Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Rodica Macale, Doina Dragusin National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management Bucharest, ROMANIA
Abstract:
In order to implement the 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive in Romania, a qualitative analysis of groundwater in the Barlad River flood plain was made, because it was considered that the groundwater body is at risk from this point of view. The normal concentrations of Ammonium ion were exceeded in 49% of the total number of analyzed mean annual values. The used data comes from 31 observation wells of the Groundwater Quality Monitoring National Subsystem, during 1997 2004. The preliminary data were statistically processsed. The results of this study are represented on GIS maps and charts. The phreatic aquifer is developing in the flood plain and terraces of the Barlad River and its tributaries. From lithological point of view the aquifer is porous-permeable, has large values of hydraulic conductivity and a poor protection of covering deposits, explaining its high vulnerability to pollution. Key Words: Barlad River flood plain, groundwater body at risk, vulnerability to pollution.
Introduction
The implementation of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC in Romania, regarding groundwater, assumed identification, delimitation and characterisation of groundwater bodies on the basis of geological and hydrogeological criteria, of potential and existent anthropic influences upon the groundwater bodies quantitative and qualitative status as well as of some water sustainable management criteria. The groundwater body situated in the Barlad flood plain and terraces, presented in our study, are developed in the eastern side of Romania, in Prut river basin (Fig.1). The area of this body is 1186 km2. Barlad river representes the left tributary of Siret river and it is in charge of Prut Water Directorate.
Geomorphological considerations
The Barlad Valley is like a depressionar couloir that enlarged to the south, and has a consistent character both upstream of confluence with Rebricea and downstream of Crasna locality. The absolute altitude of Barlad flood plain varies between 53 m, to the south of Barlad town, and 154 m to the north, in the eastern part of Bacesti locality. Accumulation relief is represented by the terraces, flood plain, alluvial fans etc. The terraces are well developed on the Barlad valley. Beginning to Bacesti locality, on the left of Barlad, there are developed seven terraces, having the following relative altitudes: 3-7 m, 15-20 m, 60-70 m, 100-110 m, 130-135 m, 150-170 m and 190-195 m. The largest development present terraces of 15-20 m and 60-70 m, which appear like smooth plates (Gugiuman et al., 1973). On the tributaries of Barlad river and of the lower streams of Rebricea, Vaslui, Crasna, Lohan, Simila and Tutova valleys are more developed the lower terraces (3-7 m and 15-20 m). The flood plains are the youngest and better representated accumulation forms and they are developed in all valleys independent of their length. Their width is very large in comparison of river or stream bed which formed and pierced them, e.g. 1.5-4 km to Barlad and 1-2 km to Racova , Vaslui, Crasna and Elan. In Barlad flood plain are numerous microforms of relief like: levees, meanders, depressionar forms which retain temporary or permanently meteoric water. They can create swamps and pools of different dimensions, left branches, alluvial fans and small glacis. The main tributaries of Barlad, from Moldavian Plateau are, on the left, Fundatura, Dagata, Sacovat, Stavnic, Rebricea, Vaslui and Crasna and, on the right, Buda and Racova (Fig. 1). The lengths of these streams are comprised between 15 and 65 km. Downstream of confluence with Crasna, Barlad valley is orientated southeastward and receives the tributaries from Tutovei Hill, on the right: Horoiata, Simila, Valea Seaca, Tutova and Pereschivul. The streams Albesti, Idrici, Zorleni, Trestiana, Jeravat, Hobana and Barzota are the left tributaries of Barlad and they move down from Falciului and Covurluiului Hills.
In many cases, due to impermeable deposits from the cover of aquifer the level is ascensional and sometimes strongly ascensional. At Ghidigeni and Tiganesti, that are situated in flood plains of Barlad river, there are an artesian aquifer at a small depth (until 30 m). Shallow aquifer recharge sources are represented by the river infiltration and precipitation (the effective infiltration is 15 63 mm/year). The groundwater resources from Barlad flood plain are, generally, reduced and the yields obtained from the wells rarely exceed 3 5 l/sec./well. The groundwater resources from Barlad tributary are smaller, respectively (F1 Codaesti) of 1-3 l/sec./well. The hydrogeological parameters values are: the hydraulic conductivity rarely exceed 50 m/day, the values are situated between 1.1 m/day (F1 Condeesti) and 35 m/day (F1 Bacaoani), due to the fine granulometry of deposits; transmissivity has values between 10 100 m2/day (in the Barlad flood plain the transmissivity are higher, of maximum 500 m2/day). The specific yield values are 1 5 l/sec./m, the higher values from this zone were determinated at Torcesti hidrogeological Station (3.65 l/sec./m), at Simila hidrogeological Station (4.20 l/sec./m), at Calieni hidrogeological Station (4.80 l/sec./m) and 8.70 l/sec./m in Serbanesti zone. The fine granulometry of the alluvial deposits, the lens-shaped character of the gravel and the impermeability of the overlying stratum have a negative influence for quantity and quality of phreatic waters, determining a higt vulnerability to pollution. Figure 5 presents the phreatic groundwater body and the position of geological cross-sections trought monitoring wells.
Concentration (mg/l)
Period (year)
DORASTI DORASTI F1 F4 DORASTI DORASTI F2 F5 DORASTI F3
Figure 6. Evolution of nitrates concentration in the wells of the Dorasti Hydrogeological Station
1.00
Concentration (mg/l)
0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Period (year)
DORASTI F2 DORASTI F3 DORASTI F5
Figure 7. Evolution of nitrites concentration in the wells of the Dorasti Hydrogeological Station
2.50
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00 1997
DORASTI
1998
F1
1999
2000
2001
F2
2002
DORASTI
2003
F3
2004
Period (year)
DORASTI
Figure 8. Evolution of ammonium concentration in the wells of the Dorasti Hydrogeological Station These graphical representations denote the exceedings of the limit value, underlined by the red line (05. mg/l for nitrites and ammonium and 50 mg/l for the nitrates).
4. To use the GISView software, which transforms the domain previously delimitated in a GIS matrix which contents 62 rows and 198 columns; 5. To use the GWStat software, after saving the files in the Excel format, following the algorithm presented in the CIRCA Guide (Quo Data Institue, 2001), with the following obtained results: The evaluation of the reprezentativity index (Ru) indicates the value of 21.5%, due to the unidimensional shape of the Barlad groundwater body; The status assessment, for which we obtained the variogram and the following values: the arithmetic mean (AM) = 1.056 with the upper confidence limit (CL(AM)) = 1.567, the Krigging mean (KM) = 1.096 and the upper confidence limit of its (CL(KM)) = 2.233; The monotonic trend assessment denotes a stationary tendency; The reversal trend assessment do not indicates a increasing/decreasing tendency.
Figure 10. The use of the GISView soft to create the GIS matrix
Figure 13. The variogram and the main statistical parameters obtained for the ammonium mean annual concentration
Conclusions
In this paper we analysed the mean annual values of the Nitrogen-based compounds (nitrates, nitrites and ammonium) for a number of 31 wells, belonging to the National Hydrogeological Network, during the1997-2004 period. The most significant exceedings, were registered for ammonium (49% from the total of 282 values). A qualitative risk assessment was made on the Barlad groundwater body, based on the registered exceedings in ammonium. These exceedings have as a potential source the agricultural activities, although in the region an antropic pressure due to industrial activity is known. To underline the exceedings of the above-mentioned indicators of admissible maximum concentration, graphical interpretations were achieved. The charts, presented for the Dorasti Hydrogeological Station, emphasize that the Nitrogen-based compounds contents evolution is hazardously. This paper is also focused on the qualitative status assessment of the Barlad grounwater body, by using the recommendations of the European Community Guide (Grath et al, 2001). The results of the chemical data processing provided from the 31 monitoring wells are: The calculation of representativity index, RU, indicates the value of 21.5%, which is significantly lower than it was recommended by the EU, respectively 80%, but that is the consequence of the unidimensional shape of Barlad groundwater body; The status assessment, for which we obtained the variogram and the following statistical parameters: the arithmetic mean (AM) = 1.056 with the upper confidence limit (CL(AM)) = 1.567, the Krigging mean(KM) = 1.096 and its upper confidence limit (CL(KM)) = 2.233; The monotonic trend assessment, which indicates a general stationary tendency; The reversal trend assessment, which indicates a general hazardous tendency. In order to achieve a complete evaluation of the qualitative status of the groundwater bodies, we consider that some supplementary data, such as the precipitation regime, the soil structure, the temperature values, and the evapotranspiration, should be also included. A connection between the groundwater bodies and the surface bodies waters must be also established.
References
Dragusin, Doina, 2004: Aplicarea Ghidului metodologic de evaluare a starii calitative a corpurilor de ape subterane, propus de Comunitatea Europeana, la acviferele freatice din Romania, I.N.H.G.A. Scientifical Sesion, Apa dulce pentru viitor , Bucharest, Romania Dragusin, Doina, 2005: Evaluarea starii calitative a corpurilor de ape subterane in conformitate cu ghidul metodologic propus de Uniunea Europeana - Aplicare la acviferele freatice din Romania, Romanian Hydrogeological Association Symposium Resursele de ape subterane din Romania Aspecte metodologice n contextul integrarii n Uniunea Europeana, Arcalia, Romania
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Frugina Elisabeta, Tenu Sanziana, Pirvanescu Elena, 1975: Studiul hidrogeologic de sinteza al bazinului inferior al Siretului. Studii de hidrogeologie, XII, p.5- 57, Bucuresti Gugiuman I., Circota V., Baican V. 1973: Judetele patriei, jud. Vaslui. Ed. Acad. Romane, 133 p., Bucharest Grath, J., Sheidleder, A., Uhlig, S., Weber, K., Kralik, M., Keimel, T., Gruber, D., 2001: Final Report: The EU Water Framework Directive: Statistical aspects of the identification of groundwater pollution trends, and agregation of monitoring results, http://forum.europa.eu.int/ *** Legea privind calitatea apei potabile 458/2002, Monitorul Oficial al Romaniei nr.582/29.07.2002 *** Annex 1 to Final Report User Guide Gwstat, 2001, quo data GmbH Gesellschaft fr Qualittsmanagement und Statistik, Dresden, Germany ***Directive 2000/60/EC du Parlement Europen et du Conseil du 23 octobre 2000 tablissant un cadre pour une politique communautaire dans le domaine de leau, Journal officiel des Communautes europennes, Bruxelles ***Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, Bruxelles (91/676/EEC)of 12 concerning the protection
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