Abortion is medically defined as the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before

it is viable.[note 1]An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy, or can be induced, in humans and in other species. In the context of human pregnancies, an induced abortion may be referred to as either [disputed discuss] therapeutic or elective. The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy; spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages.Abortion, when performed in the developed world in jurisdictions where the procedure is legal, is among the safest procedures in medicine.[1] However,unsafe abortions result in approximately 70 thousand maternal deaths and 5 million disabilities per year globally.[2] An estimated 42 million abortions are performed globally each year, with 20 million of those performed unsafely.[2] Forty percent of the world's women are able to access therapeutic and elective abortions within gestational limits. [3]
OVERVIEW

The general term 'abortion' has traditionally meant the intentional or unintentional expulsion of the pre-born child from the uterus before he or she has reached the age of viability (defined as the point after which the pre-born child can survive outside the womb with or without medical assistance). In practice, though, abortion in a number of countries is legal until the moment of birth. In fact, some abortion methods such as dilation and extraction (D&X), the "partial birth" abortion, are designed to kill the pre-born child when the birth process is almost complete. At the other end of the spectrum, more and more drugs are now being developed whose only purpose is to destroy the life of pre-born children after fertilisation (the union of the sperm and ovum) and before implantation of the embryo or zygote in the mother's uterus. The Catholic Church teaches that abortion is not only "the expulsion of the immature foetus" but is also "the killing of the same foetus in any way and at any time from the moment of conception."

Abortion
Abortion is the spontaneous. It may be occur during the first trimester. Spontaneous abortion has various types such as

Threatened abortion: It may be occur during the first half of pregnancy. Usually 20% of pregnant women have vaginal spotting or actual bleeding early in pregnancy. Inevitable abortion: In which, membranes rupture and the cervix dilates. Incomplete abortion: In which, uterus retains part or all of the placenta. Before the 10th week of gestation, the fetus and placenta usually are expelled together. Because part of the placenta may adhere to the uterine wall, bleeding continues. Complete abortion: Minimal bleeding usually accompanies complete abortion because the uterus contracts and compresses maternal blood vessels that fed the placenta. Missed abortion: Uterus retains the products of conception for 2 months or more after the death of the fetus. Uterine growth ceases; uterine size may even seem to de crease. Habitual abortion: In which, if you loss spontaneous three or more consecutive pregnancies then it constitutes habitual abortion. Septic abortion: It may be occur with spontaneous abortion but usually results from an illegal abortion. It's related to any remaining fetal or placental tissue in the uterus.

It is a therapeutic expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus before 20 weeks gestation. Mostly up to 15% of all pregnancies and approximately 30% of first pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion and about 85% of miscarriages occur due to the first trimester. Causes of Abortion Spontaneous abortion may be occur due to various factors such as fetal, placental, or maternal. Fetal factors, in which it usually cause such abortions up to 12 week's gestation such as

Defective embryologic development resulting from abnormal chromosome division Faulty implantation of the fertilized ovum

Failure of the endometrium to accept the fertilized ovum.

Other Placental factors usually cause abortion around the 14th week of gestation. These factors such as

Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta Abnormal placental implantation

Maternal factors mostly cause abortion between the 11th and 19th week of gestation and such as

Maternal infection Endocrine problems Trauma Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Blood group incompatibility Drug ingestion

Signs and symptoms of Abortion Abnormal uterine bleeding may be occur due to various symptoms such as: 1. Pink discharge for several days 2. Cramps 3. Increased vaginal bleeding Treatment of Abortion

You may have an accurate evaluation of uterine contents, because it is necessary before a treatment plan can be formulated. You can not prevented the progression of spontaneous abortion, except in some cases that may be caused by an incompetent cervix. So for those cases where the progression of spotaneous abortion can't be stopped, then you should be used the treatment such as patient must be hospitalized to control severe hemorrhage. If bleeding is severe, then you should be use transfusion with packed red blood cells or whole blood. In which, the patient receives oxytocin I.V., and it stimulates uterine contractions. D&E is also performed in first all second-trimester therapeutic abortions. In second-trimester therapeutic abortions, the insertion of a prosta glandin vaginal suppository induces labor and the expulsion of uterine contents.

The patient should not have bathroom privileges because she may expel uterine contents without knowing it. So after she uses the bedpan, then inspect the contents carefully for intrauterine material.

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