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1. Industrial Control System Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

NIST Industrial Control Security Testbed.

[1]

Industrial control system (ICS) is a general term that encompasses several types of control systems used in industrial production, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems(DCS), and other smaller control system configurations such as skid-mountedprogrammable logic controllers (PLC) often found in the industrial sectors and critical infrastructures. ICSs are typically used in industries such as electrical, water, oil, gas and data. Based on information received from remote stations, automated or operator-driven supervisory

commands can be pushed to remote station control devices, which are often referred to as field devices. Field devices control local operations such as opening and closing valves and breakers, collecting data from sensor systems, and monitoring the local environment for alarm conditions.
2. [edit] A historical perspective

Industrial control system technology has evolved over the decades. DCS systems generally refer to the particular functional distributed control system design that exist in industrial process plants (e.g., oil and gas, refining, chemical, pharmaceutical, some food and beverage, water and wastewater, pulp and paper, utility power, mining, metals). The DCS concept came about from a need to gather data and control the systems on a large campus in real time on high-bandwidth, low-latency data networks. It is common for loop controls to extend all the way to the top level controllers in a DCS, as everything works in real time. These systems evolved from a need to extend pneumatic control systems beyond just a small cell area of a refinery. The PLC (programmable logic controller) evolved out of a need to replace racks of relays in ladder form. The latter were not particularly reliable, were difficult to rewire, and were difficult to diagnose. PLC control tends to be used in very regular, highspeed binary controls, such as controlling a highspeed printing press. Originally, PLC equipment did

not have remote I/O racks, and many couldn't even perform more than rudimentary analog controls. SCADA's history is rooted in distribution applications, such as power, natural gas, and water pipelines, where there is a need to gather remote data through potentially unreliable or intermittent low-bandwidth/high-latency links. SCADA systems use open-loop control with sites that are widely separated geographically. A SCADA system uses RTUs (remote terminal units, also referred to as remote telemetry units) to send supervisory data back to a control center. Most RTU systems always did have some limited capacity to handle local controls while the master station is not available. However, over the years RTU systems have grown more and more capable of handling local controls. The boundaries between these system definitions are blurring as time goes on. The technical limits that drove the designs of these various systems are no longer as much of an issue. Many PLC platforms can now perform quite well as a small DCS, using remote I/O and reliable that some SCADA systems actually manage closed loop control over long distances. With the increasing speed of today's processors, many DCS products have a full line of PLC-like subsystems that weren't offered when they were initially developed. This led to the concept of a PAC (programmable automation controller or process automation

controller), that is an amalgamation of these three concepts. Time and the market will determine whether this can simplify some of the terminology and confusion that surrounds these concepts today. DCSs are used to control industrial processes such as electric power generation, oil and gas refineries, water and wastewater treatment, and chemical, food, and automotive production. DCSs are integrated as a control architecture containing a supervisory level of control, overseeing multiple integrated sub-systems that are responsible for controlling the details of a localized process. Product and process control are usually achieved by deploying feed back or feed forward control loops whereby key product and/or process conditions are automatically maintained around a desired set point. To accomplish the desired product and/or process tolerance around a specified set point, only specific programmable controllers are used. PLCs provide boolean logic operations, timers, and (in some models) continuous control. The proportional, integral, and/or differential gains of the PLC continuous control feature may be tuned to provide the desired tolerance as well as the rate of self-correction during process upsets. DCSs are used extensively in process-based industries. PLCs are computer-based solid-state devices that control industrial equipment and processes. While PLCs can control system components used throughout SCADA

and D sys DCS stems, they a oft the primary , are ten e components in sm s maller contro syste ol em config guratio ons. Th are used to pro hey e d ovide r regulat tory contro of discrete proce ol e esses such as autom s s mobile e assem mbly lin and pow plan soot blow con nes wer nt t wer ntrols and ar used exten re d nsively in alm y most a indu all ustrial l processes.
3. [edi Em it] mbedde con ed ntrol

Anoth opt her tion is the us of se se everal small embedded contro atta ols ached to an indust trial co omput via a ter netwo Ex ork. xample are the La es antronix Xport andD t Digi/ME.
4. [edit] See also e 5. [edi Ref it] ferenc ces

This articl inco s le orpora pu ates ublic domain n mater fro we rial om ebsites or documen of s nts the Na Nationa Insti al itute of Stan ndards and T s Techno ology.
6. [edit] Add ditional read ding 7. [edi Ext it] ternal links

IMPO ANT N ORTA NOTE: Most educa : ators a and profes ssiona do n con als not nsider it app propria to ate use te ertiary source such as en es h ncyclopedias as a sole s s source for a info e any format tionc citing a enc an cyclope edia as an impor rtant re eferen in footnotes or nce f biblio ographies ma resu in censure or a f ay ult c e failing g grade. Wikipedia article shou be used f es uld for

background information, as a reference for correct terminology and search terms, and as a starting point for further research. As with any community-built reference, there is a possibility for error in Wikipedia's contentplease check your facts against multiple sources and read our disclaimers for more information.
8. Bibliographic details for "Industrial control system"

Please remember to check your manual of style, standards guide or instructor's guidelines for the exact syntax to suit your needs. For more detailed advice, seeCiting Wikipedia.
9. Citation styles for "Industrial control system"
10. APA style

Industrial control system. (2012, May 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:24, May 9, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ind ustrial_control_system&oldid=490462259
11. MLA style

Wikipedia contributors. "Industrial control system." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 May. 2012. Web. 9 May. 2012.
12. MHRA style

Wikipedia contributors, 'Industrial control system', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 May 2012, 13:17 UTC, <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industr ial_control_system&oldid=490462259> [accessed 9 May 2012]
13. Chicago style

Wikipedia contributors, "Industrial control system," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php ?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=490462259 (accessed May 9, 2012).
14. CBE/CSE style

Wikipedia contributors. Industrial control system [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2012 May 3, 13:17 UTC [cited 2012 May 9]. Available from:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ind ustrial_control_system&oldid=490462259.
15. Bluebook style

Industrial control system, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I ndustrial_control_system&oldid=490462259 (last visited May 9, 2012).

16. Bluebook: Harvard JOLT style

Wikipedia, Industrial control system,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_con

trol_system (optional description here) (as of May 9, 2012, 09:24 GMT).

17. AMA style

Wikipedia contributors. Industrial control system. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. May 3, 2012, 13:17 UTC. Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indust rial_control_system&oldid=490462259. Accessed May 9, 2012.
18. BibTeX entry
@misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "Wikipedia", title = "Industrial control system --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia", year = "2012", url = "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid=49046 2259", note = "[Online; accessed 9-May-2012]" }

When using the LaTeX package url (\usepackage{url} somewhere in the preamble), which tends to give much more nicely formatted web addresses, the following may be preferred:
@misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "Wikipedia", title = "Industrial control system --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia", year = "2012", url = "\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_control_system&oldid= 490462259}", note = "[Online; accessed 9-May-2012]" }

19. Wikipedia talk pages

Markup [[Industrial control system]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ind ustrial_control_system&oldid=490462259 this version]) Result Industrial control system (this version) Readability An Arc90 Laboratory Experiment
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20. Programmable Automation Controller - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

A programmable automation controller (PAC) is a compact controller that combines the features and capabilities of a PCbased control system with that of a typical programmable logic controller (PLC). PACs are most often used in industrial settings for process control, data acquisition, remote equipment monitoring, machine vision, and motion control. Additionally, because they function and communicate over popular network interface protocols likeTCP/IP, OLE for process control (OPC) and SMTP, PACs are able to transfer data from the machines they control to other machines and components in a networked control system or to application software and databases.
21. [edit] PAC Origins

The ARC Advisory Group, an analyst group focused on the manufacturing industry, is generally credited for originating the term "PAC". It was first coined in 2001 as a way to help users of control hardware better define their needs, and to give the leading control hardware vendors a term to more clearly communicate the capabilities of their products.
22. [edit] PAC - PLC Comparison

Generally, PACs and PLCs serve the same purpose. Both are primarily used to perform automation, process control, and data acquisition functions such asdigital and analog control, serial string handling, PID, motion control, and machine vision. The parameters within which PACs operate to achieve this, however, sometimes run counter to how a PLC functions. Unlike PLCs, PACs offer open, modular architectures, the rationale being that because most industrial applications are customized, the control hardware used for them needs to allow engineers to pick and choose the other components in the control system architecture without having to worry whether or not they will be compatible with the controller. PACs and PLCs are also programmed differently. PLCs are often programmed inladder logic, a graphical programming language resembling the rails and rungs of ladders that is designed to emulate old electrical relay wiring diagrams. PAC control programs are usually developed with more generic software tools that permit the designed program to be shared across several different machines,processors, HMI terminals or other components in the control system architecture. PAC processing and I/O scanning is also very different. Unlike PLCs, which constantly scan all the I/O inputs in the control system at very high speeds,

PACs utilize a single tagname database and a logical address system to identify and map I/O points as needed. Well known control hardware vendors offering PACs include Advantech Corporation, Invensys Foxboro, Schneider Electric, General Electric, National Instruments, Opto 22, and Allen Bradley.
23. [edit] External links

IMPORTANT NOTE: Most educators and professionals do not consider it appropriate to use tertiary sources such as encyclopedias as a sole source for any informationciting an encyclopedia as an important reference in footnotes or bibliographies may result in censure or a failing grade. Wikipedia articles should be used for background information, as a reference for correct terminology and search terms, and as a starting point for further research. As with any community-built reference, there is a possibility for error in Wikipedia's contentplease check your facts against multiple sources and read our disclaimers for more information.
24. Bibliographic details for "Programmable automation controller"

Please remember to check your manual of style, standards guide or instructor's guidelines for the exact syntax to suit your needs. For more detailed advice, seeCiting Wikipedia.
25. Citation styles for "Programmable automation controller"
26. APA style

Programmable automation controller. (2012, April 8). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:30, May 9, 2012, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro grammable_automation_controller&oldid=4862335 15
27. MLA style

Wikipedia contributors. "Programmable automation controller." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Apr. 2012. Web. 9 May. 2012.
28. MHRA style

Wikipedia contributors, 'Programmable automation controller', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 April 2012, 10:07 UTC, <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progra mmable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515> [accessed 9 May 2012]
29. Chicago style

Wikipedia contributors, "Programmable automation controller," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php ?title=Programmable_automation_controller&oldid =486233515 (accessed May 9, 2012).
30. CBE/CSE style

Wikipedia contributors. Programmable automation controller [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2012 Apr 8, 10:07 UTC [cited 2012 May 9]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pr ogrammable_automation_controller&oldid=486233 515.
31. Bluebook style

Programmable automation controller, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?titl e=Programmable_automation_controller&oldid=48 6233515 (last visited May 9, 2012).
32. Bluebook: Harvard JOLT style

Wikipedia, Programmable automation controller,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma ble_automation_controller (optional description here) (as of May 9, 2012, 09:30 GMT).
33. AMA style

Wikipedia contributors. Programmable automation controller. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 8, 2012, 10:07 UTC. Available

at:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progr ammable_automation_controller&oldid=486233515 . Accessed May 9, 2012.

34. BibTeX entry
@misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "Wikipedia", title = "Programmable automation controller --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia", year = "2012", url = "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controller&ol did=486233515", note = "[Online; accessed 9-May-2012]" }

When using the LaTeX package url (\usepackage{url} somewhere in the preamble), which tends to give much more nicely formatted web addresses, the following may be preferred:
@misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "Wikipedia", title = "Programmable automation controller --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia", year = "2012", url = "\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmable_automation_controll er&oldid=486233515}", note = "[Online; accessed 9-May-2012]" }

35. Wikipedia talk pages

Markup [[Programmable automation controller]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro

grammable_automation_controller&oldid=4862 33515 this version]) Result Programmable automation controller (this version) Readability An Arc90 Laboratory Experiment
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