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Define
Radioactivity:- The property possessed by heavy elements like uranium,
thorium, radium etc, of spontaneously emitting highly penetrating and invisible
rays is called radioactivity.
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3. State the nature of α – particle, β – particle and Y – radiation.
Ans.
1. An α – particle is the nucleus of helium.
2. A β – particle is an electron.
3. Y – radiation consists of electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength of
the order of 10-10m.
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4. Their penetrating power is very high compared to the other two particles.
5. They affect photographic plates.
6. They produce fluorescence in fluorescent substance like zinc sulphide.
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12. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays are emitted
in a direction normal to the surface of the cathode and this direction is
independent of the position of the anode.
Ans. In a discharge tube, even if the anode is fitted on one side, the fluorescent
spot is observed in front of the cathode as shown in the figure. This shows that
cathode rays are emitted in a direction normal to the position of the anode.
13. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays travel in a
straight line.
Ans. If an object is placed in front of the cathode in a discharge tube, a sharp
shadow of the object if formed in the fluorescent region of the tube as shown in
figure. This shows that cathode rays travel in a straight line.
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14. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays exert
mechanical force on an object in their path.
Ans. A paddle wheel free to roll on horizontal rails is kept inside the discharge
tube in such a way that the cathode rays are incident only on the upper part of
the wheel. When tube is operated by switching on the D.C. supply, the cathode
rays fall on the wheel and hence, the wheel rolls away from the cathode. This
shows that cathode rays exert mechanical force on an object in their path.
15. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays are deflected
in an electric field.
Ans. A uniform electric field is produced in the region between the plated P1 and
P2. When the cathode rays pass through the electric field, they are deflected
towards the positive plate indicating that the cathode particles are negatively
charged as shown in the figure.
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16. Describe in brief the experiment to show that cathode rays are effected
in a magnetic field.
Ans. The experimental arrangement used to study the effect of a magnetic field
on cathode rays. A strong horse shoe magnet is used to produce a magnetic field
at right angles to the plane of the paper and directed inward. When the cathode
rays pass through the magnetic field, they are deflected downward. Hence, the
fluorescent sport is displaced downward. The direction of the deflections shows
that the cathode particles are negatively charged.
2. While using X – rays for curing skin diseases or other diseases, long
exposure to the X- rays should be avoided.
Ans.
1. X rays kill living cells.
2. They kill healthy tissues in the part exposed to X – rays. Hence, while using X
– rays for curing skin diseases or other diseases, long exposure to X – rays
should be avoided.
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2. X – rays photograph reveals the presence of hidden metal in bags and
packages of the passengers. Hence, X- rays are used to detect smuggling of
gold and silver.