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INTRODUCTION
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4. Solvent or catalytic dewaxing: to remove wax and improve the low tem-
perature properties such as pour point of paraffinic base oils.
5. Clay or hydrofinishing to improve the color, stability, and quality of the
lubricant base stocks (Soudek, 1974; Brock, 1987; Sequira, 1994; Kramer
et al., 2001).
The present study deals with the production of base oils for textile ma-
chines from three feedstocks of different boiling point ranges from Alexandria
Petroleum Company.
EXPERIMENTAL
Solvent Dewaxing
Finishing
The finishing process was considered the final step in refining processes.
All the dewaxed oils (I to V) were treated with adsorption technique via
percolation using bentonite as adsorbent at 80ıC (Figure 1).
Treated oleum followed by an adsorption technique was carried out for
dewaxed oils III and IV by using 10 and 25 wt% oleum for dewaxed oil IV and
on using 25 wt% oleum for dewaxed oil III at a reaction temperature of 65ı C
and under agitation for nearly 1 hour to remove the undesired contaminated
constituents (Mikhail et al., 1971).
Blending
To adjust certain property and to produce various grades of textile base oils,
different blends were made by mixing the following base oils:
Blends were made in a molten state with delicate stirring at room temperature
to secure homogeneous blends.
The yield of the dewaxed oils calculated on the raffinate and the feed basis is
greatly affected; it ranges from 66.14 to 73.58 wt% on the former and from
45.04 to 57.42 wt% on the latter basis, respectively, due to the separation of
a great amount of wax as well as the oil inherent to such wax (Tables 2–4).
It can also be observed that the yields of the dewaxed oils II and IV are
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Characteristics
Yield on raffinate, wt% — 66.14 — 69.28
Yield on feedstock, wt% 68.10 45.04 77.65 53.80
Refractive index, 70ıC 1.4545 1.4640 1.4585 1.4685
Density, gm/cc, 70ı C 0.8164 0.8369 0.8209 0.8468
Mean molecular weight 334 277 320 264
Pour point, ı C 43 8 42 9
Sulphur content, wt% 0.57 0.94 0.71 1.11
Kinematic viscosity, 17.0 20.4 17.5 21.5
cSt, 40ıC
Kinematic viscosity, 3.76 4.00 3.92 4.15
cSt, 100ıC
Viscosity index 110 85 120 89
VGC 0.8054 0.8352 0.8170 0.8420
Color — 4.5 — 5
Wax content, wt% 34.72 3.78 31.86 3.48
Component analysis
Total aromatics, wt% 18.69 25.85 23.30 27.18
Total saturates, wt% 81.31 74.15 76.70 72.82
Structural group analysis
Carbon distribution
% CA 7.52 11.53 10.86 14.59
% CN 19.01 29.25 20.34 31.22
% CR 26.53 30.78 31.20 45.81
% CP 73.47 59.22 68.80 54.19
Ring content analysis
RA 0.35 0.87 0.45 0.96
RT 0.92 1.52 0.98 1.59
RN 0.57 0.65 0.53 0.63
somewhat higher than I and III, calculated on the basis of feedstock, which
may be due to the higher yields of raffinates obtained by extraction with
N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) containing ethanolamine (EA) for the former
and those obtained by extraction with pure NMP for the latter.
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Characteristics
Yield on raffinate, wt% — 68.32 — 72.09
Yield on feedstock, wt% 68.74 46.96 79.65 57.42
Refractive index, 70ı C 1.4617 1.4752 1.4651 1.4785
Density, gm/cc, 70ı C 0.8339 0.8573 0.8389 0.8615
Mean molecular weight 409 314 391 311
Pour point, ı C 49 6 48 7
Sulphur content, wt% 0.58 1.38 0.78 1.63
Kinematic viscosity, 30.8 39.2 32 40.3
cSt, 40ı C
Kinematic viscosity, 5.6 5.9 5.92 6.1
cSt, 100ı C
Viscosity index 122 90 130 95
VGC 0.8208 0.8443 0.8269 0.8480
Color — 8 — 8.5
Wax content, wt% 31.72 2.94 26.25 2.86
Component analysis
Total aromatics, wt% 20.79 33.65 24.22 35.44
Total saturates, wt% 79.21 66.35 75.78 64.56
Structural group analysis
Carbon distribution
% CA 7.66 12.72 10.92 15.89
% CN 23.57 28.54 22.55 31.57
% CR 31.23 41.26 33.47 47.46
% CP 68.77 58.74 66.53 52.54
Ring content analysis
RA 0.37 0.91 0.45 0.99
RT 1.47 2.11 1.57 2.17
RN 1.10 1.20 1.12 1.18
The effect of wax removal upon the nature of the raffinates is reflected
by the decrease in pour point, viscosity index, and mean molecular weight
and the increase of a viscosity-gravity constant (Tables 2–4). These changes
result from the decrease in the saturated constituents and, consequently, the
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NMP alone
Raffinate Dewaxed
Solvent of extraction V oil V
Characteristics
Yield on raffinate, wt% — 73.58
Yield on feedstock, wt% 69.92 51.44
Refractive index, 70ı C 1.4568 1.4636
Density, gm/cc, 70ı C 0.8171 0.8221
Mean molecular weight 314 261
Pour point, ı C 35 11
Sulphur content, wt% 0.49 1.00
Kinematic viscosity, cSt, 40ıC 15.25 17.77
Kinematic viscosity, cSt, 100ıC 3.42 3.70
Viscosity index 95 88
VGC 0.8159 0.8209
Color — 4.5
Wax content, wt% 25.35 1.04
Component analysis
Total aromatics, wt% 25.53 28.82
Total saturates, wt% 74.47 71.18
Structural group analysis
Carbon distribution
% CA 6.56 11.05
% CN 20.06 28.07
% CR 26.62 39.12
% CP 73.38 60.88
Ring content analysis
RA 0.32 0.83
RT 0.94 1.47
RN 0.62 0.64
differential means that the process is economic from the industrial point of
view. The pour point of the dewaxed oils are (6 and 7), (8 and 9), and
4ı C higher than the dewaxing temperature of 15ıC for feeds I, II, and III,
respectively. It may be concluded that the process of dewaxing for feed III
at a temperature of 15ıC is the most economic one.
FINISHING
The dewaxed oils must be subjected to the finishing process to improve the
color, color stability, and oxidation resistance.
Adsorption Treatment
All the dewaxed oils were treated with adsorption technique via percola-
tion using activated bentonite to reduce the level of trace-contaminated con-
stituents (Figure 1 and Table 5).
It is obvious from the data of the component analysis that the total
aromatics are slightly decreased and, consequently, the saturates content in-
creased with clay treatment. This behavior is also confirmed from the sulphur
content of the product which decreases as the aromatics content decreases.
The carbon distribution spectrum reflects the above findings; accordingly, the
pour point, viscosity index, and mean molecular weight of the base oils are
increased (compare Table 5 with Tables 2–4).
Oleum Treatment
The two dewaxed oils III and IV are not greatly affected by adsorption treat-
ment, as previously discussed, due to their relatively high aromatic contents
(33.65 and 35.44 wt%, respectively). Therefore, they must be subjected to
oleum (fuming sulphuric acid) treatment. Then the adsorption technique was
carried out via percolation to remove the traces of acidity and the undesired
contaminated constituents. The effect of adding oleum on the dewaxed oil is
presented in Table 6.
Data indicate that refractive index, density, and kinematic viscosity de-
crease, while the mean molecular weight, viscosity index, and pour point
increase with a continuous increase in the amount of oleum added. This is
in accordance with the gradual decrease in aromatics content and the gradual
increase in total saturates content.
The aromatics content, even so, is still high for base oil VI and VIII after
25 wt% oleum treatment (27.94 and 29.22 wt%, respectively). This may be
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Characteristics Base oil I Base oil II Base oil III Base oil IV Base oil V
Yield, wt% 74.89 56.82 73.79 65.02 64.38
Yield on feedstock, 33.73 30.57 34.65 37.33 33.11
wt%
Refractive index, 1.4626 1.4665 1.4744 1.4768 1.4619
70ı C
Density, gm/cc, 0.8245 0.8314 0.8548 0.8594 0.8197
70ı C
Mean molecular 286 281 322 319 245
qquad weight
Flash point, ı C 221 225 241 240 161
Pour point, ı C 7 8 5 6 10
Sulphur content, wt% 0.89 1.04 1.35 1.48 0.88
Kinematic viscosity, 19.60 20.84 38.14 39.35 16.49
cSt, 40ı C
Kinematic viscosity, 3.95 4.08 6.00 6.05 3.53
cSt, 100ıC
Viscosity index 90 92 94 96 88
Conradson carbon 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.02
residue, wt%
Color 1 1.5 7 7.5 0.5
Component analysis
Total aromatics, wt% 24.46 25.66 32.40 34.78 23.25
Total saturates, wt% 75.54 74.34 67.60 65.22 76.75
Structural group analysis
Carbon distribution
% CA 10.87 13.96 11.96 15.14 10.24
% CN 27.99 30.56 28.17 30.74 27.59
% CR 38.86 44.52 40.13 45.88 37.83
% CP 61.14 55.48 59.87 54.12 62.17
Ring content analysis
RA 0.86 0.94 0.89 0.98 0.81
RT 1.5 1.56 2.09 2.15 1.46
RN 0.64 0.62 1.20 1.17 0.65
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Amount of oleum 25 0 10 25
(based on oil) wt%
Characteristics Base oil VI Base oil IV Base oil VII Base oil VIII
Yield, wt% 39.25 65.02 51.98 37
Yield on feedstock, wt% 18.43 37.33 29.86 21.24
Refractive index, 70ı C 1.4689 1.4768 1.4734 1.4712
Density, gm/cc, 70ı C 0.8496 0.8594 0.8542 0.8516
Mean molecular weight 371 319 336 367
Flash point, ı C 240 238 237 239
Pour point, ı C 1 6 3 1
Sulphur content, wt% 1.004 1.480 1.276 1.140
Kinematic viscosity, 32.87 39.35 37.26 34.05
cSt, 40ı C
Kinematic viscosity, 5.92 6.05 5.98 5.94
cSt, 100ı C
Viscosity index 95 96 98 100
Conradson carbon 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.03
residue, wt%
Color 0 7.5 0.5 0
Component analysis
Total aromatics, wt% 27.94 34.78 31.41 29.22
Total saturates, wt% 72.06 65.22 68.59 70.78
Structural group analysis
Carbon distribution
% CA 8.65 15.14 13.92 11.38
% CN 28.13 30.74 30.12 30.89
% CR 36.78 45.88 44.04 42.27
% CP 63.22 54.12 55.96 57.73
Ring content analysis
RA 0.85 0.98 0.96 0.94
RT 1.92 2.15 2.07 1.99
RN 1.07 1.17 1.11 1.05
BLEND FORMULATION
The pour points of the two base oils VI and VIII are higher than the standard
limit by 8 and 6ı C, respectively, which may be improved to attain to the
standard limit by blending the base oil with one of a lower pour point, either
base oil I or II or V. Thus, four formulations were made from base oils I and
VI as indicated in Table 7.
Data indicate that the kinematic viscosity at 40ıC for all the base oils
obtained by blending base oils VI with I are within the limits of standard
Group 1 Group 2
Characteristics:
Refractive index, 1.4689 1.4681 1.4659 1.4642 1.4636 1.4626
70ı C
Density, gm/cc, 0.8496 0.8480 0.8442 0.8406 0.8396 0.8245
70ı C
Mean molecular 371 361 331 298 289 286
weight
Flash point, ı C 240 238 232 227 225 221
Pour point, ı C 1 0 2 4 5 7
Sulphur content, 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.91 0.89
wt%
Kinematic viscosity, 32.87 31.18 27.07 23.11 21.91 19.60
cSt, 40ı C
Kinematic viscosity, 5.92 5.72 5.1 4.5 4.35 3.95
cSt, 100ı C
Viscosity index 95 94 93 92 91 90
VGC 0.8364 0.8341 0.8305 0.8260 0.8235 0.8208
Conradson carbon 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
residue, wt%
Component analysis
Total aromatics, 27.94 27.59 26.55 25.50 25.16 24.46
wt%
Total saturates, 72.06 72.41 73.45 74.50 74.84 75.54
wt%
specifications of group (C) heavy spindle oil related to the EOS, while the
pour points of these blended base oils are higher than the standard limit by
2–7ı C (Table 8).
Meanwhile, base oils XI and XII, which have a pour point of 4 and
5ı C higher than the standard limit by 3 and 2ı C, respectively, are in accor-
dance with the specifications of Mobil Velocite Oils (Mobil, 1995) (premium
low viscosity textile machinery oils) of group CX and DX, respectively.
Moreover, the blended base oils IX to XII would be blended with pour
point depressant to improve their pour points to attain the standard limit of
spindle oil.
Characteristics
Refractive index, 1.4734 1.4724 1.4696 1.4670 1.4638 1.4619
70ı C
Density, gm/cc, 0.8542 0.8513 0.8449 0.8350 0.8281 0.8197
70ı C
Mean molecular 336 327 310 282 263 245
weight
Flash point, ı C 237 230 215 191 176 161
Pour point, ı C 3 4 5 7 8 10
Sulphur content, 1.28 1.24 1.16 1.04 0.96 0.88
wt%
Kinematic viscosity, 37.26 34.91 30.52 24.16 20.24 16.49
cSt, 40ı C
Kinematic viscosity, 5.98 5.72 5.40 4.50 4.15 3.53
cSt, 100ıC
Viscosity index 98 97 94 92 89 88
VGC 0.8406 0.8378 0.8336 0.8266 0.8217 0.8164
Conradson carbon 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02
residue, wt%
Component analysis
Total aromatics, 31.41 30.59 28.96 26.51 24.88 23.25
wt%
Total saturates, 68.59 69.41 71.04 73.49 75.12 76.75
wt%
to EOS (Table 7). The effect of the addition of base oil V to base oil VII is
represented in Table 9.
Data indicate that the kinematic viscosity at 40ı C for base oil VII
(37.26 cSt) has been decreased to attain the upper standard limit of spindle
oil (35 cSt) by the addition of 10 wt% of base oil V as shown for blended
base oil XIII. A further increase in the concentration of base oil V gives base
oils with different grades of kinematic viscosity 30.5, 24.16, and 20.24 for
base oils XIV, XV, and XVI, respectively. Meanwhile, the addition of 60 wt%
of base oil V to base oil VII decreases its pour point from ( 3ı C) to the
standard limit of pour point for spindle oil ( 7ı C) as shown for base oil XV
(Table 9).
We can conclude that the blended base oils XV and XVI confirm the
specifications of the spindle oil of group (C) heavy and group (B) middle
spindle oil, respectively, according to the definition of the EOS.
Base oil XIII and XIV confirm the standard specifications of group (C)
heavy spindle oil excepting the pour points, which are 3 and 2ı C higher than
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Amal Said Farag for her efforts,
without which this work would not have been made possible.
REFERENCES