the case of
deformation analyses is not easily answered.

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