1 Proposed Research title:

Methodological approach for selection of appropriate strategies for slum interventions in Indian context
1. Problem to be investigated: Since independence various slum redevelopment approaches were adopted by the Government of India to eradicate slums and improve living conditions of slum dwellers. Some of the major approaches adopted by the Government of India are: Slum eviction programmes Slum clearance and rehabilitation Community development programme Environmental improvement of urban slum Site and service schemes Provision of basic services Public participation approaches Systematic approaches under JNNURM Inclusive planning approaches (RAY) These strategies were adopted under various five year plans and implemented nationwide through national and state housing policies and programmes but still, results are marginal. In many cases the solutions seems to be implemented regardless of the life-style and socioeconomic, cultural, psychological and behavioral dimensions of the slum dwellers and fails to address their specific needs. It seems that there is a mis-match between preferences and aspirations of slum dwellers and what has been provided. The actual requirements of housing for the slum dwellers usually varied in nature that governed by many contributing factors. There is need to increase understanding in this area so that more acceptable housing solution can be provided. Various studies on housing for slum dwellers show that the acceptance among the slum dwellers for housing provided by Government is very low. Many a times it is sold or rented to the people who belong to above poverty line. Moreover, dissatisfied beneficiaries creates new slum for their living. The proposed research study will help the policymakers, executing agencies and researchers to understand the factual needs, priorities and expectation of slum dwellers. In this way the appropriate strategies, can be formed for wider acceptance among the people and creation of slum free cities. 2. Hypothesis: During the study of various slums and squatters mainly regarding their physical, social, environmental, economic, demographic and cultural profile, I made a hypothesis that every slum is UNIQUE in its characteristics hence, cannot be improved using one approach to all. This may be possible that using case specific approach for particular slum or may be some mixed kind of approaches can provide better solutions for the creation of more sustainable and acceptable slum interventions. This might be due to varied degree of preferences, aspirations, and needs of the different slum pockets.

Conceptual Analogies One medicine cannot eliminate all diseases thus, medical science adopts a simplistic method of observing symptoms-diagnoseassessment-treatment method for proper cure. Symptoms of any disease can be observed by experience or can be reported by the person concerned whereas, the diagnostic tools are used to take guidance for confirmation of disease but, it does not suggest any remedial measures itself. To eliminate cause one has to make right assessment with help of diagnostic reports to prescribe appropriate treatment.
Figure 1

Similarly, all slums are not alike they differs in their problems and potentials which should be deal as separate case for remedial measures of its problems rather than proto-type solutions thus, similar methodology can also be developed for preparation of redevelopment model for the slum. 3. Research questions: Can we develop methodological approaches to identify appropriate or best suited interventions for a particular slum? 4. Aim of the study To improve/ eradicate slums by raising their minimum living standard at par with the average living standards of the city by adopting appropriate interventions in tune with their needs and aspirations. 5. Objective of the study: 1. To study and understand various approaches adopted for slum interventions and identifying prospects and constraints. 2. To study and understand symptoms of slum in terms of their physical, social, environmental, economic, demographic and cultural characteristics along with their needs and aspirations. 3. To correlate existing approaches adopted for slum interventions and identifying reasons for marginal results 4. To develop a methodological approach for selection of appropriate strategies for slum interventions. 6. Scope and limitation of the research: The problems of the slums are related to several issues such as physical, demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, behavioral, administrative and political etc. at National, Regional and Local levels. Therefore its scope is very vast and the challenges posed by it are

Model commonly used in medical science

3 many. In fact, the task is so enlarged that it required multidimensional and optimal efforts in a systematic way. Keeping in mind the magnitude of the problem the proposed study will be focused to the existing squatter settlements of the Bhopal a fast growing city of the country. One squatter settlement from each ward of the city will be selected for the study. The selection of the squatter settlement will be carried out in such a way so that a time line of last six decades can have its representations. Nearly 15 % of squatter population of the city will be studied and secondary data can also be used after its authorization and updation. 7. Methodology:

Fig: 2 Conceptual Methodology for study 8. Conceptual Methodology for study The symptoms of the slum under consideration may be observed through certain well defined parameters for which, data can be obtain form primary and secondary surveys of the slum. These data can be weighted on likert scale for its measurements. At next stage there will be need to filter the collected information because sometimes data may be skewed and do not match with the symptoms that we observed in real situation. In such cases one should relook into the symptoms and collected information. Making an assessment will be important steps that will leads to provide set of action to be taken into consideration. Finally, redevelopment model can be suggested with categorizing parameters, variables and attributes for its demand, priority and feasibility.

When defined weighted symptoms (problems and potentials) of particular slum will be entered into the framework, this will generate a set of key parameters/ indicators/ variables through multiple filtration process. The data used at this stage will be collected from already compiled data of secondary sources or primary surveys (in case of absence or incomplete secondary data). These set of parameters can be used to prepare preliminary slum redevelopment model for particular case. This will be like short listing of key issues by the authorities/model maker and their viewpoint towards the redevelopment this may or may not be in line of community expectations.

5 At next level, authorities/model maker will be required to make dialogue with the slum communities to know about the aspirations and possible contributions of the people for improving quality of life in the slum. Here, the preliminary slum redevelopment model will help and guide both (authority & slum dwellers) to understand ground realities and possibilities of development. After this community expectations will be required to feed into the framework for further filtration and deducing data for bringing out key parameters for preparation of tentative slum redevelopment model. At next level, feasibility analysis for project financing, possibilities of participations of various stake holders, phasing, pre occupancy arrangements, etc. will be required to finalize and incorporated with the tentative models to prepare final acceptable and adoptable slum redevelopment model for achieving desired goal. 9. Testing of the proposed framework: At least 3-4 squatter settlements will be selected as case study to check the validity of the proposed methodology. Selection of case will be based on availability of proper compiled data (spatial and socio-economic) of the slum with the government records. This is because as per the recent guidelines of the Government of India the local authorities are required to compile spatial and socio-economic data for each slum. 10. Academic significance of the project The academic significance of the proposed project is: Programming and developing techniques for conducting field surveys and investigation especially to understand quality of life in slum, their socio-cultural and livelihood patterns and expectations A novel record and reference to the students and faculty for understanding the slum and its inherent issues with bottoms-up approach for its solutions. Updating of curricula for the subject of housing at different levels. 11. Relevance to present day problem There is growing problems of slums in India as well as many other nations where peoples are forced to live in sub standard housing and unhealthy conditions. Although governments are making continuous efforts to solve the problem but their policies and programmes are not achieving desired success. Most of the slum dwellers usually remain dissatisfied because they face lot of problems after kind of redevelopment of their neighborhood. At times they feel miserable in retrofitting their broken socio-economic fabric due to kind of housing provisions. Their life becomes more difficult during the operational phase with enormous increase in daily expenditure. On the other side house constructed by the government for slum dweller remained unoccupied for long duration due to their poor quality of housing, unsupported lifestyle and livelihood patterns, far from employment location or informal market and incapability to loan repayment. As a result they suffer financial loss. The proposed research will help the policy makers / authorities / researchers to understand the expected types of housing solutions for specific slum communities. In this way the proposed research intends to serve both the sides of the society.

12. Relevance to the needs of the society The research is directly related to the needs of the poorest section of the society. The utility of the developed framework will benefit the potential slum dwellers to provide them appropriate housing solution of their expectations. The Government and other housing industry will be able to produce quality housing as per the expectations of the people and offer maximum satisfaction to them.

(Ar. A.K. Vinodia) Research Scholar SPA Bhopal Forwarded by

(Dr. Yogesh Garg) Co-Guide

(Dr. Sanjeev Singh) Guide