CE-318 GIS/RS Application to Civil Engineering Spring 2012

Engr. Faisal ur Rehman Lecture 07: GPS & GPS Errors

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Presentation Outline

GPS Components Services Orbit Uses Errors OtherSATNAVSystem

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GPS

TheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)isaU.S. ownedutilitythatprovidesuserswith positioning,navigation,andtiming(PNT) services. Thissystemconsistsofthreesegments:

1.thespacesegment, 2.thecontrolsegment, 3.andtheusersegment.

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TheU.S.AirForcedevelops,maintains,and

1. Space Segment

Thespacesegmentconsistsofanominal constellationof24operatingsatellitesthat transmitonewaysignalsthatgivethecurrent GPSsatellitepositionandtime

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2. Control Segment

Thecontrolsegmentconsistsofworldwidemonitor andcontrolstations Itmaintainthesatellitesintheirproperorbits throughoccasionalcommandmaneuvers,and adjustthesatelliteclocks. IttrackstheGPSsatellites,uploadsupdated navigationaldata,andmaintainshealthandstatus ofthesatelliteconstellation.

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3. User Segment

TheusersegmentconsistsoftheGPSreceiver equipment,whichreceivesthesignalsfromthe GPSsatellitesandusesthetransmitted informationtocalculatetheusersthree dimensionalpositionandtime.

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GPS Services

GPSsatellitesprovideservicetocivilianand militaryusers. Thecivilianserviceisfreelyavailabletoallusers onacontinuous,worldwidebasis. ThemilitaryserviceisavailabletoU.S.andallied armedforcesaswellasapprovedGovernment agencies.

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GPS Services
1.Augmentations

AvarietyofGPSaugmentationsystemsand techniquesareavailabletoenhancesystem performancetomeetspecificuserrequirements. Theseimprovesignalavailability,accuracy,and integrity,allowingevenbetterperformancethanis possibleusingthebasicGPScivilianservice.

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GPS Services
2.Performance

TheoutstandingperformanceofGPSovermany yearshasearnedtheconfidenceofmillionsofcivil usersworldwide. Ithasprovenitsdependabilityinthepastand promisestobeofbenefittousers,throughoutthe world,farintothefuture.

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Augmentations

NationwideDifferentialGPSSystem(NDGPS)

MapofNDGPScoverageNDGPSisagroundbased augmentationsystemthatprovidesincreased accuracyandintegrityofGPSinformationto usersonU.S.landandwaterways.

WideAreaAugmentationSystem(WAAS)

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WAAS,asatellitebasedaugmentationsystem operatedbytheFederalAviationAdministration (FAA),supportsaircraftnavigationacrossNorth 11 America.

ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStations (CORS)

Augmentations

TheU.S.CORSnetwork,managedbytheNational OceanicandAtmosphericAdministration, archivesanddistributesGPSdataforprecise positioningtiedtotheNationalSpatialReference System.

GlobalDifferentialGPS(GDGPS)

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GDGPSisahighaccuracyGPSaugmentation system,developedbytheNASAJetPropulsion Laboratory(JPL)tosupporttherealtime

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Augmentations

InternationalGNSSService(IGS)

IGSisanetworkofover350GPSmonitoring stationsfrom200contributingorganizationsin 80countries. Itsmissionistoprovidethehighestqualitydataand productsasthestandardforglobalnavigation satellitesystems(GNSS)insupportofEarth scienceresearch,multidisciplinaryapplications, andeducation,aswellastofacilitateother 13 applicationsbenefitingsociety.

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Augmentations

OtherAugmentations

TherearemanyotherGPSaugmentationsystems availableworldwide,bothgovernmentand commercial. Thesesystemsusedifferential,static,orrealtime techniques.

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Satellite Orbits

GPSsatellitesflyinmediumEarthorbit(MEO)at analtitudeofapproximately20,200km. EachsatellitecirclestheEarthtwiceaday. ThesatellitesintheGPSconstellationarearranged intosixorbitalplanes. Eachcontainingfourprimarysatellites. This24slotarrangementensurestherearealways

15 atleastfoursatellitesinviewfromvirtuallyany

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Civilian Uses
1.Cellulartelephony:emergencycallsandother applications. 2.Disasterrelief/emergencyservices:Dependupon GPSforlocationandtimingcapabilities. 3.Geofencing??:Vehicletrackingsystems,person trackingsystems,andpettrackingsystemsuse. 4.Geotagging:Applyinglocationcoordinatesto digitalobjectssuchasphotographsandother 05/29/12 documentsforpurposessuchascreatingmap

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Civilian Uses
5.GPSAircraftTracking 6.GPStours 7.Mapmaking 8.Navigation 9.Phasormeasurementunits:GPSenableshighly accuratetimestampingofpowersystem measurements,makingitpossibletocompute 05/29/12 phasors.

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Civilian Uses
10.Recreation:Forexample,geocaching, geodashing,GPSdrawingandwaymarking. 11.Surveying:Surveyorsuseabsolutelocationsto makemapsanddeterminepropertyboundaries. 12.Tectonics:GPSenablesdirectfaultmotion measurementinearthquakes.

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Military Uses
1.Navigation 2.Targettracking 3.Missileandprojectileguidance 4.SearchandRescue 5.Reconnaissance 6.Nucleardetonationdetectors
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GPS Errors
1.SelectiveAvailability(solved):Selective availabilityisanartificialfalsificationofthetime intheL1signaltransmittedbythesatellite. 2.Satellitegeometry:Simplified,satellitegeometry describesthepositionofthesatellitestoeach otherfromtheviewofthereceiver.
1.Ifareceiversees4satellitesandallarearrangedfor exampleinthenorthwest,thisleadstoabad geometry. 20

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GPS Errors
3.SatelliteOrbits:Althoughthesatellitesare positionedinverypreciseorbits,slightshiftsof theorbitsarepossibleduetogravitationforces.

Sunandmoonhaveaweakinfluenceontheorbits Theresultingerrorbeingnotmorethan2m.

4.Multipath:Themultipatheffectiscausedby reflectionofsatellitesignals(radiowaves)on objects.

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GPS Errors
5.Atmosphericeffects:Anothersourceofinaccuracy isthereducedspeedofpropagationinthe troposphereandionosphere. 6.Clockinaccuraciesandroundingerrors:Despite thesynchronizationofthereceiverclockwiththe satellitetimeduringthepositiondetermination

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theremaininginaccuracyofthetimestillleadstoan errorofabout2m,roundingandcalculationerrors to1m. 22

GPS Errors
7.Relativisticeffects:GPSnavigationandmustbe accurateto2030nanosecondstoensurethe necessaryaccuracy.

Thereforethefastmovementofthesatellites themselves(nearly12000km/h)mustbe considered.

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Other SAT-NAV Systems

GLONASSisaradiobasedsatellitenavigation systemoperatedfortheRussiangovernmentby theRussianSpaceForces. ChineseCompassnavigationsystemalsoBeidou 2,BD2 GalileopositioningsystemoftheEuropeanUnion (EU)and IndianRegionalNavigationalSatelliteSystem (IRNSS)ofIndia.

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QnA

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