Journal of US-China Public Administration

Volume 8, Number 1, January 2011 (Serial Number 63)

Da vid Publishing

David Publishing Company www.davidpublishing.com

Publication Information: Journal of US-China Public Administration is published every month in hard copy (ISSN1548-6591) and online (ISSN1935-9691) by David Publishing Company located at 1840 Industrial Drive, Suite 160, Libertyville, Illinois 60048, USA. Aims and Scope: Journal of US-China Public Administration, a professional academic journal, commits itself to promoting the academic communication about analysis of developments in the organizational, administrative and policy sciences, covers all sorts of researches on social security, public management, land resource management, educational economy and management, social medicine and health service management, national political and economical affairs, social work, management theory and practice etc. and tries to provide a platform for experts and scholars worldwide to exchange their latest researches and findings. Editorial Board Members: Juraj Nemec (Matej Bel University, Slovakia) Sangeeta Sharma (University of Rajasthan, India) Adrian Gorun (Constantin Brncui University of Trgu-Jiu, Romania) Raghuvar Dutt Pathak (University of the South Pacific, Fiji) Mustafa Kemal ktem (Hacettepe University, Turkey) Wong Cham Li (Macau University of Science and Technology, China) Shakespeare M. Binza (University of South Africa, South Africa) Maja Klun (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) Manuscripts and correspondence are invited for publication. You can submit your papers via Web Submission, or E-mail to managers@davidpublishing.com. Submission guidelines and Web Submission system are available at http://www.davidpublishing.com Editorial Office: 1840 Industrial Drive, Suite 160 Libertyville, Illinois 60048 Tel: 1-847-281-9826 Fax: 1-847-281-9855 E-mail: managers@davidpublishing.com; public858@hotmail.com Copyright2011 by David Publishing Company and individual contributors. All rights reserved. David Publishing Company holds the exclusive copyright of all the contents of this journal. In accordance with the international convention, no part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted by any media or publishing organs (including various websites) without the written permission of the copyright holder. Otherwise, any conduct would be considered as the violation of the copyright. The contents of this journal are available for any citation, however, all the citations should be clearly indicated with the title of this journal, serial number and the name of the author. Abstracted / Indexed in: Database of EBSCO, Massachusetts, USA Chinese Database of CEPS, Airiti Inc. & OCLC Chinese Scientific Journals Database, VIP Corporation, Chongqing, P.R.China Ulrichs Periodicals Directory ProQuest/CSA Social Science Collection, Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), USA Summon Serials Solutions Subscription Information: Print $520 Online $360 Print and Online $680 (per year) For past issues, please contact: shelly@davidpublishing.com, order@davidpublishing.com David Publishing Company 1840 Industrial Drive, Suite 160, Libertyville, Illinois 60048 Tel: 1-847-281-9826. Fax: 1-847-281-9855 E-mail: order@davidpublishing.com

Journal of US-China Public Administration

Volume 8, Number 1, January 2011 (Serial Number 63)

Contents
Theoretical Investigation
The Critical Need for an Integrated Leadership Approach to Improve Service Delivery by the South African Public Service Goonasagree Naidoo, Thani Xollie Institutional Adaptation to Europeanization in the State of Asymmetries: Participation of the Spanish Autonomous Communities in European Affairs Karolina Boronska-Hryniewiecka, Rafal Hryniewiecki Institutionalized Public-Private Partnerships Silvrio Cordeiro, J. A. Oliveira Rocha, Eurico Emanuel C. Alves, Paulo Jorge R. C. de Sousa 1

16 34

Practice and Exploration

Governing Climate Change in Brazilian Coastal Cities: Risks and Strategies Leila da Costa Ferreira, Thales Haddad Novaes de Andrade, Rafael DAlmeida Martins, Fabiana Barbi, Lcia da Costa Ferreira, Leonardo Freire de Mello, Alberto Matenhauer Urbinatti, Fernanda Oliveira de Souza Multivariate Investigation of Governance Indicators in European Union Ilter Unlukaplan Physicians Roles Within the Two-Tier Governance System: A Process Governance View Radhoine Laouer Shanghai Community Administrators: Psychological Qualities and Improvement Proposals AO Xiao-lan 66 77 87 51

Special Research
The Use and Abuse of Parities in Comparisons of Specific Volumes: Some Case Studies Donald Roy FDI Contributes to Output Growth in the U.S. Economy Lucyna Kornecki, Vladislav Borodulin Business Process Management in Organization: A Critical Success Factor Euphrasia S. Suhendra, Teddy Oswari 97 104 110

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1-15

The Critical Need for an Integrated Leadership Approach to Improve Service Delivery by the South African Public Service
Goonasagree Naidoo, Thani Xollie
University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

The South African Government recognizes that its public service requires effective leadership. However, it has repeatedly expressed concerns about poor and ineffective leadership and its impact on service delivery outcomes. Nevertheless, government has undertaken many leadership and management training and development initiatives, and has adopted a managerial leadership approach in the public service. However, there is little evidence of the effectiveness of these training and development initiatives and the leadership approach adopted. The conventional initiatives and approach adopted by the South African public service appear to have failed to improve service delivery. It is argued that successful and sustainable public service delivery requires a consideration of local narratives and local issues and an integrated leadership approach in South Africa. The literature suggests that leadership challenges in the South Africa public service have a direct impact on effective service delivery. It is clear that service delivery has not led to satisfaction of communities in South Africa because the country still has one of the highest deficits in the provision of basic services and the lowest level of access to basic services. This paper argues that there is a critical need for an integrated leadership approach and leadership training and development in multifaceted competencies in the South African public service. Such an approach should improve the leadership competencies required of managers in the South African public service. It should also promote good governance practices at all levels and ensure that this is done to achieve service delivery outcomes. Keywords: leadership, good governance, service delivery, managerial leadership, transformational leadership, strategic leadership, leadership and management development

Corresponding author: Goonasagree Naidoo, professor, Department of Public Administration, University of South Africa; research fields: leadership, governance, service delivery, transformation, reform, equity, racism and gender equity. E-mail: Naidog@unisa.ac.za. Thani Xollie, lecturer, Department of Public Administration, University of South Africa; research fields: research methodology, policy, leadership studies. 1

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 16-33

Institutional Adaptation to Europeanization in the State of Asymmetries: Participation of the Spanish Autonomous Communities in European Affairs
Karolina Boronska-Hryniewiecka
University of Wroclaw, Wrocaw, Poland

Rafal Hryniewiecki
Economic University of Wrocaw, Wrocaw, Poland

This article fits into the general debate about the effects of Europeanization on domestic institutions, the following institutional adaptation and its likely evolution towards multi-level governance. It focuses on the impact of the European Union on subnational level of government in Spain. Based on the presumption that access to European decision-making pre-judges the success of Europeanization of subnational actors, this study applies the bottom-up approach to Europeanization, understood as participation in the creation of European policies. Of interest here are the Spanish autonomous communities and their adaptation to institutional system of the EU based on regaining control and securing a growing role for themselves as input-givers in shaping and implementing EU policies affecting their competencies. On the basis of empirical analysis of subnational patterns of participation in European affairs applied in Spain, this article shows in what ways institutional and political capacity of subnational authorities to secure their interests in the EU is conditioned and limited by their formal-legal status within the Spanish constitutional system, the territorial distribution of competencies as well as the conflictuous nature of the Spanish institutional culture. Empirical research points to the conclusions that Spanish competitive regionalism and lack of formal institutions of cooperation and consensus-building are only a partial obstacle to the effective Europeanization of subnational actors. There are other macro-and micro-scale problems connected with regional resources and political sensibility which pose additional stumbling stone for the effective participation in European affairs. Keywords: Europeanization, regional participation, EU policy-making

Corresponding author: Karolina Boronska-Hryniewiecka, Ph.D. candidate, Institute of Political Science, University of Wrocaw; visiting researcher, Department of International Law, University of Deusto; research fields: Europeanization and its impact on regional level, multi-level governance in the European Union, regionalization and regionalism in Spain, lobbying and policy networks. E-mail: kboronska@hotmail.com. Rafal Hryniewiecki, Ph.D. candidate, International Economic Relations Department, Economic University of Wrocaw; research fields: economic diplomacy, energy policy and energy lobbying, regional para-diplomacy, fiscal federalism. 16

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 34-50

Institutionalized Public-Private Partnerships

Silvrio Cordeiro
Lusada University, Oporto, Portugal

Eurico Emanuel C. Alves

Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Porto, Portugal

J. A. Oliveira Rocha
University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

Paulo Jorge R. C. de Sousa

Lusada University, Oporto, Portugal

The Centros Protocolares, being emergent organizational public-private partnership structures have an increasing importance in Portugal, concerning the professional training. Undoubtedly, the issues related to public-private partnerships have acquired a specificity that distinguishes them from other types of partnerships. In fact, they are institutionalized public-private partnerships with an in-house character, in which the organizational structure and its adaptability to embrace new projects assume a typical relevance. In this type of partnerships, the public partner has the power to influence the performance of these structures either by demanding readjustments or by redesigning processes whenever errors in the development of the mission for which they have been created, are detected. Being mixed organizations (positioned between the hierarchy and the market), it is the intention of this work to identify and evaluate the degree of efficiency and effectiveness of these structures on the network where they operate, considering their budget. It seems, however, that the relevance of this model of partnership becomes an important economical tool in those organizations where there is a strong consciousness of mission and groupbounded in the efficient performance, leadership, communication and revolutionary ideasguided for the results and the customers. Keywords: Centros Protocolares, public-private partnerships, network governance, network performance

Corresponding author: Silvrio Cordeiro, assistant professor, College of Sciences of the Economy and the Company, Lusada University; invited professor, School of Economics and Management, University of Minho; managing director of CINCORKCork Industry Professional Training Centre; research fields: human resources management, public management. E-mail: silveriocordeiro@cincork.com. J. A. Oliveira Rocha, full professor, Chairman of the School of Economics and Management, University of Minho; research fields: legal sciences and political science. Eurico Emanuel C. Alves, invited professor, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute; board member of the Health Regulatory Authority; specialist in general surgery; research fields: general surgery, ambulatory surgery and health policy. Paulo Jorge R. C. de Sousa, professor, College of Sciences of the Economy and the Company, Lusada University; vice president of the Administration Board of Joint Use of Hospitals; research fields: health policy, health care management. 34

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 51-65

Governing Climate Change in Brazilian Coastal Cities: Risks and Strategies

Leila da Costa Ferreira, Rafael DAlmeida Martins, Fabiana Barbi, Lcia da Costa Ferreira, Leonardo Freire de Mello, Alberto Matenhauer Urbinatti, Fernanda Oliveira de Souza
University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

Thales Haddad Novaes de Andrade

University of So Carlos (UFSCAR), So Carlos, Brazil

Climate change is part of a new set of risks produced by the process of scientific and technological advance, qualitatively different from the risks of pre-industrial or industrial societies. These new post-industrial risks are characterized by their global reach, by incomplete understanding of their causes and consequences, by the fact of being incalculable, impossible to compensate and often invisible (requiring specialized knowledge to recognize and measure them), uncontrollable, difficult to identify responsibilities and often irreversible. From this perspective, this paper aims at reflecting on the challenges of climate change and the responses our society has built to this problem. The objective is to explore how climate change is being framed and how local governments in Brazilian coastal cities are responding to it in terms of policy strategies and instruments. From the institutional perspective, the fact that these governments are equipped in order to advance toward an internalization of sustainability indicators in their various dimensions is considered important. Nonetheless, the actions implemented are far from

This paper brings the preliminary results of the component on Urban growth, vulnerability and adaptation: Social and ecological dimensions of climate change on the Coast of So Paulo, part of the Program on Global Climate Change, So Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) coordinated by Leila da Costa Ferreira, Lcia da Costa Ferreira and Carlos Alfredo Joly (Grant 08/58159-7). Corresponding author: Leila da Costa Ferreira, full professor, Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences (IFCH), Center of Environmental Studies and Research (NEPAM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP); research fields: public policies and environment, social theory and environment, interdisciplinarity, global environmental changes. E-mail: leilacf@unicamp.br. Thales Haddad Novaes de Andrade, professor, Center of Education and Human Sciences, University of So Carlos (UFSCAR); research fields: public policies and environment, sociological theory, sociology of development, communication theory. Rafael DAlmeida Martins, Ph.D. candidate, Department of Environment and Society, Center of Environmental Studies and Research (NEPAM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP); research fields: climate change policy, climate change adaptation, adaptive capacity, vulnerability, environmental governance, local governance, sustainable development. Fabiana Barbi, Ph.D. candidate, Department of Environment and Society, Center of Environmental Studies and Research (NEPAM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP); research fields: public policies and environment, local governance, global environmental changes. Lcia da Costa Ferreira, professor, Center of Environmental Studies and Research (NEPAM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP); research fields: environmental sociology, conservation, interdisciplinarity. Leonardo Freire de Mello, researcher, Center of Environmental Studies and Research (NEPAM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP); research fields: public policies, consumption, climate change. Alberto Matenhauer Urbinatti, undergraduate student, Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences (IFCH), Center of Environmental Studies and Research (NEPAM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP); research fields: public policies and environment, global environmental changes. Fernanda Oliveira de Souza, undergraduate student, Institute of Biology (IB), Center of Environmental Studies and Research (NEPAM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP); research fields: public policies and environment, global environmental changes. 51

52

GOVERNING CLIMATE CHANGE IN BRAZILIAN COASTAL CITIES

the concerns with global issues, such as climate change. Thus, the discussions about institutional and political indicators of sustainability in the cities and global changes gain crucial relevance upon the political agenda at the beginning of the 21st century. Keywords: risk, climate change, cities, Brazil, governance

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 66-76

Multivariate Investigation of Governance Indicators in European Union

Ilter Unlukaplan
Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey

This study aims at giving an overview of governance indicators of European Union members and analyzing the underlying multivariate structure of European governance by performing both classification and ordination techniques to reveal the possible communalities and disparities among them. Intending to investigate possible similarities and disparities among the European Union members with respect to government indicators, the data from WGI are acquired and multivariate techniques were applied. The cluster analysis classified European Union members into two basic groups. The first group is the EU-15 countries which have the highest governance scores. The second group is divided into two sub-groups. The first sub-group compiles countries with moderate governance scores, while the second sub-group compiles transition economies except Greece and Italy, with relatively poor governance scores. In this sub-group, Bulgaria and Romaniathe countries with the worst governance scoresconstitute an independent formation. The results of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were coincided. Multidimensional scaling divided the European countries into two groups. The first group is the EU-15 countries (first group) with relatively better governance scores except Greece and Italy. The second group includes European Union members other than EU-15 countries (except Greece and Italy). Ten countries of the second group are transition economies/countriesformerly operated by central planning. These results indicate that in terms of governance indicators, time elapsed in the European Union as a member plays a very important role in the multivariate formation. Keywords: governance, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, European Union

Corresponding author: Ilter Unlukaplan, Ph.D., assistant, Department of Public Finance, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Cukurova University; research fields: fiscal policy, public governance, economics of taxation, computable general equilibrium models and welfare economics. E-mail: ikaplan@cu.edu.tr. 66

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 77-86

Physicians Roles Within the Two-Tier Governance System: A Process Governance View
Radhoine Laouer
Montesquieu Bordeaux 4 University, Bordeaux, France

Studies, which have been dealing with the relationship between the physicians and the hospital, focus on the physicians integration fate either on the management or in governance. In addition, researchers seem not to describe how this involvement may contribute to the roles performance of the board. And even they describe the nature of the relationship between physicians and hospital governance, they deal mainly within the framework of the unitary system of governance, i.e., the board of directors. We suggest, in the current conceptual paper, a description of how the board process can fructify the relationship between the implication of physicians and the performance roles of the boards. We will focus on the French hospital case using the supervisory and the governance boards as governance system, and the integration, the interactions and the cohesion perspectives as preliminary foundations for the incorporation of physicians within both the supervisory and the management boards in French hospital. Keywords: physicians, dual system, integration, interactions, cohesion

The implication of physicians in either the management or the governance represents an evolution. We touch it among the French public hospital case. Recently, French authorities introduced a new reform concerning the public hospital governance. Before the introduction of the recently introduced law known as The Law Hospital, Patients, Health and Territories (hereinafter HPST), French University Hospital Centers (herinafter UHCs) are governed by the board of directors. According to the Public Healthcare Code, this deliberative instance will be substituted by the supervisory board (le conseil de surveillance), and the Chief Executive Office (le conseil excutif) will be replaced by the management board (le directoire). They have substituted an one-tier governance system (the board of directors) by a two-tier system (the supervisory and management boards). Thus the government wants to restore one leader in public hospitals, especially in the UHCs, who would be the chairman of the management board. According to the government, this would create an equilibrium of power between managers and experts who are the physicians. Indeed, the HPST seems to redefine the roles of both managers and physicians in the boardroom. In addition, the curative body is present either in the management board le dierctoire (hereinafter MGB) or in the supervisory board le conseil de surveillance (hereinafter SUB). Concerning the first governing agency, its vice chairman is the president of the Establishment Medical Commission. And as far as the second governing organ is concerned, its composed of representatives of local authorities, medicinal staff and patients.

Corresponding author: Radhoine Laouer, Ph.D. candidate, Management Sciences Research Institute, Montesquieu Bordeaux 4 University; research fields: nonprofit governance, corporate governance, board process. E-mail: radhoine.laouer@u-bordeaux4.fr. 77

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PHYSICIANS ROLES WITHIN THE TWO-TIER GOVERNANCE SYSTEM

However, knowing that those two organs are mutually exclusive, these divide physicians into two categories: On one side, those who participate in elaborating and executing the hospital strategy; and on another side, those who participate in monitoring and advising managers. How can this physicians double role improve the MGB and SUB role performance? The HPST law defines mainly the composition and some roles of the members of the SUB and the MGB, and doesnt specify the nature of relationship between members, especially they are attempted to improve the performance of the UHCs. We propose another look at the legal version through the addition of the integration, process and role perspectives. Our theoretical manuscript is articulated as following: First, we will deal with the hospital-physicians relationship in the light of the corporate governance. Then, those physicians will be implicated in the board concern gradually through an integration, interaction and cohesion mechanisms, which constitute the following part. After this cohesiveness, we will focus on their involvement in the board process to improve the role performance of both the management and supervisory boards.

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 87-96

Shanghai Community Administrators: Psychological Qualities and Improvement Proposals

AO Xiao-lan
Shanghai Administration Institute, Shanghai, China

This paper presents a high level training proposal for the Shanghai community administrators aimed at developing objectiveness, intuition and creativity in order to improve their effectiveness at work. It is based upon 10 years of psychological profiling research on the administrators, using the internationally recognized and widely adopted personality typing tool Myers Briggs Type Indicators (MBTI). The psychological profile of administrators in Shanghai communities are: structured, careful, firm, disciplined, relationship focused, not particularly theoretical or abstract, unimaginative, more present oriented than future, and unwilling to try unproven methods. They most often take the role of a stabilizerthe status quo defenders. They tend to be realistic, methodical and work meticulously. These characteristics are not fit for the development trends of Shanghai. By analyzing the development trends in the first-tier city, the roles of local administrators should have delivery services, budget control and even against corruption, the challenges they meet in laws-oriented country and modernization building, and the need of international communications, in terms of psychological typing, by pointing against the shortages of present training, the study outlines proposals to improve the psychological profile of community administrators in Shanghai. They are involved participant-centered learning, visually-oriented deliveries, relevant contents and teacher-student rapport. Keywords: training proposal, psychological profiling research, Shanghai community administrators

This study was carried out from September 2001 to March 2010 by the Shanghai Administration Institute. Shanghai community administrators were the subjects of the study. The study analyzes their social and working roles, taking into account psychological test results and outlines a training proposal for improving the psychological profile of community administrators in Shanghai.

Acknowledgements: The support of administrators who studied in Shanghai Administration Institute, and those who are working in the communities of Hongkou and Pudong districts in Shanghai, especially XU Jun-xia and her colleagues, CHEN Le-xi and his staff, and LI Xia-rong and her colleagues, are essential to construct this paper. All of actions about the research are appreciated deeply here. Corresponding author: AO Xiao-lan, Ph.D., associate professor, Department of Philosophy, Shanghai Administration Institute; research fields: psychological application, personality and local administration in China. E-mail: 2010aoxiaolan@gmail.com. 87

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 97-103

The Use and Abuse of Parities in Comparisons of Specific Volumes: Some Case Studies
Donald Roy
Independent researcher, Great Britain

Data based on international price comparisons have played and continue to play a role in policy debates in some countries, most notably the United Kingdom. The quality and sophistication of approaches have varied over time and between sectors. The paper compares the use made of ICP (International Comparison Programme) I and ICP II results a generation ago with more recent approaches. It makes suggestions as to how applications can be improved in future. Keywords: international price comparisons, ICP, policy debates, United Kingdom

Corresponding author: Donald Roy, M.A., Flat 2, 58A Hazlewell Road, London SW15 6LR, Great Britain; research field: international comparisons. E-mail: donaldroy@btinternet.com. 97

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 104-109

FDI Contributes to Output Growth in the U.S. Economy

Lucyna Kornecki, Vladislav Borodulin
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU), Florida, USA

The introductory part of this study analyzes inward FDI (foreign direct investment) flow and inward FDI stock as a percentage of GDP (gross domestic product) indicating important role of foreign capital in the U.S. economy. The next part of this research has empirical character and focuses on the impact of inward FDI stock on output growth in the U.S. economy. The introduced regression model of economic growth proved the strong impact of FDI stock on output growth and verified the hypothesis that FDI stock, as compared with domestic capital, labor, export and multifactor productivity, constitutes an essential factor of economic growth in the U.S. economy. Keywords: FDI, economic growth, U.S. economy

Corresponding author: Lucyna Kornecki, Ph.D., professor, Department of Economics, Finance and Information System, College of Business, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; research fields: foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth in developed and developing countries. E-mail: korneckl@erau.edu. Vladislav Borodulin, MBA, Department of Economics, Finance and Information System, College of Business, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; research fields: globalization, air transportation. 104

Journal of US-China Public Administration, ISSN 1548-6591 January 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 110-120

Business Process Management in Organization: A Critical Success Factor

Euphrasia S. Suhendra, Teddy Oswari
Gunadarma University, Depok, Indonesia

The principle aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between business process management (BPM) and business performance, and the effectiveness of business process management in an organization. This study has been undertaken with the specific objectives of understanding the difference between business process reengineering (BPR) and business process management, whether business process management can be successfully implemented in organizational environment and if so, how to implement and apply business process management in industry in order to achieve business success. Industry is seeking to improve operational efficiencies, meet customer demands more quickly and leverage existing technology investments. Business process management has the potential to deliver the benefits of process efficiency throughout all stages of a business process and to all areas of the organization. Business process management focuses on business practices and management disciplines as the underlying enablers of a process-centric organization, the exploratory study was conducted to identify the process performance and readiness of organization to implement business process management. Keywords: management, business process, organization

Acknowledgement: To Prof. E. S. Margianti and Prof. H. S. Suryadi, thanks for their support and encouragement given for this study; and to Mrs. E. Susy Suhendra, thanks for her assistance and support and making this a truly enriching experience. Corresponding author: Euphrasia S. Suhendra, professor, Faculty of Economics, Gunadarma University; research fields: management, productivity, project management. E-mail: susys@staff.gunadarma.ac.id. Teddy Oswari, professor, Faculty of Economics, Gunadarma University; research fields: banking management, financial management, risk management theory, project management theory.

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