Introduction To Optical Networks Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective

Galen Sasaki Road Map Telecommunication Networks First-Generation Optical Networks Multiplexing Techniques Second-Generation Optical Networks System and Network Evolution
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Galen Sasaki

University of Hawaii

Road Map
Telecommunication Networks First-Generation Optical Networks Multiplexing Techniques Network Switching Paradigms Second-Generation Optical Networks System and Network Evolution
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Telecommunications Networks
Network Types Users Enterprise (private) Public: telco carriers Geography Local-area network (LAN): e.g., building, campus Metropolitan-area network (Metro or LAN) Wide-area network (WAN)
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Telecommunications Networks
CO = Central Office CO CO CO CO Long haul Interexchange
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Road Map
Telecommunication Networks First-Generation Optical Networks Multiplexing Techniques Network Switching Paradigms Second-Generation Optical Networks System and Network Evolution
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CO

CO Local
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Metropolitan
University of Hawaii

Local-exchange Access
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First-Generation
Fiber-optics as replacement for cable and copper wire Switching and processing is still electronic Why? Fiber is a better at > 10s Mbps and 1 km Examples SONET - Synchronous Optical Network SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy FDDI - fiber distributed data interface

Road Map
Telecommunication Networks First-Generation Optical Networks Multiplexing Techniques Network Switching Paradigms Second-Generation Optical Networks System and Network Evolution
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Multiplexing Techniques
10Gbps C0 C1 C2 C3 C0 C1 C2 C3
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

C0 C1 C2 C3 C0 C1 C2 C3

40Gbps

C0 C1 C2 C3 C0 C1 C2 C3
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10Gbps 10Gbps 10Gbps 10Gbps

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... | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ... SONET/SDH

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Difficult above 10Gbps

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

C0 C1 C2 C3 0 1 2 3 Practical issues: guard bands
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Road Map
Telecommunication Networks First-Generation Optical Networks Multiplexing Techniques Network Switching Paradigms Second-Generation Optical Networks System and Network Evolution
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C0 C1 C2 C3 0 1 2 3

Switching Paradigms
Circuit switching Packet switching Connection-oriented (virtual circuit switching) Connectionless (datagram)

Circuit Switching
End-to-end communication is through circuits Circuit, e.g., telephone call has a path p has a bandwidth b reserves bandwidth b on each link along p

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Circuit Switching
path p b b b Low latency (basically propagation delay) Forwarding is simple once set up Wasteful of bandwidth if information is bursty Need set-up and tear-down of path and reservation of bandwidth
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Circuit Switching: Node

Links carry multiple streams or connections, sometimes called tributary streams Mux

Demux
Tributary granularities, e.g., STS-1
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Switch

Crossconnect
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Packet Switching
Packets are data files Header Payload Trailer

Packet

Packet Switching
Router

Network is a collection of computers and switches connected by links Computers/switches forward packets to their destinations
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Computer

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Packet Switching
Router Buffer Switch Buffer Buffer Statistical Multiplexing
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Packet Switching: Routing

Connection-oriented (or virtual circuit switching) Each connection (or flow) has a path computed for it Packets for the flow follow the path and are identified by a flow label Connectionless (or datagram) Packets have their destination addresses Packets are routed based upon their dest.

Buffer

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Packet f

Connection-Oriented
Router

Packet d

Packet Switching
Router

Computer

path for flow f

Computer

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Road Map
Telecommunication Networks First-Generation Optical Networks Multiplexing Techniques Network Switching Paradigms Second-Generation Optical Networks System and Network Evolution
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Second-Generation
Services Transparency WDM Architectures The Optical Layer Optical Packet Switched Architectures

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Services
Lightpath: virtual fiber, connection for an optical signal Packet switched Optical packet switched

Transparency
Optical networks can provide a connection for analog signals: independent of bit formats 1R: Regeneration: analog amplification Problem: fidelity 2R: Regeneration with reshaping. Problem: jitter 3R: Regeneration with reshaping and retiming
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WDM Architectures
Passive Optical Networks (PONs) Wavelength Routed Networks Optical Burst Switching

Passive Optical Stars

Transm Transm Transm Transm Optical Star Recvr Recvr Recvr Recvr

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Passive Optical Stars

Transm Transm Transm Transm
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Wavelength Routed Networks

Recvr Lightpath L1 No conversion

Optical Star

Recvr Recvr Recvr L2

OXC
Optical Crossconnect

Conversion
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Optical Packet Switching

Fast packet processing is necessary Little or no buffering A1

Optical Burst Switching

Packets are transported wavelength conversion B1 Switch A2 B2 Packets are switched to any free channel

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Optical Layer
Electronics

Road Map

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Optical Layer WDM Networks Lightpaths

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Where should functions be located?

Telecommunication Networks First-Generation Optical Networks Multiplexing Techniques Network Switching Paradigms Second-Generation Optical Networks System and Network Evolution
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System and Network Evolution

Multimode Trans LED Rec Regenerators Input Pulse

Dispersion
Output Pulse Spread Pieces of the input pulse have different velocities

3R: Regeneration with retiming and reshaping Multimode fiber suffers from modal dispersion
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System and Network Evolution

Single-mode Trans MLM Laser 1300nm Rec Regenerators

System and Network Evolution

Single-mode Trans SLM Laser 1550nm
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Rec

Less modal dispersion so less regenerators Few 100s Mbps over few km Single-mode fiber low loss regions: 1300, 1550 nm
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1550nm: Lower loss means less regens Chromatic dispersion Solution: dispersion shifted fiber and SLM lasers 2.5Gbps or more
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System and Network Evolution

SLM Lasers Trans Trans Trans Trans EDFAs WDM Rec Rec Rec Rec

Eribium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) Problems: limited bw, polarization, nonflat gain. 1R
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