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Home / Services / Technical Knowledge / FAQs / Material FAQs / FAQ: What is temper embrittlement, and how can it be controlled? Share:
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J=(Mn + Si)(P + Sn) x10 (in wt %), has been applied to parent steels and weld metals. X=(10P + 5Sb + 4Sn + As)/100 (in ppm), is applied to weld metals. If J is less than or equal to 180, or if X is less than 20, the risk of temper embrittlement is considered to be low. A limit in this form can be specified for procurement, where concerns over temper embrittlement exist. A moregeneral expression for embrittlement in weld metals was given by Sugiyama et al P
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The maximum value for this expression to avoid serious embrittlement depends on the welding process, but is given as 2.8-3.0 where coarse grained weld metal exists. Step cooling can reveal the susceptibility of a steel to temper embrittlement. The Charpy impact energy and transition temperature for steel after an embrittling heat treatment involving step cooling have been related to give amathematical expression that when fulfilled ensures that the material will not suffer an unacceptable degree of temper embrittlement in service AF + 2.5(SC - AF) < 38C where AF=As formed Charpy 54J temperature SC=Step cooled Charpy 54J temperature This expression is used in the construction of pressure vessels that may operate in the embrittling temperature range, or that may pass slowly through that temperature range upon startup or shutdown. One step cooling method with hold times and temperatures is given in ASTM A387, supplementary requirements although this gives a more stringent requirement for the acceptable degree oftemper embrittlement. Temper embrittlement has been also related to reheat cracking and low-ductility creep fractures, and a number of types and mechanisms have been proposed, considering carbide precipitation as well as grain boundary embrittlingelements.
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References
1. Ishiguo, T; Murakami, Y; Ohnishi, K and Watanabe, J: "2.25%Cr-1%Mo pressure vessel steels with improved creep rupture strength"; Proceedings of the symposium on Applications of 2.25%Cr-1%Mo steel for thick-wall pressure vessels, ASTM STP 755, 1980, pp. 129-147.
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