Flux 2D Tutorial

CAD Package for Electromagnetic and Thermal Analysis using Finite Elements
Flux 2D
Application
Tutorial of Magnetostatics
Copyright August 2009
Flux is a registered trademark.
Flux software : Flux tutorials :
COPYRIGHT CEDRAT/INPG/CNRS/EDF COPYRIGHT CEDRAT
This tutorial was edited on 18 August 2009 Ref.: K205-10-EN-08/09
CEDRAT 15 Chemin de Malacher - Inovalle 38246 Meylan Cedex FRANCE Phone: +33 (0)4 76 90 50 45 Fax: +33 (0)4 56 38 08 30 Email: cedrat@cedrat.com Web: http://www.cedrat.com
Foreword
About the tutorial
The objective of this document is to discover and master the various functionalities of the software using the example of a simple device. This tutorial contains the general steps and all the data needed to describe the physics and the computation of the sensor model. Geometry and mesh of the sensor model are already described in the Flux 2D Generic Tutorial of Geometry and Mesh.
Required knowledge
Before proceeding with this tutorial, the user must understand the functionalities of the Flux software. The user can gain this knowledge by initially completing the Generic tutorial. The Flux 2D Generic Tutorial of Geometry and Mesh explains in detail all actions to build the geometry and mesh of the study domain.
Path
The files corresponding to the different cases studied in this tutorial are available in the folder: \DocExamples\Examples2D\MagnetostaticApplication\
Command files and Flux files
The files provided for this tutorial are: command files, come in handy to build the Flux projects Flux files already built project files The use of files is explained in the table below. the user can execute the command file GeoMesh_2D.py GeoMeshPhys.py Case1.py Case2.py
To describe the geometry and mesh the physics Case 1 Case 2
follow 2D Generic Tutorial 2.1of this tutorial 3. of this study 4. of this study
recover the Flux file* SENSOR_2D.FLU GEO_MESH_PHYS.FLU CASE1.FLU CASE2.FLU
* Flux files are ready to be meshed and then solved.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. General information .................................................................................................................1
1.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................................3 1.1.1. Description of the studied device....................................................................................4 1.1.2. Studied cases .................................................................................................................5 Strategy to build the Flux project ..................................................................................................6 1.2.1. Main phases for physical description..............................................................................7 Physical description process.......................................................................................................10 2.1.1. Define the physical application .....................................................................................11 2.1.2. Create materials ...........................................................................................................12 2.1.3. Create face regions ......................................................................................................13 2.1.4. Create measuring coils: coil conductors components and coil conductor regions.......14 2.1.5. Assign face regions to faces.........................................................................................15 2.1.6. Orient material for face region ......................................................................................16 Case 1: solving process ..............................................................................................................18 Case 1: results post-processing..................................................................................................19 3.2.1. Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density on volume regions ........20 3.2.2. Compute and display arrows of the magnetic flux density in faces region...................21 3.2.3. Create 2D grid for computation and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density...........................................................................................................................22 3.2.4. Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density on a 2D grid ..................23 3.2.5. Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic field strength on a 2D grid................24 3.2.6. Compute the magnetic flux density on a point .............................................................25 3.2.7. Plot a 2D curve of the magnetic field strength along a path.........................................26 3.2.8. Compute the magnetic force on face regions...............................................................28 Case 2: solving process ..............................................................................................................30 4.1.1. Create sensors .............................................................................................................31 4.1.2. Define the solving scenario and solve the project ........................................................32 Case 2: results post-processing..................................................................................................33 4.2.1. Display a color-shaded plot of the magnetic flux density (alpha=120) .......................34 4.2.2. Display arrows of the magnetic flux density (alpha=120) ...........................................35 4.2.3. Plot a 2D curve of the flux through coil conductors versus an I/O parameters (for alpha=120) ..................................................................................................................35
1.2.
2. Construction of the Flux project ...............................................................................................9

2.1.
3. Case 1: static study ...............................................................................................................17

3.1. 3.2.
4. Case 2: parametric computation............................................................................................29

4.1.
4.2.
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General information
1.
General information
This chapter contains the presentation of the studied device and the Flux software.
Introduction
Contents
This chapter contains the following topics: Topic Overview Strategy to build the Flux project See Page 3 6
PAGE 1
General information
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General information
1.1.
Overview
Introduction
This section presents the studied device (a variable reluctance speed sensor) and the strategy of the device description in Flux.
Contents
This section contains the following topics: Topic Description of the studied device Studied cases See Page 4 5
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General information
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1.1.1. Description of the studied device
Studied device
The device to be analyzed is a variable reluctance speed sensor. The studied device consists of: a cogged wheel (made of steel) with three teeth two probes with a magnet (made of ferrite) and a coil around each The physical model of the studied device is presented in the figure below.
COIL 1+ MAGNET 1 PROBE 1
WHEEL COIL 1-
COIL 2+ MAGNET 2 COIL 2PROBE 2
Operating principle
The rotation of the cogged wheel near the tip of the probes changes the magnetic flux, creating an analog voltage signal that can be measured in probes.
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General information
1.1.2. Studied cases
Studied cases
Three cases are carried out in a Magneto Static application: case 1: static study case 2: multi-parametric computation
Case 1
The first case is a static study.
This study is a very easy problem of Magneto Statics. In this study, a magneto static analysis of the sensor is performed in a medium position: the two probes between two teeth. A geometric parameter , which allow us to control the angle of the wheel around Z axis, has a fixed value = 75 The coils are not current supplied (=measuring coils)
Case 2
The second case is a parametric computation.
The angle of the cogged wheel will vary. In this parameterized study, the geometric parameter is the angle that varies in the range [75, 195] with a step of 3.
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General information
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1.2.
Strategy to build the Flux project
Introduction
This section presents outlines of physical properties description process of the sensor.
Contents
This section contains the following topics: Topic Main phases for physical description See Page 7
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General information
1.2.1. Main phases for physical description
Outline
An outline of the physical description process of the sensor is presented in the table below. Stage 1 Definition of the application and definition of the depth of the domain Description Magneto Static 2D (solved with Flux 3D solver) 2D plan (6mm)
FERRITE magnet with a linear B(H) Creation of two characteristic materials STEEL ferromagnetic material with a non linear B(H) characteristic AIR_EXT region, corresponding with the air surrounding the device AIR_WHEEL region, corresponding with Creation of four face the air in the cogged wheel region MAGNET1 region corresponding with the first magnet of the device MAGNET2 re region corresponding with the first magnet of the device COIL_CONDUCTOR1 COIL_CONDUCTOR2 COIL1N region, corresponding with the Creation of two negative part of the first coil coils: COIL1P region, corresponding with the Two components positive part of the first coil Four face regions COIL2N region, corresponding with the negative part of the second coil COIL2P region, corresponding with the positive part of the second coil
Continued on next page
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General information
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Main phases for physical description, Continued
Outline (continued)
Stage
Description
COIL1P AIR_EXT MAGNET1 COIL1N WHEEL
Assignment of face regions

AIR WHEEL
COIL2P
MAGNET2
COIL2N INFINITE
Material orientation
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Construction of the Flux project
2.

This chapter contains the physical description of the sensor. For a more detailed description of the basic geometry of the sensor, the user should reference the Flux 2D Generic Tutorial of Geometry and Mesh. The user must have good understanding of all functionalities of the Flux preprocessor.
Introduction
Starting Flux project
The starting project is the Flux project GEO_MESH.FLU. This project contains: the geometry description of the contactor the mesh of the computation domain
New Flux project
The new Flux project is GEO_MESH_PHYS.FLU.
Contents
This chapter contains the following topics: Topic Physical description process See Page 10
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2.1.
Physical description process
Introduction
This section presents the definition of the physical properties materials and regions.
Contents
This section contains the following topics: Topic Define the physical application Create materials Create face regions Create measuring coils Assign face regions to faces Orient material for face region See Page 11 12 13 14 15 16
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2.1.1. Define the physical application
Goal
First, the physical application is defined. The required physical application is the Magneto Static 2D application.
Data
The characteristics of the application are presented in the table below.

Magneto Static 2D application Definition 2D domain type Depth of the domain 2D plane 6 mm Solver Flux3D solver Coils Coefficient Automatic Coefficient
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2.1.2. Create materials
Goal
Two materials are created directly for the physical description of the sensor; the two materials are characterized by their magnetic properties: the first material is FERRITE defined for the coiled magnets the second material is STEEL defined for the cogged wheel
Data
The characteristics of the materials are presented in the tables below.

B(H) linear magnet described in the Br module Name FERRITE Remanent flux density (T) 0.8 Relative permeability 1
B(H) isotropic analytic saturation (arctg 2 coef.) Name STEEL Initial relative permeability 5000 Saturation magnetization (T) 1.9
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2.1.3. Create face regions
Goal
Five face regions are necessary for the physical description of the sensor. Five following face regions will be created: the AIR_EXT region, corresponding with the air surrounding the device the AIR_WHEEL region, corresponding with the air in the cogged wheel the MAGNET1 region, corresponding with the first magnet of the device the MAGNET2 region, corresponding with the second magnet of the device the WHEEL region, corresponding with the cogged wheel The INFINITE region, already created during the infinite box creation, will be edited to activate its physical properties.
Data
The characteristics of the face regions are presented in the table below.
Face region Name AIR_EXT Type Material Color
AIR_WHEEL INFINITE* MAGNET1 MAGNET2 WHEEL
Air or vacuum region Air or vacuum region Air or vacuum region Magnetic non-conducting region Magnetic non-conducting region Magnetic non-conducting region
FERRITE FERRITE STEEL
Turquoise Turquoise Turquoise Magenta

Magenta Cyan
*The region already created and assigned during the creation of the infinite box, however the user need to enter the type of the region.
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2.1.4. Create measuring coils: coil conductors components and coil conductor regions
Goal
Two coils are created to measure the flux density.
About coil
In magnetic applications, a coil is represented by one face region or by a group of face regions of the coil conductor type. The value I of the current in a wire (or turn) of the coil is set by means of an electric component (of coil conductor type) associated to the coil.
Data (1)
The characteristics of the electric components (of coil conductor type) are presented in the table below:
Stranded coil conductor with imposed current (A) Name COIL_CONDUCTOR1 COIL_CONDUCTOR2 comment Coil conductor on the first coil Coil conductor on the second coil Value 0 0
Data (2)
The characteristics of the regions (of coil conductor type) are presented in the table below:
Coil conductor type region
Face region
Component
Orientation
Turn number 1000 1000 1000 1000
Series or parallel
Color
COIL1N COIL1P COIL2N COIL2P
COIL_CONDUCTOR1 COIL_CONDUCTOR1 COIL_CONDUCTOR2 COIL_CONDUCTOR2
negative positive negative positive
series series series series
red red red red
the COIL1N region, corresponding with the negative part of the first coil the COIL1P region, corresponding with the positive part of the first coil the COIL2N region, corresponding with the negative part of the second coil the COIL2P region, corresponding with the positive part of the second coil
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2.1.5. Assign face regions to faces
Goal
The INFINITE region has been already assigned during the creation of the infinite box. The nine regions (AIR_EXT, AIR_INT, WHEEL, COIL1P, COIL1N, MAGNET1, COIL2P, COIL2N, and MAGNET2) are assigned to faces.
Outline
The region assignment is presented in the figure below.
COIL1P AIR_EXT MAGNET1
WHEEL
COIL1N
COIL2P
MAGNET2 AIR_WHEEL
COIL2N INFINITE
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2.1.6. Orient material for face region
Goal
An orientation of the material region is needed to describe physics.
Data
The orientation of the material region is related in the table below

Orient material for face region Name MAGNET1 MAGNET2 Oriented type Direction Direction Coordinate system PROBE_CS PROBE_CS001 Angle 0 0
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Case 1: static study
3.
Case 1
The first case is a static study.
This study is a very easy problem of Magneto Statics. In this study, a magneto static analysis of the sensor is performed in a medium position: the two probes between two teeth. A geometric parameter , which allow us to control the angle of the wheel around Z axis, has a fixed value = 75 The coils are not current supplied (=measuring coils)
The starting project is the Flux project GEO_MESH_PHYS.FLU. This project contains: the geometry description of the device the mesh and computation domain the initial physical description of the contactor
Project name
The Flux project is saved under the name of CASE1.FLU
Contents
This chapter contains the following topics: Topic Case 1: solving process Case 1: results post-processing See Page 18 19
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3.1.
Case 1: solving process
Introduction
This section explains how to solve case 1.
Flux module
The Flux module is Preflu2D.
Action
Case 1 is solved using the default scenario with reference values.
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3.2.
Case 1: results post-processing
Introduction
This section explains how to analyze the principal results of case 1.
Contents
This section contains the following topics: Topic Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density on volume regions Compute and display arrows of the magnetic flux density in faces region Create 2D grid for computation and display Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density on a 2D grid Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic field strength on a 2D grid Compute the magnetic flux density on a point Plot a 2D curve of the magnetic field strength along a path Compute the magnetic force on face regions See Page 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28
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3.2.1. Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density on volume regions
Goal
The scalar quantities of the magnetic flux density are computed on the selected volume region and displayed via isovalue plot of color shadings.
Data
The characteristics of the isovalues are presented in the table below:

Isovalues on face region Face region AIR_EXT COIL1P COIL1N COIL2P COIL2N MAGNET1 MAGNET2 WHEEL Formula
Mod(B)
Result
The following chart shows the magnetic flux density on the AIR_EXT, COIL1P, COIL1N, COIL2P, COIL2N, MAGNET1, MAGNET2, and WHEEL face regions.
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3.2.2. Compute and display arrows of the magnetic flux density in faces region
Goal
The vector quantities of the magnetic flux density are computed in the selected face regions and displayed in the form of arrows.
Data
The characteristics of the arrows are presented in the table below.

Arrows in Face regions Volume region AIR_EXT COIL1P COIL1N COIL2P COIL2N MAGNET1 MAGNET2 WHEEL Formula
(B)
Result
The following arrows show direction and magnitude of the magnetic flux density in the AIR_EXT, COIL1P, COIL1N, COIL2P, COIL2N, MAGNET1, MAGNET2 and WHEEL face regions.
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3.2.3. Create 2D grid for computation and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density
Goal
One 2D grid is created midpoint of the second stranded coil
Data
The characteristics of the 2D grid are presented in the table below.

Rectangular 2D grid in XY plane: definition Name Comment For the magnet Coordinate system PROBE_CS 2D grid origin coordinates First Second 0 0
GRID_ONMAGNET
Rectangular 2D grid in XY plane: definition Characteristics along X Number of Positive X Negative X disc. elements 12 12 30 Characteristics along Y Number of Positive Y Negative Y disc. elements 6 6 20
Rectangular 2D grid in XY plane: appearance Visibility visible Color green
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3.2.4. Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic flux density on a 2D grid
Goal
The scalar quantities of the magnetic flux density are computed on the 2D grids and displayed via isovalue plots of color shadings.
Data
The characteristics of the isovalues are presented in the table below.

Isovalues on 2D grid 2D grid GRID_ONMAGNET Formula Mod(B)
Result
The following chart shows the magnetic flux density on the GRID_ONMAGNET grid
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3.2.5. Compute and display isovalues of the magnetic field strength on a 2D grid
Goal
The scalar quantities of the magnetic flux density are computed on the 2D grids and displayed via isovalue plots of color shadings.
Data

Isovalues on 2D grid 2D grid GRID_ONMAGNET Formula Mod(H)
Result
The following chart shows the magnetic field strength on the GRID_ONMAGNET grid
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3.2.6. Compute the magnetic flux density on a point
Goal
The magnetic flux density is computed on the selected point.
Data
The characteristics of the point are presented in the table below.

Quantities computation on points Name Comment Formula B
POINT1 Center of the magnet
Point defined by its coordinates Coordinates first second 0 0 localization no constraint Coord. system PROBE_CS001 Region MAGNET2
Result
The following values show the X and Y components of the magnetic flux density at the above-described point.
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3.2.7. Plot a 2D curve of the magnetic field strength along a path
Goal
The variation of the magnetic flux density is computed along the selected path and displayed as curve.
Data (1)
The characteristics of the path are presented in the table below.

Path defined by 2 points Name SEGMENT Comment Along the magnet Definition by coordinates Discretization 50
Path defined by coordinates Path points Starting point Ending point Coordinates Coordinates Coord. system Coord. system First Second First Second PROBE_CS001 -15 0 PROBE_CS001 15 0
Data (2)
The characteristics of the curve are presented in the table below.

2D curve (XYZ path) Name CURVE Comment Magnetic field strength along the segment in magnet Path SEGMENT Formula H
Continued on next page
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Result
The following curves show the components of the magnetic field strength along the X and Y -axes.
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3.2.8. Compute the magnetic force on face regions
Goal
The value of the magnetic force is computed on the selected volume region and the result of computation is displayed in the dialog box.
Data
The characteristics of the magnetic force computation are presented in the table below.
Predefined magnetic force Name FORCE_MAGNET Face region MAGNET2
Result
The following dialog box shows the result of computation of the magnetic force on the MAGNET2 face region.
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Case 2: parametric computation
4.
Case 2
The second case is a parametric computation.
The angle of the cogged wheel will vary. In this parametric study, the geometric parameter is the angle that varies in the range [75, 195] with a step of 3.
The starting project is the Flux project GEO_MESH_PHYS.FLU. This project contains: the geometry description of the device the mesh and computation domain the initial physical description of the contactor
Project name
The new Flux project is saved under the name of CASE2.FLU.
Contents
This chapter contains the following topics: Topic Case 2: solving process Case 2: results post-processing See Page 30 33
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4.1.
Case 2: solving process
Introduction
This section explains how to prepare and solve case 2.
Flux module
The Flux module is Preflu_2D.
Contents
This section contains the following topics: Topic Create sensors Define the solving scenario and solve the project See Page 31 32
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Flux 10
4.1.1. Create sensors
Goal
Two sensors are created to compute the magnetic flux through the coils
Data
The characteristics of the sensors are defined in the table below.

Predefined sensor : Flux through a coil conductor Name FLUX_PROBE1 FLUX_PROBE2 Coil Conductor COIL_CONDUCTOR1 COIL_CONDUCTOR2
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4.1.2. Define the solving scenario and solve the project
Goal
The scenario with the controlled geometrical parameter is defined for a varying solving process.
Data
The characteristics of the solving scenario are presented in the tables below.
Solving scenario Name SCENARIO1 Comment study using a geometrical parameter Solving scenario Parameter control Controlled parameter ALPHA Type Multi-values Lower endpoint 75 Interval Upper Method endpoint step 195 value Step value 3 Type multi-values
Action
Solve CASE 2 using the scenario 1 with parametric study.
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4.2.
Case 2: results post-processing
Introduction
This section explains how to analyze the principal results of case 2.
Contents
This section contains the following topics: Topic Display a color-shaded plot of the magnetic flux density Display arrows of the magnetic flux density Display arrows of the magnetic flux density See Page 34 35 35
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4.2.1. Display a color-shaded plot of the magnetic flux density (alpha=120)
Goal
First, the computation step of the geometrical parameterized study is selected (alpha=120). Then, the scalar quantities of the magnetic flux density are computed on the selected face regions and displayed via isovalue plots of color shadings.
Data (1)
The characteristics of the scenario and computation step selection are presented in the table below.
Scenario and computation step Scenario SCENARIO1 Computation step Parameter name Value ALPHA 120
Data (2)

Isovalues on face region Face region AIR_EXT COIL1N COIL1P COIL2N COIL2P MAGNET1 MAGNET2 WHEEL Formula
Mod(B)
Result
The following chart shows the magnetic flux density on the selected regions.
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4.2.2. Display arrows of the magnetic flux density (alpha=120)
Goal
First, the computation step of the geometrical parameterized study is selected (alpha =120). Then, the scalar quantities of the magnetic flux density are computed on the selected face regions and displayed via arrows.
Data (1)
The characteristics of the scenario and computation step selection are presented in the table below.
Scenario and computation step Scenario CASE2 Computation step Parameter name Value ALPHA 120
Data (2)
The characteristics of the arrows are presented in the table below.

Arrows on face region Face region AIR_EXT COIL1N COIL1P COIL2N COIL2P MAGNET1 MAGNET2 WHEEL Formula
(B)
Result
The following chart shows the magnetic flux density on the selected regions.
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4.2.3. Plot a 2D curve of the flux through coil conductors versus an I/O parameters (for alpha=120)
Goal
The values of the flux through the two coil conductor versus the angular position of the cogged wheel are computed and displayed in a curve
Data
The characteristics of the curve are presented in the table below

2D curve (I/O parameter)
Name CURVE
Comment Flux through coil conductor
Name ALPHA
Parameter Lower endpoint 75
Upper endpoint 195
Formula sensors Flux_probe1 Flux_probe2
Result
The following curves show the variation of flux through coil conductor in function of the angle variation of the cogged wheel.
PAGE 36

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CAD Package for Electromagnetic and Thermal Analysis using Finite Elements

Copyright August 2009

Flux is a registered trademark.

Flux software : Flux tutorials :

COPYRIGHT CEDRAT/INPG/CNRS/EDF COPYRIGHT CEDRAT

This tutorial was edited on 18 August 2009 Ref.: K205-10-EN-08/09

Command files and Flux files

To describe the geometry and mesh the physics Case 1 Case 2

recover the Flux file* SENSOR_2D.FLU GEO_MESH_PHYS.FLU CASE1.FLU CASE2.FLU

* Flux files are ready to be meshed and then solved.

2. Construction of the Flux project ...............................................................................................9

3. Case 1: static study ...............................................................................................................17

4. Case 2: parametric computation............................................................................................29

1.1.1. Description of the studied device

COIL 2+ MAGNET 2 COIL 2PROBE 2

1.1.2. Studied cases

The first case is a static study.

The second case is a parametric computation.

Strategy to build the Flux project

1.2.1. Main phases for physical description

Main phases for physical description, Continued

Assignment of face regions

Construction of the Flux project

Construction of the Flux project

Starting Flux project

New Flux project

The new Flux project is GEO_MESH_PHYS.FLU.

Construction of the Flux project

Physical description process

Construction of the Flux project

2.1.1. Define the physical application

The characteristics of the application are presented in the table below.

Construction of the Flux project

2.1.2. Create materials

The characteristics of the materials are presented in the tables below.

Construction of the Flux project

2.1.3. Create face regions

AIR_WHEEL INFINITE* MAGNET1 MAGNET2 WHEEL

FERRITE FERRITE STEEL

Turquoise Turquoise Turquoise Magenta

Construction of the Flux project

Two coils are created to measure the flux density.

Turn number 1000 1000 1000 1000

COIL1N COIL1P COIL2N COIL2P

COIL_CONDUCTOR1 COIL_CONDUCTOR1 COIL_CONDUCTOR2 COIL_CONDUCTOR2

negative positive negative positive

series series series series

red red red red

Construction of the Flux project

2.1.5. Assign face regions to faces

The region assignment is presented in the figure below.

COIL1P AIR_EXT MAGNET1

Construction of the Flux project

2.1.6. Orient material for face region

An orientation of the material region is needed to describe physics.

The orientation of the material region is related in the table below

Case 1: static study

Case 1: static study

The first case is a static study.

Starting Flux project

The Flux project is saved under the name of CASE1.FLU

Case 1: static study

Case 1: solving process