A System to convert Gravitational Energy

directly into Electrical Energy

Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.
Copyright 2012 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.

We show that it is possible to produce strong gravitational accelerations on the free electrons of a
conductor in order to obtain electrical current. This allows the conversion of gravitational energy directly
into electrical energy. Here, we propose a system that can produce several tens of kilowatts of electrical
energy converted from the gravitational energy.

Key words: Modified theories of gravity, Electric fields effects on material flows, Electron tubes, Electrical instruments.
PACS: 04.50.Kd, 83.60.Np , 84.47.+w, 07.50.-e.


1. Introduction

In a previous paper [1], we have
proposed a system to convert gravitational
energy into rotational kinetic energy
(Gravitational Motor), which can be
converted into electrical energy by means of
a conventional electrical generator. Now, we
propose a novel system to convert
gravitational energy directly into electrical
energy.
It is known that, in some materials,
called conductors, the free electrons are so
loosely held by the atom and so close to the
neighboring atoms that they tend to drift
randomly from one atom to its neighboring
atoms. This means that the electrons move in
all directions by the same amount. However,
if some outside force acts upon the free
electrons their movement becomes not
random, and they move from atom to atom at
the same direction of the applied force. This
flow of electrons (their electric charge)
through the conductor produces the electrical
current, which is defined as a flow of electric
charge through a medium [2]. This charge is
typically carried by moving electrons in a
conductor, but it can also be carried by ions
in an electrolyte, or by both ions and
electrons in a plasma [3].
Thus, the electrical current arises in a
conductor when an outside force acts upon
the free electrons. This force is called, in a
generic way, of electromotive force (EMF).
Usually, it is of electrical nature ( ) . eE F =



Here, it is shown that the electrical flow can
also be achieved by means of gravitational
forces ( ) g m F
e
= . The Gravitational
Shielding Effect (BR Patent Number:
PI0805046-5, July 31, 2008 [4]), shows that
a battery of Gravitational Shieldings can
strongly intensify the gravitational
acceleration in any direction and, in this way,
it is possible to produce strong gravitational
accelerations on the free electrons of a
conductor in order to obtain electrical
current.

2. Theory

From the quantization of gravity it
follows that the gravitational mass m
g
and
the inertial mass m
i
are correlated by means
of the following factor [1]:
( ) 1 1 1 2 1
2
0 0

+ = =
c m
p
m
m
i i
g

where is the rest inertial mass of the

particle and
0 i
m
p is the variation in the
particles kinetic momentum; is the speed
of light.
c
When p is produced by the
absorption of a photon with wavelength , it
is expressed by h p = . In this case, Eq.
(1) becomes
2
( ) 2 1 1 2 1
1 1 2 1
2
0
2
0
0

+ =

+ =

c m h
m
m
i
i
g
where c m h
i0 0
= is the De Broglie
wavelength for the particle with rest inertial
mass .
0 i
m
It has been shown that there is an
additional effect - Gravitational Shielding
effect - produced by a substance whose
gravitational mass was reduced or made
negative [5]. The effect extends beyond
substance (gravitational shielding) , up to a
certain distance from it (along the central
axis of gravitational shielding). This effect
shows that in this region the gravity
acceleration, , is reduced at the same
proportion, i.e.,
1
g
g g
1
1
= where
0
1
i g
m m = and is the gravity
acceleration before the gravitational
shielding). Consequently, after a second
gravitational shielding, the gravity will be
given by
g
g g g
2 1 1 2
2
= = , where
2
is
the value of the ratio
0 i g
m m for the second
gravitational shielding. In a generalized way,
we can write that after the nth gravitational
shielding the gravity, , will be given by
n
g

( ) 3 ...
3 2 1
g g
n
n
=

This possibility shows that, by means
of a battery of gravitational shieldings, we
can make particles acquire enormous
accelerations. In practice, this can lead to the
conception of powerful particles accelerators,
kinetic weapons or weapons of shockwaves.
From Electrodynamics we know that
when an electromagnetic wave with
frequency and velocity incides on a
material with relative permittivity
f c
r
,
relative magnetic permeability
r
and
electrical conductivity , its velocity is
reduced to
r
n c v = where is the index of
refraction of the material, given by [
r
n
6]
( ) ( ) 4 1 1
2
2

+ + = =

r r
r
v
c
n
If >> , f 2 = , Eq. (4) reduces to
( ) 5
4
0
f
n
r
r

=
Thus, the wavelength of the incident
radiation (See Fig. 1) becomes
( ) 6
4
mod

f n n
f c
f
v
r r
= = = =










Fig. 1 Modified Electromagnetic Wave. The
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave can be
strongly reduced, but its frequency remains the same.
v = c v = c/n
r
= c/f

mod
= v/f = c/n
r
f
n
r

If a lamina with thickness equal to
contains atoms/m n
3
,

then the number of
atoms per area unit is n . Thus, if the
electromagnetic radiation with frequency
incides on an area of the lamina it
reaches
f S
nS atoms. If it incides on the total
area of the lamina, , then the total number
of atoms reached by the radiation is
f
S

f
nS N = . The number of atoms per unit of
volume, , is given by n

( ) 7
0
A
N
n

=
where is the
Avogadros number;
kmole atoms N / 10 02 . 6
26
0
=
is the matter density
of the lamina (in kg/m
3
) and A is the molar
mass(kg/kmole).
When an electromagnetic wave incides
on the lamina, it strikes front atoms,
where
f
N
( )
m f f
S n N ,
m
is the diameter of
the atom. Thus, the electromagnetic wave
incides effectively on an area , where
m f
S N S=
2
4
1
m m
S = is the cross section area of one atom.
3
After these collisions, it carries out
with the other atoms (See Fig.2).
collisions
n










Fig. 2 Collisions inside the lamina.
atom
S
m
Wave


Thus, the total number of collisions in the
volume S is

( )
( ) 8

S n
S n S n S n n N N
l
m m l m l collisions f collisions
=
= + = + =

The power density, , of the radiation on the
lamina can be expressed by
D

( ) 9
m f
S N
P
S
P
D = =

We can express the total mean number
of collisions in each atom, , by means of
the following equation
1
n

( ) 10
1
N
N n
n
collisions photons total
=

Since in each collision a momentum h is
transferred to the atom, then the total
momentum transferred to the lamina will be
( ) h N n p
1
= . Therefore, in accordance
with Eq. (1), we can write that

( )
( )
( )
( ) 11 1 1 2 1
1 1 2 1
2
0
2
0
1
0

+ =
=

+ =

collisions photons total

l i
l g
N n
N n
m
m

Since Eq. (8) gives S n N
l collisions
= , we get
( ) (12
2
S n
hf
P
N n
l collisions photons total

= )

Substitution of Eq. (12) into Eq. (11) yields

( )
( )
( ) ( ) 13 1 1 2 1
2
0
2
0

+ =

S n
hf
P
m
m
l
l i
l g

Substitution of P given by Eq. (9) into Eq.
(13) gives

( )
( ) ( )
( ) 14 1
1
1 2 1
2
0
2
0

+ =

c m
S n
f
D S N
m
m
l i
l
m f
l i
l g

Substitution of ( )
m f l f
S n N and
m f
S N S =
into Eq. (14) results

( )
( ) ( )
( ) 15 1
1
1 2 1
2
2
0
2 2 2 3
0

+ =

cf m
D S S n
m
m
l i
m m f l
l i
l g

where
( ) ( ) ( ) l l l i
V m =
0
.
Now, considering that the lamina is
inside an ELF electromagnetic field with
E and B , then we can write that [7]

( )
( ) 16
2
0
2
c
E n
D
l r

=

Substitution of Eq. (16) into Eq. (15) gives

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 17 1
1
2
1 2 1
2
2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2 3
0

+ =


f c m
E S S n n
m
m
l i
m m f l l r
l i
l g

In the case in which the area is just the
area of the cross-section of the lamina
f
S
( )

S ,
we obtain from Eq. (17), considering that
( ) ( )


S m
l l i
=
0
, the following expression

4
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 18 1
1
2
1 2 1
2
2 2
0
2 2 2 3
0

+ =

f c
E S S n n
m
m
l
m m l l r
l i
l g
According to Eq. (6) we have
( )
( ) 19
f n
c
f
v
l r
= = =
mod

Substitution of Eq. (19) into Eq. (18) gives

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 20 1
4
1 2 1
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4
0

+ =
f c
E S S n n
m
m
l
m m
l l r
l i
l g

Note that t E E
m
sin = .The average value
for
2
E is equal to
2
2
1
m
E because E varies
sinusoidaly ( is the maximum value
for
m
E
E ). On the other hand, 2
m rms
E E = .
Consequently we can change
4
E by ,
and the equation above can be rewritten as
follows
4
rms
E
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 21 1
4
1 2 1
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4
0

+ =
= =
f c
E S S n n
m
m
l
rms m m
l l r
l i
l g

Now consider the system shown in

Fig.3. It was designed to convert
Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical
Energy. Thus, we can say that it is a
Gravitational EMF Source.
Inside the system there is a dielectric
tube ( 1
r
) with the following characteristics:
mm 8 = (diameter),
2 5 2
10 03 . 5 4 m S

= =

.
Inside the tube there is a Lead sphere
( ) with 4mm radius and
mass
3
/ 11340 m Kg
s
=
kg M
gs
3
10 04 . 3

= . The tube is filled
with air at ambient temperature and 1atm.
Thus, inside the tube, the air density is
( ) 22 . 2 . 1
3
= m kg
air

The number of atoms of air (Nitrogen) per

unit of volume, , according to Eq.(7), is
given by
air
n

( ) 23 / 10 16 . 5
3 25 0
m atoms
A
N
n
N
air
air
= =

The parallel metallic plates (p), shown
in Fig.3 are subjected to different drop
voltages. The two sets of plates (D), placed
on the extremes of the tube, are subjected to
( )
V V
rms D
72 134. = at Hz f 60 = , while the
central set of plates (A) is subjected to
( )
V V
rms A
98 273. = at Hz f 60 = . Since
mm d 14 = , then the intensity of the electric
field, which passes through the 36 cylindrical
air laminas (each one with 5mm thickness)
of the two sets (D), is
( ) ( )
m V d V E
rms D rms D
/ .
3
10 623 9 = =
and the intensity of the electric field, which
passes through the 19 cylindrical air laminas
of the central set (A), is given by
( ) ( )
m V d V E
rms A rms A
/ .
4
10 957 1 = =
Note that the metallic rings (5mm
thickness) are positioned in such way to
block the electric field out of the cylindrical
air laminas. The objective is to turn each one
of these laminas into a Gravity Control Cells
(GCC) [5]. Thus, the system shown in Fig. 3
has 3 sets of GCC. Two with 18 GCC each,
and one with 19 GCC. The two sets with 18
GCC each are positioned at the extremes of
the tube (D). They work as gravitational
decelerator while the other set with 19 GCC
(A) works as a gravitational accelerator,
intensifying the gravity acceleration
produced by the mass of the Lead
sphere. According to Eq. (3), this gravity,
after the GCC becomes
gs
M
th
19
2
0
19
19
r GM g
gs
= ,
where
( ) ( ) l i l g
m m = given by Eq. (21) and
mm r 9
0
= is the distance between the center
of the Lead sphere and the surface of the first
GCC of the set (A).
The objective of the sets (D), with 18
GCC each, is to reduce strongly the value of
the external gravity along the axis of the
tube. In this case, the value of the external
gravity, , is reduced by the factor ,
where
ext
g
ext d
g
18

2
10

=
d
. For example, if the base
BS of the system is positioned on the Earth

5



















































Fig. 3 A Gravitational EMF Source (Developed from a process patented in July, 31 2008, PI0805046-5)
E
= 5 mm
Parallel plate
capacitor (p)
1
2
17
18
1
2
18
19
1
2
17
18
=8mm
d = 14 mm
M
g
Metallic ring
(5 mm thickness)
Electric field of
capacitor
Lead sphere
(8 mm diameter)
Iron rod
(8 mm diameter,
100 mm height)
F
e
+F
p
+F
n
= 0
F = 0
Dielectric tube

r
1
BS
A
D
D
E
D(rms)
E
A(rms)
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
1 atm 300K

Air
r
0
=9mm
Air
Air
Air
134.72V
60Hz
273.98V
60Hz
Transformer
B
2.5m T
220V 60Hz
128.9 kW
Converter
60Hz / 1Hz
20V
1Hz
x
B
= 100 mm
5
80W
Inductor
1 turn (inner radius: r =5mm)
100 mm
+ r
Aluminum
i
s
= 58.6A, # 1 AWG
Cable
500AWG
2.2kV
60Hz
T
N
p
=100 turns
N
s
=10 turns
Nucleus

r
= 60
(iron cast)

Relay
Initialization
source ~
i = 4 A
# 14 AWG

6
surface, then is reduced
to and, after the set A, it is increased
by . Since the system is designed for
2
/ 81 . 9 s m g
ext
=
ext d
g
18

19

4138 . 6 = , then the gravity acceleration

on the sphere becomes
, this value is much
smaller than
2 20 18 19
/ 10 1 . 2 s m g
ext d

=
2 8 2
/ 10 27 . 1 s m r GM g
s gs sphere

= = .
The values of and
d
, according to
Eq. (21) are given by

( ) ( )
( )
( ) 24 1 10 44 1 1 2 1
1
4
1 2 1
4 16
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4

+ =
=

+ =

rms A
air
rms A
m m
air air r
E
f c
E S S n n
.

( ) ( )
( )
( ) 25 1 10 44 1 1 2 1
1
4
1 2 1
4 16
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4

+ =
=

+ =

rms D
air
rms D
m m
air air r
d
E
f c
E S S n n
.

where
( )
1 =
r r air r
n , since ( ) <<
*
;
, ,
3 25
/ 10 16 . 5 m atoms n
air
= m
m
10
10 55 . 1

=
2 20 2
10 88 . 1 4 m S
m m

= = and Hz f 60 = .
Since and
, we get
( )
m V E
rms A
/ .
4
10 957 1 =
( )
m V E
rms D
/ .
3
10 623 9 =
( ) 26 4138 . 6 =

and

( ) 27 10
2

d

Note that there is a uniform magnetic
field, B , through the Iron rod. Then, the
gravitational forces due to the gravitational
mass of the sphere ( )
gs
M acting on electrons

*
The electrical conductivity of air, inside the
dielectric tube, is equal to the electrical conductivity
of Earths atmosphere near the land, whose average
value is m S
air
/ 10 1
14
[8].
( )
e
F , protons ( )
p
F and neutrons ( )
p
F of
the Iron rod, are respectively expressed by
the following relations
( ) 28
2
0
7

= =
r
M
G m a m F
gs
e Be e ge e


( ) 29
2
0
7

= =
r
M
G m a m F
gs
p Bp p gp p


( ) 30
2
0
7

= =
r
M
G m a m F
gs
n Bn n gn n

The factors
B
are due to the electrons,
protons and neutrons are inside the magnetic
field B.
In order to make null the resultant of
these forces in the Iron (and also in the
sphere) we must have , i.e.,
n p e
F F F + =
( ) 31
Bn n Bp p Be e
m m m + =
It is important to note that the set with
19 GCC (A) cannot be turned on before the
magnetic field B is on. Because the
gravitational accelerations on the Iron rod
and Lead sphere will be enormous
( )
2 6 2
0
19
/ 10 4 . 5 s m r GM
gs
, and will
explode the device.
The force is the electromotive force
(EMF), which produces the electrical current.
Here, this force has gravitational nature. The
corresponding force of electrical nature
is
e
F
eE F
e
= . Thus, we can write that
( ) 32 eE a m
e ge
=
The electrons inside the Iron rod (See Fig. 3)
are subjected to the gravity acceleration
produced by the sphere, and increased by the
19 GCC in the region (A). The result is
( ) 33
2
0
19 19
r
M
G g a
gs
s e
= =
Comparing Eq. (32) with Eq.(33), we obtain
( ) 34
2
0
19
r
M
G
e
m
E
gs ge

=
The electron mobility,
e
, considering
various scattering mechanisms can be
obtained by solving the Boltzmann equation
7
in the relaxation time approximation. The
result is [9]
( ) 35
ge
e
m
e
=
where is the average relaxation time over
the electron energies and is the
gravitational mass of electron, which is the
effective mass of electron.
ge
m
Since can be expressed by
2
ne m
ge
= [10], then Eq. (35) can be
written as follows
( ) 36
ne
e

=
Thus, the drift velocity will be expressed by
( ) 37
2
0
19
r
M
G
e
m
ne
E v
gs ge
e d

= =
and the electrical current density expressed
by
( ) 38
2
0
19
r
M
G
e
m
v j
gs ge
iron d qe e

= =
where ne
qe
= , and
e Be ge
m m = .
Therefore, Eq. (38) reduces to
( ) 39
2
0
19
r
M
G
e
m
j
gs
Be
e
iron e

=
In order to calculate the expressions of
Be
,
Bp
and
Bn
we start from Eq. (17), for
the particular case of single electron in the region
subjected to the magnetic field B (Iron rod). In
this case, we must substitute by
( ) l r
n
( )
( )
2
1
0
4 f n
iron iron r riron
=
l
n ; by
3
3
4
1 1
e e
r V = ( is the electrons radius),
by
e
r
f
S
( )
e e e
V SSA ( is the specific surface
area for electrons in this case:
e
SSA
e e e e e e e e e
V r V A m A SSA
2
2
1
2
1
2 = = = ),
by ,
m
S
2
e e
r S = by
e m
r 2 = and
by . The result is
( ) l i
m
0
e
m
( ) 40 1
56 . 45
1 2 1
2 4 4 2 2
0
4 2 4 2

+ =

f c m
E n r
e
riron e
Be
Electrodynamics tells us that
( )
( )
rms iron r rms rms
B n c vB E = = , and Eq. (19)
gives ( ) f
iron iron
4
mod
= = . Substitution
of these expressions into Eq. (40) yields
( ) 41 1
56 . 45
1 2 1
2 2 2 2
0
4 4 2

+ =
f c m
B r
e
rms e
Be

Similarly, in the case of proton and neutron

we can write that
( ) 42 1
56 . 45
1 2 1
2 2 2 2
0
4 4 2

+ =
f c m
B r
p
rms p
Bp

( ) 43 1
56 . 45
1 2 1
2 2 2 2
0
4 4 2

+ =
f c m
B r
n
rms n
Bn

The radius of free electron is m r

e
14
10 87 . 6

=
(See Appendix A) and the radius of protons
inside the atoms (nuclei) is m r
p
15
10 2 . 1

= ,
p n
r r , then we obtain from Eqs. (41) (42)
and (43) the following expressions:
( ) 44 1 10 49 . 8 1 2 1
2
4
4

+ =
f
B
rms
Be

( ) 45 1 10 35 . 2 1 2 1
2
4
9

+ =

f
B
rms
Bp Bn

Then, from Eq. (31) it follows that
( ) 46 2
Bp p Be e
m m
Substitution of Eqs. (44) and (45) into Eq.
(46) gives
( ) 47 3 . 3666
1 10 35 . 2 1 2 1
1 10 49 . 8 1 2 1
2
4
9
2
4
4
=

f
B
f
B
rms
rms
For Hz f 1 = , we get
[ ] { }
[ ] { }
( ) 48 3 . 3666
1 10 35 . 2 1 2 1
1 10 49 . 8 1 2 1
4 7
4 6
=
+
+

rms
rms
B
B
whence we obtain
( ) 49 5 . 2 T m B
rms
=
Consequently, Eq. (44) and (45) yields
( ) 50 3 . 3666 =
Be

and
8
( ) 51 999 . 0
Bp Bn

In order to the forces and have
contrary direction (such as occurs in the
case, in which the nature of the electromotive
force is electrical) we must have
e
F
p
F
0 <
Be

and 0 >
Bp Bn
(See equations (28) (29)
and (30)), i.e.,
( ) 52 0 1 10 49 . 8 1 2 1
2
4
4
<

+
f
B
rms
and
( ) 53 0 1 10 35 . 2 1 2 1
2
4
9
>

+

f
B
rms
This means that we must have
( ) 54 86 . 151 06 . 0 f B f
rms
< <
In the case of Hz Hz f
6
10 1

= = the result is
( ) 55 151 . 0 10 5 . 6
5
T B T
rms
< <

Note the cylindrical format (1turn,
) of the inductor (Figs. 3 and 6). By
using only 1 turn it is possible to eliminate
the capacitive effect between the turns. This
is highly relevant in this case because the
extremely-low frequency
mm r 5 =
Hz f 1 = would
strongly increase the capacitive reactance
( ) associated to the inductor. When a
current passes through this inductor, the
value of
C
X
i
B inside the Iron rod is given by
B r
x i B
0
= where is
inductors length and
mm x
B
100 =
4000 =
r
(very pure
Iron). However, the effective permeability is
defined as
( )
( )
m r r eff r
N 1 1 + = , where is
the average demagnetizing factor [
m
N
11]. Since
the iron rod has 5mm diameter and 100mm
height, then we obtain the factor
20 5 / 100 = = mm mm which gives 02 . 0 =
m
N
(See table V[12]). Therefore, we obtain
( )
4 . 49 =
eff r
. Thus, for mT B
rms
5 . 2 = (See Eq.
(49)) ,i.e.,
( )
mT x i B
B eff r
5 . 2
0
= = , the value
of must be i A i 4 = . Then, the resistor in
Fig.3. must have = 5 4 20 A V . The
dissipated power is 80W.
Let us now calculate the current
density through the Iron rod (Fig. 3).
According to Eq. (39) we have

2
0
19
r
M
G
e
m
j
gs
Be
e
iron e

=

Since , m S
iron
/ 10 03 . 1
7
= 4138 . 6 = ,
3 . 3666 =
Be
, kg M
gs
3
10 04 . 3

= and
mm r 9
0
= , we obtain
2 6
/ 10 164 . 1 m A j
e
=
Given that
2 5 2
10 03 . 5 4 m S

= =

we get

A S j i
e source
6 . 58 =


The resistance of the Iron rod is
=

=
4
10 93 . 1

S
x
R
iron
B
source
Thus, the dissipated power by the Iron rod is
( ) 56 66 . 0
2
W i R P
source source d
=
Note that this Gravitational EMF
source is a Current Source. As we known, a
Current Source is a device that keeps
invariable the electric current between its
terminals. So, if the source is connected to an
external load, and the resistance of the load
varies, then the own source will increase or
decrease its output voltage in order to
maintain invariable the value of the current in
the circuit.










Fig. 4 Current Source
V
source
~ i
source
R
source
R
Load

V


Based on Kirchhoffs laws we can
express the electric voltage between the
terminals of the Current Source, , by means
of the following relation (See Fig.4):
s
V
V i R V
source source source
+ =
where is the voltage applied on the
charge.
V
The transformer connected to
Gravitational EMF Source (See Fig. 3) is
T
9
designed

to make the voltage

. Since , then
we can write that . Thus, in the
primary circuit, the voltage is
and the current is
; the winding turns ratio
is
Hz kV V 60 @ 2 . 2 = V i R
source source
<<
V V
source

kV V V V
source p
2 . 2 = =
A i i
source p
6 . 58 = =
10 =
s p
N N ; thus, in the secondary circuit
the output voltage is Hz V V
s
60 @ 220 = and
the current is A i
s
586 = . Consequently, the
source output power is
kW i V P
s s
9 . 128 = =
Note that, in order to initializing the
Gravitational EMF Source, is used an
external source, which is removed after the
initialization of the Gravitational EMF
Source.
Now it will be shown that this
Gravitational EMF source can be
miniaturized.
We start making and mm x
B
10 =
mm 5 . 0 = ; mm 2 = , , mm d
A
8 = mm d
D
16 =
and mm r 5 . 1
0
= (See Fig. 5). The sphere with
2mm diameter is now of Tungsten carbide
(W+Cobalt) with density.
Then
3
/ 630 , 15 m kg
kg M
gs
5
10 54 . 6

= and
2 6
10 14 . 3 m S

=

.
Thus, for Hz f 1 = Eq.(21) gives
( )
( ) 57 1 10 03 2 1 2 1
4 3

+ =

rms A
E .
For
( )
mV V
rms A
5 93. = and mm d
A
8 = we
get , and Eq. (57) yields
( )
m V E
rms A
/ .688 11 =
236 . 6 =
For
( )
mV V
rms D
5 93. = and mm d
D
16 = we get
and
( )
m V E
rms D
/ .844 5 = 01 0.
d
.

The impedances are respectively,

( ) = = 36 . 14 2 2
2
0 p p p r p p
l A N f fL Z
( ) = =
4 2
0
10 154 . 6 2 2
s s s r s s
l A N f fL Z
( )
( ) = + = + = 56 . 37
s s p p reflected p total p
Z N N Z Z Z Z
where 60 =
r
(iron cast), 100 =
p
N , 10 =
s
N ,
, m l l
s p
18 . 0 = = mm
p
6 . 107 = , mm
s
8 . 136 = ,
, .
2
0091 . 0 m A
p
=
2
0147 . 0 m A
s
=

Since and m S
iron
/ 10 03 . 1
7
=
3 . 3666 =
Be
, then the value of is
e
j
2 5
2
0
19
/ 10 29 . 5 m A
r
M
G
e
m
j
gs
Be
e
iron e
=
=

=
and
A S j i
e source
66 . 1 =


The resistance of the iron rod is given by
=

=
4
10 1 . 3

S
x
R
iron
B
source
Thus, the dissipated power by the Iron rod is
mW i R P
source source d
9 . 0
2
=
In the case of the miniaturized source, the
iron rod has 2mm diameter and 10mm
height, then we obtain the factor
5 2 / 10 = = mm mm which gives
06 . 0 =
m
N (See table V[12]). Therefore, we
obtain
( )
6 . 16 =
eff r
.
Since mV V V V
rms D rms A s
5 93.
) ( ) (
= = =
and the resistance of the resistor
1
R is
mW m 31 / 6 . 21 (See Fig.5), then the current
from the first source is A i 2 . 1 = . Thus, we get
( )
mT x i B
B eff r
5 . 2
0
= = .
Since the current through the second
source is A i
source
66 . 1 = , and, if the voltage
required by the charge, is V V 7 . 3 = (usual
lithium batteries voltage), then the source
voltage is given by
V V i R V
source source source
7 . 3 + =
Consequently, the miniaturized source can
provide the power:
( ) W A V i V P
sorce source
1 . 6 66 . 1 7 . 3 = =
This is the magnitude of the power of lithium
batteries used in mobiles. Note that the
miniaturized source of Gravitational EMF
does not need to be recharged and it
occupies a volume (8mm x 70mm x 80mm.
See Fig.6) similar to the volume of the
mobile batteries. In addition, note that the
dimensions of this miniaturized source can
be further reduced (possibly down to a few
millimeters or less).


10


































R
1












Fig. 5 A Miniaturized Source of Gravitational EMF


E
= 0.5 mm
1
2
17
18
1
2
18
19
1
2
17
18
=2mm
d
D
= 16 mm
M
g
Metallic ring
(0.5 mm thickness)
Lead sphere
(2 mm diameter)
Iron rod
(2 mm diameter,
10 mm height)
Dielectric tube

r
1
D
D
E
D(rms)
E
A(rms)
Air
Air
Air
Air
1 atm 300K
r
0
=1.5mm
Air
Air
Air
70 mm
93.5mV
1Hz
93.5mV
1Hz
93.5mV
1Hz
2.5m T
Printed circuit board

B
Cylindrical Inductor
1 turn (inner radius: r = 2mm)
A
d
A
= 8 mm
R1
B
2.5m T
x
B
= 10 mm
Full
wave
rectifier
D
A
D
M
g
3.7V DC
6.1W
1
2
17
18
Air
Air
19
18
2
1
Air
=2mm
d
D
= 16 mm
d
A
= 8 mm
1
Air
2
17
18
V=3.7V
i
s
=1.66A
Tungsten carbide sphere
(2 mm diameter)
V
s
=V=3.7V
V
s
=93.5mV
i=1.2 A
Initialization
source
~
93.5mV
1Hz
80mm
mW m 31 / 6 . 21


11























High-power Source



















Low-power Source


Fig. 6 Schematic Diagram in 3D of the Gravitational EMF Sources

134,72V/60Hz
273.98V/60Hz
2.2kV/60Hz
Transformers and
Converter (60Hz/1Hz)
(inside)
Full wave
rectifier
93.5mV
1Hz
Cross-section
Cross-section
8 3 3
18mm
18mm
2
12mm
1
1
12
6
1
1
80mm
70mm 8mm thickness
Aluminum
Iron rod
(8 mm diameter,
100mm height)
Inductor
1 turn (inner radius:
R=5mm)
20V
1Hz
B
93.5mV
1Hz
4 . 49
5 ; 4
5 . 2
2
0

= =
= =
r
r
mm r A i
mT
r
i
B

6 . 16
2 ; 2 . 1
5 . 2
2
0

= =
= =
r
r
mm r A i
mT
r
i
B

5
80W
220V 60Hz
128.9 kW
Initialization
source
R1
3.7V DC
6.1W

Initialization
source


12



Appendix A: The Geometrical Radii of Electron and Proton

It is known that the frequency of
oscillation of a simple spring oscillator is

( ) 1
2
1
A
m
K
f

=

where is the inertial mass attached to the
spring and
m
K is the spring constant (in
Nm
1
). In this case, the restoring force
exerted by the spring is linear and given by

( ) 2 A Kx F =

where x is the displacement from the
equilibrium position.
Now, consider the gravitational force:
For example, above the surface of the Earth,
the force follows the familiar Newtonian
function, i.e.,
2
r m GM F
g g
= , where
the mass of Earth is, is the
gravitational mass of a particle and
g
M
g
m
r is the
distance between the centers. Below Earths
surface the force is linear and given by
( ) 3
3
A r
R
m GM
F
g g

=
where is the radius of Earth.

R
By comparing (A3) with (A2) we
obtain
( ) 4
3
A
x
r
R
GM
m
K
m
K g
g

= =

Making , and substituting (A4)

into (A1) gives

= = R r x

( ) 5
2
1
3
A
R
GM
f
g

In the case of an electron and a positron, we
substitute by ,
g
M
ge
m by
e
and by
, where is the radius of electron (or
positron). Thus, Eq. (A5) becomes

R
e
R
e
R


( ) 6
2
1
3
A
R
Gm
f
e
e ge

=
The value of
e
varies with the density of
energy [1]. When the electron and the
positron are distant from each other and the
local density of energy is small, the value of
e
becomes very close to 1. However, when
the electron and the positron are penetrating
one another, the energy densities in each
particle become very strong due to the
proximity of their electrical charges e and,
consequently, the value of
e
strongly
increases. In order to calculate the value of
e
under these conditions ( ), we
start from the expression of correlation
between electric charge and gravitational
mass, obtained in a previous work [
e
R r x = =
q
1]:

( )
( ) 7 4
0
A i m G q
imaginary g
=

where is the imaginary
gravitational mass, and
(imaginary g
m
)
1 = i .

In the case of electron, Eq. (A7) gives

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 8 10 6 . 1 4
4
4
4
19
0
3
2
0
2
0
3
2
0
0 0
0
A C m G
i m G
i m G
i m G q
real e i e
real e i e
imaginary e i e
imaginary ge e

= =
= =
= =
= =

where we obtain

( ) 9 10 8 . 1
21
A
e
=

This is therefore, the value of
e
increased
by the strong density of energy produced by
the electrical charges of the two particles,
under previously mentioned conditions.
e
13
Given that
e i e ge
m m
0
= , Eq. (A6)
yields
( ) 10
2
1
3
0
2
A
R
m G
f
e
e i e

=

From Quantum Mechanics, we know that

( ) 11
2
0
A c m hf
i
=

where is the Plancks constant. Thus, in
the case of we get
h
e i i
m m
0 0
=

( ) 12
2
0
A
h
c m
f
e i
=

By comparing (A10) and (A12) we
conclude that

( ) 13
2
1
3
0
2 2
0
A
R
m G
h
c m
e
e i e e i

=

Isolating the radius , we get:
e
R

( ) 14 10 87 . 6
2
14
2
0
3
2
3
1
A m
c
h
m
G
R
e
e i
e

Compare this value with the Compton sized
electron, which predicts
and also with standardized result recently
obtained of [
m R
e
13
10 86 . 3

=
m R
e
13
10 7 4

= 13].
In the case of proton, we have

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 15 10 6 . 1 4
4
4
4
19
0
3
2
0
2
0
3
2
0
0 0
0
A C m G
i m G
i m G
i m G q
real p i p
real p i p
imaginary p i p
imaginary gp p

= =
= =
= =
= =

where we obtain

( ) 16 10 7 . 9
17
A
p
=

Thus, the result is

( ) 17 10 72 . 3
2
17
2
0
3
2
3
1
A m
c
h
m
G
R
p
p i
p

Note that these radii, given by
Equations ( ) 14 A and ( , are the radii of
free electrons and free protons (when the
particle and antiparticle (in isolation)
penetrate themselves mutually).
) 17 A
Inside the atoms (nuclei) the radius of
protons is well-known. For example, protons,
as the hydrogen nuclei, have a radius given
by [ m R
p
15
10 2 . 1

14, 15]. The strong
increase in respect to the value given by Eq.
(A17) is due to the interaction with the
electron of the atom.

































14

Appendix B: An Experimental Setup for Testing a GCC with Air Nucleus





































~
5 mm
d = 14 mm
Metallic rings
Dielectric tube
(Acrylic)
= 8 mm
5 mm
10 mm
Rectangular
plate

g
g
g g =
Digital Force Gauge
( ) N N 01 . 0 ; 2
Dielectric tube
Metallic ring
d = 14 mm
8 mm
Metallic plate
20 mm
888888
Acrylic
plates
GCC

15



DETAILS OF PARTS












































5 mm
Metal
5 mm
5 mm
30 mm
20 mm
8 mm
10 mm
12 mm
5 mm
Metal
Acrylic
Metal


16
DETAIS OF THE BOX















































2 mm
20 mm
26 mm
5 mm
2 mm
20 mm
20mm
26 mm
26 mm
20 mm
20 mm
2 mm
20 mm
5 mm
5 mm
10 mm
Acrylic
3 plates 20mm x 26 mm x 2mm
2 plates 20mm x 20mm x 2mm
2 plates 20mm x 20mm x 1mm (inner plates)
4 plates 20mm x 5mm x 2mm
Aluminum
2 plates 20mm x 10mm
1 mm
1 mm






17


References

[1] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical Foundations of
the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity, Pacific
Journal of Science and Technology, 11 (1), pp. 173-
232.
[2] Valkengurg, V., (1992) Basic Electricity, Prompt
Publications, 1-38.

[3] Fischer-Cripps, A., (2004) The electronics companion.
CRC Press, p. 13, ISBN 9780750310123.

[4] De Aquino, F. (2008) Process and Device for
Controlling the Locally the Gravitational Mass and the
Gravity Acceleration, BR Patent Number: PI0805046-5,
July 31, 2008.

[5] De Aquino, F. (2010) Gravity Control by means of
Electromagnetic Field through Gas at Ultra-Low
Pressure, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology,
11(2) November 2010, pp.178-247, Physics/0701091.

[6] Quevedo, C. P. (1977) Eletromagnetismo, McGraw-
Hill, p. 270.

[7] Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. (1968) Physics, J. Willey &
Sons, Portuguese Version, Ed. USP, p.1124.

[8] Chalmers, J.A., (1967) Atmospheric Electricity,
Pergamon press, Oxford, London; Kamsali, N. et al.,
(2011) Advanced Air Pollution, chapter 20, DOI:
10.5772/17163, edited by Farhad Nejadkoorki, Publisher:
InTech, ISBN 978-953-307-511-2, under CC BY-NC-
SA 3.0 license.

[9] Kundu, J. et al., (2007) Semiconductor Physics,
Quantum Electronics& Optoelectronics, 10, 1, pp.1-3.

[10] Alonso, M. and Finn, E. (1967) Fundamental University
Physics, Addison-Wesley Co., Portuguese version Ed
Edgard Blcher (1972), p. 153.

[11] Marshall, S. V. and Skitec, G.G. (1980 ) Electromagnetic
Concepts and Applications, Prentice-Hall, NJ, Second
Edition, p.287

[12] Chen, D. et al., (1991) Demagnetizing Factors for
Cylinders, IEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 27,
Number,4, p. 3601. Table V, p. 3610.

[13] Mac Gregor. M. H., (1992) The Enigmatic Electron.
Boston: Klurer Academic, 1992, pp. 4-5.

[14] N.D. Cook (2010). Models of the Atomic Nucleus (2nd
ed.). Springer. p. 57 ff.. ISBN 978-3-642-14736-4.

[15] K.S. Krane (1987). Introductory Nuclear Physics.
Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0-471-80553-X.