President and School Reform Timeline for my website [format & content in progressthis is a draft of what I will pull

from] Im practicing the embedding process [6/1/12]

Presidents of the US of America Education Plan/School Reform Dates of service

Other Educational Activities

44 43

Obama, Barack Hussein Bush, George Walker

Rise to the Top No Child Left Behind Expand public school choice & support the growth of public charter schools (1 in 1992; more than 1700 in 2000)

(2009-present) (2001-2009)

42

Clinton, William Jefferson

(1993-2001)

41

Bush, George Herbert Walker

(1989-1993)

Affirming Diversity: The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural Education, 1992

National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform, 1983

40

Reagan, Ronald Wilson

1980 Targeted to abolish the Department of Education;

(1981-1989)

39

Carter, James Earl Jr. Basic Opportunity Grants

(1977-1981) Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 1975; Title IX, The Education Amendments of 1972; Community Control Viva La Raza!; Navajo Nation Desegregation in the North: Boston, 1965; Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the Great Society, 1965

38

Ford, Gerald Rudolph

(1974-1977)

37

Nixon, Richard Milhous

(1969-1974)

36

Johnson, Lyndon Baines

Head Start 1965; Raise standards of public education;

(1963-1969)

35

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald

(1961-1963) National Defense Education Act, 1958; Desegregation in the South: Little Rock, 1957; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954

34

Eisenhower, Dwight David

(1953-1961)

33 32 31

Truman, Harry Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Hoover, Herbert Clark

(1945-1953) (1933-1945) (1929-1933)

Social Frontier, 1934 Dare the School Build a New Social Order? 1932 Lewis Meriam, The Problem of Indian Administration, 1928

30

Coolidge, Calvin

(1923-1929)

29

Harding, Warren Gamaliel

(1921-1923)

28

Wilson, Woodrow

From 1902 to 1910, Wilson was president of Princeton, where he developed a national reputation for his educational reform policies.

(1913-1921)

National Intelligence Tests, 1919; World Democracy and School Democracy, 1918; The Asian Experience in California 1919-1920 Equal Pay for Equal Work, 1910 {Women pay equity} Why Teachers Should Organize, 1904; W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk, 1903 The School and Society, 1899 [John Dewey] {child centered school}; Booker T. Washington, The Future of the American Negro, 1899

27

Taft, William Howard

(1909-1913)

26

Roosevelt, Theodore

(1901-1909)

25

McKinley, William

(1897-1901)

24

Cleveland, Grover

(1893-1897)

23

Harrison, Benjamin

Harrison advocated, although unsuccessfully, for federal education funding and legislation to protect voting rights for African Americans.

(1889-1893)

22 21

Cleveland, Grover Arthur, Chester Alan Campaigned for the Republicans anti-slavery platform; stressed the

(1885-1889) (1881-1885)

20

Garfield, James Abram

need for federal "universal education; (appointed several African-Americans to prominent positions)

(1881)

19

Hayes, Rutherford Birchard

Hayes's later attempts to protect the rights of southern blacks were ineffective, as were his attempts to rebuild Republican strength in (1877-1881) the South; My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism, to end the war and bring peace; As president, he enforced Reconstruction by enforcing civil rights laws and fighting Ku The New England Freedmens Aid Society 1862-1874

18

Grant, Ulysses S.

(1869-1877)

Klux Klan violence. Grant won passage of the Fifteenth Amendment; giving constitutional protection for African American voting rights. He used the army to build the Republican Party in the South, based on black voters, Northern newcomers ("Carpetbaggers") and native white supporters ("Scalawags."); As a result, African Americans were represented in the U.S. Congress for the first time in American history in 1870. Throughout the Reconstruction period, more than 1,500 African Americans were elected to political office, while Grant and the military protected their rights initially by overturning the black codes in 1867; Notable accomplishments as President include policies for the protection of African Americans in the Reconstruction states as well as Native Americans in the West, the Treaty of Washington in 1871; Grant's innovative "Peace" policy advocated Native American citizenship th and education; 13 & th 14 Amendment completed Andrew Johnson did not master the basics of reading, grammar, or math until he met his wife at the age of seventeen. The only (1865-1869) other man to attain the office of President with so little formal education was Abraham Lincoln. Whereas Lincoln is The New England Freedmens Aid Society 1862-1874

17

Johnson, Andrew

esteemed as America's greatest President, Johnson, his successor, is ranked as one of the worst; Hundreds of black delegates participated in state constitutional conventions, and from 1869 until 1877, fourteen African American men served in the U.S. House of Representatives and two were in the U.S. Senate. All of this occurred over Johnson's head, and all would change once the white Southerners regained their stranglehold on the South; To Congress's surprise, Johnson not only vetoed the bill but he also attacked it as race legislation that would encourage a life of wasteful laziness for Southern blacks. In response, Congress passed this bill five months later over th Johnson's veto; 13 & th 14 Amendment in progress Lincoln himself stated that he had about one year of formal education. However, he was taught by many different individuals. He loved to read and learn from any books he could get his hands on; Lincoln explained that while he was not asking for equality, he (1861-1865) believed AfricanAmericans should get the rights granted in the Declaration of Independence: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Further, his actions and beliefs led to the emancipation of African-Americans from the bonds of slavery. Lincoln disapproved of slavery; The New England Freedmens Aid Society 1862-1874

16

Lincoln, Abraham

The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, also signed in 1862, provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state He declared slavery a matter for individual states and territories to (1857-1861) decide; Dred Scott Decision not free and no rights;
(1853-1857)

15

Buchanan, James

14

Pierce, Franklin

Desegregation of the Boston Public Schools, 1846-1855 {Shortage of Teachers} Board of National Popular Education, Correspondence, 1849 1850; Desegregation of the Boston Public Schools, 1846-1855

13

Fillmore, Millard

For slaveholders, it also offered a new fugitive slave law. This piece of legislation decreed that runaway slaves apprehended anywhere in the United States would be returned to their masters if new federally appointed commissioners decided that they were in fact fugitive slaves. He (1850-1853) received a basic education. Apprenticed to cloth makers while at the same time educating himself until he enrolled at the New Hope Academy in 1819. Over time, Fillmore alternatively studied law and taught school until he was admitted to the bar in 1823 Last slave owning President. Although a major slaveholder in [32] Louisiana, he took a (1849-1850) moderate stance on the territorial expansion of slavery. Instrument of the Slave Power

12

Taylor, Zachary

{Shortage of Teachers} Board of National Popular Education, Correspondence, 1849 1850; Desegregation of the Boston Public Schools, 1846-1855 Frederick Douglass, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, 1845; Desegregation of the Boston Public Schools, 1846-1855; Horace Mann, Tenth and Twelfth Annual

11

Polk, James Knox

(1845-1849)

Reports to the Massachusetts Board of Education, 1846 and 1848 {schools are becoming universal and should be faith based} At twelve, he entered the College of William and Mary Preparatory School. He graduated (1841-1845) from the College proper in 1807. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1809 Harrison was tutored as a youth and decided to become a doctor. He attended an Academy in Southampton County before entering the University of (1841) Pennsylvania Medical School. He eventually dropped out when he could no longer afford it and joined the army. Died in office. Didnt accomplish much in one month. He wants slavery abolished.
08 Van Buren, Martin (1837-1841)

10

Tyler, John

09

Harrison, William Henry

Petition of the Catholics of New York for a Portion of the Common School Fund, 1840; The Common School Journal, Debate Over Plan to Abolish the Board of Education, 1840 The Speech of Red Jacket, the Seneca Chief, to a Missionary, circa 1830; McGuffeys Sixth Eclectic Reader, 1836; Catharine E. Beecher, An Essay on the Education of Female Teachers, 1835

07

Jackson, Andrew

Jackson received a sporadic education in the local "old-field" school. In 1781, he worked for a time in a saddle-maker's [13] shop. Later, he taught school and studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina. In 1787, he was admitted to the bar; Jackson was a leading advocate of a policy known as Indian removal.

(1829-1837)

06

Adams, John Quincy

Adams' personality was much like that of his (1825-1829) father, as were his political [18] beliefs. Throughout

his life, he always preferred reading in seclusion to social engagements, and several times had to be pressured by others to remain in public service. While a member of the Senate, Adams also served as a professor of rhetoric at Harvard University. He was vocally antislavery He studied at Campbelltown Academy and then went to the College of William and Mary. He dropped out to join the Continental Army and fight in the American Revolution. He later studied law under Thomas Jefferson.
"Era of Good Feelings" due to the lack of partisan politics. Leader in the Enlightenment; Jefferson

05

Monroe, James

(1817-1825)

04

Madison, James

(1809-1817)

03

Jefferson, Thomas

was a polymath who spoke five languages and was deeply interested in science, invention, architecture, religion and philosophy. Owned slaves but was an opponent of slavery throughout his life; At age 16, Jefferson (1801-1809) entered the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, and first met the law professor George Wythe, who became his influential mentor. Jefferson believed that Natives should give up their own cultures, religions, and lifestyles to assimilate to western European culture,
Adams began his education in a common school in Braintree. His father was a farmer who had been Harvard

02

Adams, John

(1797-1801)

educated. He taught his son to read before he entered school under Mrs. Belcher. Becoming a student at Harvard College in 1751 graduating in four years and then studying law. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1758. 01 Washington, George

The equivalent of an elementary school education

(1789-1797)

Noah Webster, On the Education of Youth in America, 1790

Continental Congress Presidents

United States of America

Under the Articles of Confederation

00p 00o 00n

Cyrus Griffin Arthur St. Clair Nathan Gorman

(1788-1989) (1787-1788) (1786-1787) (1785-1786) (1784-1785) (1783-1784) (1782-1783) (1781-1782)

Benjamin Rush, Thoughts Upon Female Education, 1787

00m John Hancock 00l 00k 00j 00i Richard Henry Lee Thomas Mifflin Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) John Hanson (Black Man Moor)

Continental Congress Presidents

United States of America

Under the Declaration of Independence

00h

Thomas McKean

(1781)

00g

Samuel Huntington

(1779-1781)

Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, 1779 {creating a statewide school system for his newly independent home state}

00f 00e 00d

John Jay Henry Laurens John Hancock

(1778-1779) (1777-1778) (1776-1777)

Congress Presidents

United Colonies of America

Under the Articles of Association

00d 00c 00b 00a

John Hancock Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Peyton Randolph

(1775-1776) (1775) (1774-1775) (1774)

The New England Primer, 1727; Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography 17141718; Virginia Statutes on the Education of Indian Children Held Hostage, 1656; {In 1642, the first education-related legislation passed the Massachusetts legislature. It required that the head of every household teach every child in that household male and female, biological children, apprentices, or servants to read and understand the principles of religion and the capital laws of the country. In 1647, more detailed legislation also required the creation of schools.}