2011 Notes

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ELE754 Course Notes

Power Electronics

2011 Edition

Bin Wu and David Xu
ELE 754 Power Electronics
1
Contents

1. Course Outline. 2

2. Design Projects. 5

2.1 Project 1- Microprocessor Controlled dc-dc Converter and dc Motor Drive.. 5
Part A Preliminary Study.. 5
Part B One-quadrant Copper (Buck Converter)... 7
Part C dc Motor Speed Control.11
Appendix I Connector Pin Assignment 16
Appendix II Report Writing Guidelines 17
Appendix III ASCII Code Chart. 18
Appendix IV Sample Program 19

2.2 Project 2 Microprocessor Controlled SCR Rectifier 24
Part A Zero-crossing Detector and 68HC11 Programming.. 24
Part B Programming. 25
Part C Experiments... 26
Appendix I Sample Program 31

2.3 Project 3 IGBT Inverter Operation and Induction Motor Speed Control
(to be provided through blackboard)

3. Solutions to Selected Problems.. 33
3.1 dc-dc Switch Mode Converters... 33
3.2 Single and Three Phase Diode Rectifiers 37
3.3 Single and Three Phase Thyristor Rectifiers... 42
3.4 Switch Mode Inverters 46

4. Examination Samples 50

2
1. Course Outline

Course Description
A course on microprocessor-controlled solid state converters. Major topics includes: solid state switching
devices, dc-dc switch mode converters, diode & thyristor rectifiers, current & voltage source inverters,
industry applications and microprocessor programming techniques. Typical control schemes for these
converters will also be discussed. Important concepts are illustrated with laboratory design projects. An
MC68HC11 microprocessor based MPP board will be used in the projects.

Prerequisite
All required third year courses.

Course Organization
This course consists of three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week.

Course Material
Text "Power Electronics -- Converters, Applications and Design" by N.Mohan, T.Undeland and
W.Robbins, 3
rd
Edition, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

Reference
Fundamental of Power Electronics, Second Edition by R.W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic,
published by Springer Science+Business Media Inc.

Course Notes
"ELE754 Power Electronics - Course Notes" by B. Wu & D. Xu, 2011 Edition, which can be
downloaded from /home/courses/ele754/2011_notes.pdf

Course Evaluation
- Theoretical component 70%
Mid-term Examination 20%
Final Examination 40%
Quizzes 10%

- Laboratory component 30%
P controlled dc-dc converter and dc motor drive 10%
P based thyristor rectifiers 10%
P controlled IGBT inverter and induction motor drive 10%

3
Lecture Topics

1 dc-dc Switch Mode Converters (pp 161-199) 7 hrs
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Buck converters
1.3 One-quadrant chopper
1.4 Two-quadrant chopper
1.5 Review of 68HC11 based MPP board
1.6 Microprocessor control of dc-dc converters

2 Microprocessor Controlled dc Motor Drives (pp 377-398) 5 hrs
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Equivalent circuit of dc motors
2.3 dc motor speed control
2.4 Converters used in the dc motor drives
2.5 Microprocessor control of dc motor drives

3 Diode and Thyristor Rectifiers (pp 79-160) 8 hrs
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Single and three phase diode rectifiers
3.3 Total harmonic distortions and power factor
3.4 Single and three phase thyristor (SCR) rectifiers
3.5 Microprocessor control of thyristor rectifiers

4 Inverters (dc -ac converters) (pp 200-248) 8 hrs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Single-phase Inverters
4.3 Three-phase IGBT Inverters
4.4 PWM techniques
4.5 Current source Inverters
4.6 Induction Motor Speed Control (pp 399-434)

5 Applications (pp 354-364, 460-504) 6 hrs
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
5.3 Power supplies
5.4 Motor drives
5.5 Active power filters
5.6 Static var compensators
5.7 Electronic ballasts

6 Design Considerations (pp 667-730) 3 hrs
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Snubber circuit design
6.2 Gate drive circuits
6.3 Heatsink design

4
Laboratory Schedule

Project

Topic

Week #
Project 1 Microprocessor controlled dc-dc converter and dc motor drive

2-5
Project 2 Microprocessor control of thyristor rectifiers

6-8
Project 3 Microprocessor controlled IGBT inverter and induction motor
drive

9-12

- Course grade

A final letter grade shall be assigned based on the following conversion table.

A+ 90% - 100% C+ 63% - 65%
A 85% - 89% C 60% - 62%
A- 80% - 84% C- 57% - 59%
B+ 75% - 79% D+ 54% - 56%
B 70% - 74% D 52% - 53%
B- 66% - 69% D- 50% - 51%
F 00% - 49%

In order to achieve a passing grade, the student must achieve an average of at least 50% in both theoretical
and laboratory components.

Instructor
David Xu, PhD
Room ENG333, 245 Church Street, Toronto
Ryerson University
(416) 979-5000 ext: 6075
eMail: dxu@ee.ryerson.ca

Counseling Hours
Every Tuesday 2-4PM at ENG333.

Faculty Course Survey

The faculty course survey will be held in November, 2011.
5
2. Design Projects

2.1 Project 1
Microprocessor Controlled dc-dc Converter and dc Motor Drive

Objectives
- To review the MPP board and 68HC11 assembly language;
- To become familiar with Power Converter Module (PCM);
- To study the performance of one-quadrant chopper with an RL load;
- To investigate the performance of a dc motor drive.

Equipment
- Power Convert Module
- 68HC11 based MPP board (included in the PCM)
- Personal computer
- 120V, 3A dc motor

Part A Preliminary study

A.1 Start Linux and logged on, to download, compile and run PROJ1.ASM (sample program), follow the
following steps. Assume that the working directory is your home directory.
- Start terminal window
- /home/student1/xxx>cp /home/couses/ele754/proj1.asm ~/ Copy the sample program PROJ1.ASM
in your home directory.
- /home/student1/xxx>as11 proj1.asm l > proj1.lst Compile the program (which generates a file
proj1.s19
- Reset the MPP board by pressing the reset button on the PCM front panel
- /home/student1/xxx>vt6811 proj1.s19 vt6811 downloads proj1.s19 into the MPP
board.
- > G 6500 Run the program with starting address $6500,
which is specified in the source program.
To exit vt6811, press CTRL and C simultaneously.

Note:
1. For your convenience, a hardcopy of the sample program is given in Appendix IV.
2. To create or edit source asm file, use jedit, emacs, pico, joe, xemacs in Linux.

6
A.2 Observe the PWM waveform at Pin 6 of Port A, and complete the following table using digital
oscilloscope.

Duty Cycle T
on
/ (T
on
+ T
off
)
Keyboard
Input

10 %

50 %

90 %

T
on

T
off

T
on

T
off

T
on

T
off

Measured
Value

Duty Cycle

A.3 Modified the program such that the frequency of the PWM gating pulse is 1000Hz. And then complete
the following table.

Duty Cycle T
on
/ (T
on
+ T
off
)

Keyboard Input

10 %

90 %
T
on
T
off
T
on
T
off

Measured Value

Duty Cycle

A.4 Display a message Welcome to ELE754 Lab on the computer monitor every time when a new duty
cycle value is entered.

A.5 Modified the program to limit the duty cycle value entered from keyboard. The minimum value is 10%
and the maximum value 90%.

7
Part B One-quadrant Chopper (Buck Converter)

B.1 Power Converter Module (PCM)
The circuit diagram of Power Converter Module is shown in Fig. 1 for your reference.

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of Power Converter Module

Fig. 2 shows the circuit diagram of a one-quadrant chopper which uses IGBT as a switching device. A
continuous gate signal (PA7 = logic 1") is applied to the SCR gates such that the SCR rectifier performs
the same functions as a diode bridge rectifier. As a result, the SCR rectifier provides a near constant dc
voltage for the chopper. An RL load is connected to the output terminals (A3 and COM) of the chopper.

Fig. 2 Circuit diagram of the IGBT based chopper
8
B.2 Power Circuit Connection
1) Make sure the panel switch (SW1) is in OFF position.
2) Connect the output of the SCR rectifier (A1) to the input of the chopper (A2).
3) RL load connection:
- Connect three units of 300mH inductors in parallel (to increase the current rating)
- Connect a 100O resistor in series with the inductors.

Now you are ready for programming.

B.3 Programming requirements
1) Use Port A (PA6) to generate a gate signal for the IGBT device T
c
.
2) Minimum duty cycle: 10%; Maximum duty cycle: 90%.
3) The value of duty cycle is entered from keyboard.
4) Display the value of duty cycle on LCD.
5) Switching frequency: 500Hz.

B.4 Measurements
- Set duty cycle D to 10%. Make sure that the gate signal at PA6 is correct (i.e., D = 10%, f = 500Hz,
and the amplitude of the gate signal is 5V).
- Ask your lab instructor to check your connection before energizing the system.
- Close Switch SW1 (ON position).
Warning: The load resistor R will be very hot. Do not touch it.

B.4a) RL load (Switching frequency: 500Hz, R = 100 Ohms and L = 100mH)
Use an analog scope and a multimeter for the following measurements.

Table A
Duty Cycle
D (%)

10

30

50

70

90

V
A2
(V)
Chopper Input Voltage
(Voltage at Point A2 with
respect to COM)
(Use multimeter, DC)

V
A3
(V)
Chopper Output Voltage
(Voltage at Point A3 w.r.t.
common COM)
(Use multimeter, DC)

AV
R
(V, p-p)
Ripple Voltage
(Use oscilloscope)

M
E
A
S
U
R
E
M
E
N
T

AI
O
(A, p-p)
Ripple Current
(AI
o
=

AV
R
/ R)
(Calculate from above)

9

V
A3
(V)
Calculation:
V
A3
= D V
A2

C
A
L
C
U
L
A
T
I
O
N

AI
O
(A, p-p)
Calculation:
AI
o
= I
max
- I
min
(Use formulas in class)

B.4b) RL load (Switching frequency: 1000Hz, R = 100 Ohms and L = 100mH)
Modifier the program such that the switching frequency is 1000 Hz. Complete the following table.

Table B
Duty Cycle
D (%)

10

30

50

70

90
AV
R
(V, p-p)
Ripple Voltage
(Use oscilloscope)

M
E
A
S
U
R
E
M
E
N
T

AI
O
(A, p-p)
Ripple Current
(AI
o
=

AV
R
/ R)
(Calculate from above)

C
A
L
C
U
L
A
T
I
O
N

AI
O
(A, p-p)
Calculation:
AI
o
= I
max
- I
min

B.4c) RLC load (Switching frequency: 500Hz, R = 100 O, L = 100mH and C = 40F. C is in parallel with
R)
Modifier the program such that the switching frequency is 500 Hz. Complete the following table.

Table C
Duty Cycle
D (%)

10

30

50

70

90

V
A2
(V)
(Voltage at Point A2 w.r.t.
common COM)
(Use multimeter)

M
E
A
S
U
R
E
M
E
N
T

V
C
(V)
Converter Output Voltage
(Voltage across the filter cap C)
(Use multimeter)

10

AV
C
(V, p-p)
Ripple Voltage
(Use oscilloscope)

M
E
A
S
U
R
E
M
E
N
T

AI
L
(A, p-p)
Ripple Current
(AI
L
=

AV
R3
/ R3)
(Use oscilloscope)

C
A
L
C
U
L
A
T
I
O
N

AV
C
(V, p-p)
Ripple Voltage

2.5 Report
- Complete the calculations specified in the above tables.
- Produce graphs that illustrate the following relationships:
1) Output voltage of the chopper vs. duty cycle D (RL and RLC loads);
2) AI
o
vs. D for the RL load (experimental and calculation results);
3) AI
L
vs. D and AV
C
vs. D for the RLC load.
- Summarize your observations.

11
Part C dc Motor Speed Control
C.1 Programming requirements
Make sure that the panel switch (SW1) is in OFF position before you start programming.
1) To avoid excessively high current during motor starting, a ramp function for the duty cycle should
be implemented. An example is shown in Fig. 3. At t = 1.0 second, a reference duty cycle (D
ref
) of
90% is entered from the keyboard. The actual duty cycle of the gate signal (D
g
) increases at a
certain rate 1%/50ms. At t = 5.0 second, the duty cycle D
g
reaches the reference value. As a result,
the motor accelerates smoothly and starting current is limited. For the motor speed deceleration, the
ramp function has a deceleration rate of 1% per 50 ms.
2) Duty cycle ramp function: 1% / 50ms
3) Minimum duty cycle: 10%.
4) Maximum duty cycle: 90%.
5) Switching frequency: 1000Hz.
6) Use Port A (PA6) to generate a gate signal for the IGBT device T
C
.
7) Display the value of duty cycle on LCD.

Note:
A 50ms delay subroutine is included in the sample program.

2 14 12 10 8 6 4
100
80
60
40
20
0
D
g
(%)
D
ref
(%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
t

(sec)

Fig. 3 A duty cycle ramp function for the dc motor drive

C.2 Power Circuit Connection
2) Connect the output of the SCR rectifier (A1) to the input of the chopper (A2).
3) Motor Connection:
- Connect the shunt field winding of the dc motor to the SCR rectifier output (A1 and COM)
which provides a constant dc voltage.
- Connect the armature winding to the chopper output (A3 and COM) through a 150mH inductor
(two 300mH inductors in parallel).

12
C.3 Measurements
- Set duty cycle D to 10%. Make sure that the gate signal at PA6 is correct (i.e., D = 10%, f =
1000Hz, and the amplitude of the gate signal is 5V).

C.3a) dc motor drive with an external inductor (150mH)
Switching frequency: 1000Hz
Use an digital scope and a multimeter for the following measurements.

Table D
Duty Cycle
D (%)

10

30

50

70

90

V
A2
(V)
(Voltage at A2 w.r.t. COM)
(Use multimeter)

V
A3
(V)
(Use multimeter)

V
A3
(V)
Trace the waveform
*

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

AI
O
(A, p-p)
Ripple Current
(AI
o
=

AV
R3
/ R
3
)
Connect scope probe to TP5 w.r.t
to A3, R3 is 1Ohm.
**

AI
O
(A, p-p)
Trace the waveform
*

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Operating mode
(Continuous or discontinuous)

Speed (rpm)
(Use tachometer)

* Please follow the following procedures to capture the waveforms.
1) Open web browser (Netscape, Mozilla, Firefox, etc).
2) Type: http://scope/ in the address area.
3) When the scope displayed, right click on the scope image and save the picture as file.
4) Choose proper file name in the dialog.
** In order to trace both the waveforms of V
A3
and AI
O
, connect the probes ground to A3. Connect one probe to TP5,
which measures the voltage drop across sample resistor R3 (1Ohm). Connect the other probe to COM,
which measures the voltage of COM w.r.t A3. Invert the waveform of this channel.
13

Vertical: V/div Vertical: V/div
Horizontal: ms/div Horizontal: ms/div
Duty Cycle: % Duty Cycle: %

14
C.3b) dc motor drive without any external inductor
Switching frequency: 1000Hz
Use an digital scope and a multimeter for the following measurements.
Table E
Duty Cycle
D (%)

10

30

50

70

90
V
A2
(V)
(Use multimeter)

V
A3
(V)
(Use multimeter)

V
A3
(V)
Trace the waveform
*

Yes

No

No

Yes

No
AI
O
(A, p-p)
Ripple Current
(AI
o
=

AV
R3
/ R
3
)

AI
O
(A, p-p)
Trace the waveform
*

Yes

No

No

Yes

No
Operating mode
(Continuous or discontinuous)

Speed (rpm)


15


C.4 Report
1) Terminal voltage of the armature vs. duty cycle D;
2) AI
L
vs. D;
3) Motor speed vs. D.
- Summarize your observations and draw conclusions.

16
Appendix I Connector Pin Assignment

Panel Connector 1 (D type)
13
6 5 4 3 2 1 3 4 PD5
14
1
PD2 GND PA7 PD0
25

Panel Connector 2 (D type)
13
14
1
V
syn+
25
V
syn-
-12V +12V GND +5V

Test Board
Purple
PA7
Blue
PA6 PA5 PA4 PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0
Green Yellow Orange Red Brown Black
GND
White

17
Appendix II Report Writing Guidelines

Title page
This page includes: the title of the report, author name, for whom and when the report was prepared, course
name and laboratory group of the author.

Abstract
An abstract is a short paragraph summarizing the report. One or two sentences for each of the following
items would be appropriate:
- Purposes (objectives)
- Methods
- Observations (figures-of-merit)
- Conclusions & recommendations
An abstract can be executive summary. The reader wants to read a short paragraph and to be able to put the
report into context with other relating materials without spending much time reading the whole report.
Thus, an abstract requires a careful preparation and is the LAST item to be written in a report. It should be
independent and the rest of the report should be written as if an abstract doesnt exist.

Introduction
This paragraph explains the initiation of the study, the problem to be investigated, the approach or the
method to be employed for the study.

Theory
Develop all theoretical formulations or explanation for the performance of the systems under investigation.

Experiments
Record all data in several neat tables. Oscilloscope tracings and waveform drawings should be reported in
this section. Calculations should also be given to verify the experimental results.

Conclusions & Recommendations
It is important to make a precise conclusion of the project. List the major results together with short
explanations and comments. Recommendations are also necessary in a report.

Appendix, Flowchart and Program Listing
- Include Flowchart(s) for the program you developed.
- Insert comments/explanations into the program listing where appropriate.

18
Appendix III ASCII Code Chart

hexadecimal
code

Character
hexadecimal
code

Character
hexadecimal
code

Character
hexadecimal
code

Character
00 NUL 20 SP 40 @ 60 `
01 SOH 21 ! 41 A 61 a
02 STX 22 42 B 62 b
03 ETX 23 # 43 C 63 c
04 EOT 24 $ 44 D 64 d
05 ENQ 25 % 45 E 65 e
06 ACK 26 & 46 F 66 f
07 BEL 27 47 G 67 g
08 BS 28 ( 48 H 68 h
09 HT 29 ) 49 I 69 I
0A LF 2A * 4A J 6A j
0B VT 2B + 4B K 6B k
0C FF 2C , 4C L 6C l
0D CR 2D - 4D M 6D m
0E SO 2E . 4E N 6E n
0F SI 2F / 4F O 6F o
10 DLE 30 0 50 P 70 p
11 DC1 31 1 51 Q 71 q
12 DC2 32 2 52 R 72 r
13 DC3 33 3 53 S 73 s
14 DC4 34 4 54 T 74 t
15 NAK 35 5 55 U 75 u
16 SYN 36 6 56 V 76 v
17 ETB 37 7 57 W 77 w
18 CAN 38 8 58 X 78 x
19 EM 39 9 59 Y 79 y
1A SUB 3A : 5A Z 7A z
1B ESC 3B ; 5B [ 7B {
1C FS 3C < 5C \ 7C |
1D GS 3D = 5D ] 7D }
1E RS 3E > 5E ^ 7E ~
1F US 3F ? 5F _ 7F DEL

19
Appendix IV Sample Program

*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*
* ELE754 POWER ELECTRONICS *
* *
* SAMPLE PROGRAM *
* FOR *
* PROJECT 1 dc-dc CONVERTER AND dc MOTOR DRIVE *
* *
* File Name: Proj1.asm *
* Version: 3 *
* *
* Please read the following program and try to understand it. Compile *
* and run this program. Use an oscilloscope to observe waveforms at *
* PA7 (Always high for the SCR rectifier) and PA6 (pulses with a variable *
* duty cycle for the chopper) *
* *
* This sample program will help you to learn *
* (1) how to get a number from keyboard; *
* (2) how to display information on the computer monitor; *
* (3) how to use LCD; *
* (4) how to write a subroutine; *
* (5) how to write an interrupt service routine; *
* (6) how to use Output Compare Register; and *
* (7) how to generate a PWM (pulse width modulated) signal. *
* *
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*

* Define subroutine addresses located in EPROM

INCHAR EQU $E55B * Subroutine to get strings from keyboard
OUTSTR EQU $E52F * subroutine to display strings on monitor
WCTRL EQU $E096 * subroutine to control LCD configuration
WDAT EQU $E0A3 * subroutine to display strings on LCD

* Define address of HC11 registers

OC1M EQU $100C * OC1 Action Mask Register
OC1D EQU $100D * OC1 Action Data Register
TCNT EQU $100E * Time Counter Register
TOC1 EQU $1016 * Output Compare Register 1
TCTL1 EQU $1020 * Timer Control Register 1
TMSK1 EQU $1022 * Timer Interrupt Mask Register 1
TFLG1 EQU $1023 * Timer Interrupt Flag Register 1
PACTL EQU $1026 * Pulse Accumulator Control Resister

* Messages to be displayed on PC monitor (CRT) or LCD

ORG $6000
CRTMSG1 FCC 'ENTER DUTY CYCLE (%):'
FCB $0A * Line Feed
FCB $04 * String terminator

CRTMSG2 FCC 'DUTY CYCLE RANGE: 5% TO 95%'
FCB $0A
FCB $04

LCDMSG1 FCC 'DUTY CYCLE: ' * LCD message
ENDMSG FCB
20
LOGIC FCB 0 * Logic level of PWM signal. Logic low = 0

* Reserve RAM locations

KB_DUTY RMB 3 * Storage memory for duty cycle from keyboard
NUM1 RMB 1 * Number of digits for duty cycle from keyboard
DUTY RMB 1 * Decimal value of duty cycle
TIME_HI RMB 2 * Number of E-clock cycles for logic high period
TIME_LO RMB 2 * Number of E-clock cycles for logic low period
BUFFER RMB 2

*--------------------------- MAIN PROGRAM -----------------------------------
* Program initialization

ORG $00DF * Interrupt vector for OC1 service routine
JMP INT_SVC

ORG $6500
LDS #$7FFF * Set stack pointer
LDAA #$80
STAA PACTL * Set Bit 7 of Port A as output pin
LDAA #$80 * Clear the flag for Output Compare 1
STAA TFLG1
LDAA #$C0 * Bits 6&7 of Port A are affected by OC1 compare
STAA OC1M
CLR TCTL1 * Clear Timer Control Register 1

LDAA #$80 * Unmask Output Compare Register 1 interrupt
STAA TMSK1

MAIN LDX #CRTMSG1 * Display message on PC monitor (CRT)
LDAA 0,X
JSR OUTSTR

JSR GETCHAR * Get strings from keyboard
JSR LCD_DSP * Display duty cycle on LCD
JSR CONV * Data conversion
CLI * Clear interrupt mask

JMP MAIN

*------------------------- SUBROUTINE GETCHAR -------------------------------
* Get characters from keyboard

GETCHAR LDAB #0
STAB NUM1
LDY #KB_DUTY

START JSR INCHAR * See the flowchart distributed in class
LDAB NUM1
CMPB #0
BEQ NEXT
CMPA #$0D * $0D - ASCII code, representing 'Carriage Return' key
BEQ CHECK1

NEXT CMPA #$39 * $39 - ASCII code, representing keyboard character '9'
BHI ERROR
CMPA #$30 * $30 - ASCII code, representing keyboard character '0'
21
BLO ERROR
STAA 0,Y
LDAB NUM1
INCB
CMPB #3 * Error occurs when the max number of digits is
BHS ERROR * larger than two.
STAB NUM1
INY
BRA START

CHECK1 LDAA NUM1 * Check the number of digits
CMPA #1
BEQ CHECK2
LDAB KB_DUTY
CMPB #$39
BEQ CHECK3
BRA END

CHECK2 LDAA KB_DUTY * For a single digit number,
CMPA #$35 * the minimum value is 5.
BLO ERROR
JMP END

CHECK3 LDAA KB_DUTY+1
CMPA #$35 * For a two-digit number, the max value is 95.
BHI ERROR
JMP END

ERROR LDX #CRTMSG2 * Display error message on CRT
LDAA 0,X
JSR OUTSTR
BRA GETCHAR
END RTS

*--------------------------- SUBROUTINE LCD_DSP -----------------------------
* LCD display

LCD_DSP LDAA #$01 * LCD initialization
JSR WCTRL
LDAA #$02
JSR WCTRL
LDAA #$38
JSR WCTRL
LDAA #$0C
JSR WCTRL

LDY #LCDMSG1
LOOP CPY #ENDMSG * Display a message on LCD one character by
BEQ NEXT2 * another until the end of the message.
LDAA 0,Y
JSR WDAT
INY
LDAA #$06
JSR WCTRL
BRA LOOP

NEXT2 CLR BUFFER * Display duty cycle on LCD
LDY #KB_DUTY
LOOP1 LDAA 0,Y
22
JSR WDAT
INY
INC BUFFER
LDAA BUFFER
CMPA NUM1 * Check if all the digits are displayed
BEQ NEXT3
LDAA #$06
JSR WCTRL
BRA LOOP1

NEXT3 LDAA #'%' * Display %
JSR WDAT
RTS

*-------------------------- SUBROUTINE CONV --------------------------------
* Convert duty cycle in hexadecimal to decimal and then number of
* E-clock cycles

CONV LDAA NUM1 * Check # of digits (duty cycle)
CMPA #1
BEQ SINGLE
LDAA KB_DUTY * If it has 2 digits, convert the 1st to decimal
SUBA #$30
LDAB #10
MUL
STAB BUFFER
LDAA KB_DUTY+1 * Convert the 2nd digit to decimal
SUBA #$30
ADDA BUFFER
STAA DUTY
BRA CALULAT
SINGLE LDAA KB_DUTY * Convert the single digit number to decimal
SUBA #$30
STAA DUTY

CALULAT LDAA #20 * Convert the duty cycle (decimal) to number of
LDAB DUTY * E-clock cycles.
MUL
STD TIME_HI
LDAA #100
SUBA DUTY
LDAB #20
MUL
STD TIME_LO
RTS

*---------------------- Subroutine 50ms Delay ------------------------------

DELAY LDY #7142 * (7142 * 7) + 4 = 49998us
LOOP2 DEY *takes 4 clock cycles
BNE LOOP2 *takes 3 clock cycles
RTS

*---------------------- INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE (OC1) --------------------
* PWM waveform generation

INT_SVC LDD OC1D
23
ANDA #%01000000 * Test Bit 6
BEQ NEXT5

LDAA #%10000000 * Set PA7 high (for the SCR rectifier) and
* * PA6 low (for the IGBT Chopper)
STAA OC1D
LDD TOC1 * Set the time for the next interrupt
ADDD TIME_HI
STD TOC1
BRA NEXT6

NEXT5 LDAA #$C0 * Set PA7 high (for the SCR rectifier) and
* * PA6 high (for the IGBT Chopper)
STAA OC1D
LDD TOC1 * Set the time for the next interrupt
ADDD TIME_LO
STD TOC1

NEXT6 LDAA #$80 * Clear OC1 interrupt flag
STAA TFLG1

RTI

24
2.2 Project 2
Microprocessor Controlled SCR Rectifier

Objectives
- To generate SCR gate signals using 68HC11 based MPP board; and
- To study the performance of a single phase SCR rectifier.

Equipment
- Power Convert Module
- 68HC11 based MPP board (included in the PCM)
- Personal computer
- 300mH dc reactors
- 100 O resistors

Part A Zero-crossing Detector and 68HC11 Programing

A.1 Zero-crossing detector
The gate signal for the SCRs used in the single phase half bridge rectifier should be synchronized with
the input ac line voltage. Therefore, zero-crossings of the line voltage should be detected. A typical
zero-crossing detector is shown in Fig. 2.1. It is composed of a low pass filter, phase shifter and
comparator. Adjust Potentiometer P1 such that the phase shift between V
syn
and V
o2
is zero. Record the
waveforms of V
syn
& V
o2
and V
syn
& V
o3
.

+
-
+
-
+
-
V
syn
P
1
R
3
-12V
+12V
R
8
R
7
R
6
R
5
500K
5.1K
2.7K
5.1K
PA1
V
o3
2 1
3
IC
1
IC
2
IC
3
C
12
C
11
10K
10K
100K
27K
R
1
27K
R
2
27K
Low Pass Filter
Phase Shifter
Comparator
0.1F
0.22F
V
o1
V
o2
+
-

Fig. 2.1 Zero-crossing detector (a low pass filter is used
to avoid multiple zero-crossings due to noise).

25

V
syn
and V
o2
V
syn
and V
o3

Part B Programming
B.1 Preliminary study
- Study the sample program Proj2.asm and make sure you fully understand it. This program
can be used to generate SCR gate signals according to the firing angle o specified by
ALPHA_D in the program. The firing angle is the angle between the zero crossing of V
syn
and
the rising angle of the gating signal.
- Compile and run the program.
- Measure the phase angle between V
syn
and the gate signal. Confirm that the measured angles are
in a good agreement with ALPHA_D.
Note: The minimum delay angle alpha in this program is one degree (1). The program will not work
when the delay angle is zero.

B.2 Programming
a) Programming requirements
- Minimum delay (firing) angle: 1
- Maximum delay (firing) angle: 165
- The delay angle should be obtained from keyboard and be displayed on LCD;
- Two gating pulses should be generated per cycle of the input source voltage;
- Use TIC2 (PA1) for input capture; and
- Use PA7 to generate the SCR gate signal.

b) Procedures
1) Combine the program you developed in Project 1 with the sample program Proj2.asm.
2) Run the program and complete the following table.

26
o
Keyboard Input
30 90 150
o
Measured

3) Modify the program such that only two interrupt service routines are used instead of three in the
sample program.

Part C Experiment

C.1 Resistive load

Power Circuit Connection
2) Load connection:
- Connect two pieces of 100 Ohm resistors in parallel; and
- Connect the load to Connectors A1 and COM.

Measurements
- Set delay angle to 165. Make sure that the gate signal at PA7 is correct (i.e., o = 165, and the
amplitude of the gate signal is 5V).
- Use an digital scope and a multimeter for the following measurements.

Warning: The load resistors will be very hot during experiment. Do not touch them.

TABLE A
Delay angle o 1 40 80 120 160

V
S
(Voltage between TP1 and TP2)
(Multimeter: V~, RMS: ac)

V
A1, avg (dc)
(V)
(Voltage at A1 with respect to COM)
Average Value
(Multimeter: V= )

V
A1, rms (ac)
(V)
RMS Value of ac component only

V
A1, rms (ac + dc)
(V)
RMS Value
(Multimeter: V~, RMS: ac + dc)

27
Verification

V V V
rms dc ac
=
2 2
+

V
A1, avg (dc)
(V)

Calculation
Use the equation derived in the lecture class

V
A1, rms (ac + dc)
(V)

Calculation
Use the equation derived in the lecture class

Record the rectifier output voltage waveforms using the digital oscilloscope.

Delay angles: 40 and 120

Delay angle 40 Delay angle 120

28
C.2 RL load
Power Circuit Connection
2) RL load connection:
- Connect four units of 300mH inductors in series;
- Connect two pieces of 100 Ohm resistors in parallel; and
- Connect the inductor (1200mH) in series with the resistor (50 O).
- Connect the RL load to Connectors A1 and COM.

Measurements
Warning: The load resistors will be very hot during experiment. Do not touch them.

TABLE B
Delay angle o 40

V
S
(Voltage between TP1 and TP2)

V
A1, avg (dc)
(V)
(Voltage at A1 with respect to COM)
Average Value
(Multimeter: V= )

V
A1, rms (ac)
(V)
RMS Value of ac component only

V
A1, rms (ac + dc)
(V)
RMS Value
(Multimeter: V~, RMS: ac + dc)

Verification

V V V
rms dc ac
=
2 2
+

Compare the above measured results with those (o = 40) given in Table A. Make your conclusions.
Include your conclusions in the report.

29
Record the rectifier output voltage waveforms using the digital oscilloscope.

Record the rectifier output current waveforms (Measure the waveform across the load resistor

30
Record the rectifier input current waveforms (Measure the waveform across sample resistor R1).


Find the thyristor conduction angles with o = 1 and 40.

C.3 Report
1) Output dc (average) voltage of the rectifier (Table A) versus delay angle o. Show the curves
obtained from the measured and calculated results on the same graph.
2) Output dc (rms) voltage of the rectifier (Table A) versus delay angle o. Show the curves
obtained from the measured and calculated results on the same graph.
- Summarize your observations.
- Attach a copy of your program listing to the report.

31
Appendix I Sample Program

*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*
* ELE754 POWER ELECTRONICS *
* *
* SAMPLE PROGRAM *
* FOR *
* PROJECT 2 Microprocessor Controlled Thyristor Rectifier *
* *
* File Name: Proj2.asm *
* Version: 3 *
* *
* Please read the following program and try to understand it. Compile *
* and run this program. Use an oscilloscope to observe the waveform at *
* PA7 (Gate signal for the SCRs used in the rectifier). *
* *
* Zero Crossing Detector: No phase shift between its input and output *
* Input Capture: PORT A BIT 1 (PA1) *
* SCR Gate Signal: PORT A BIT 7 (PA7) *
* ALPHA Range: 1 to 165 degrees *
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*

* Define addresses of HC11 registers used in this program

PORTA EQU $1000 * Port A
PACTL EQU $1026 * Pulse Accumulator Control Resistor

TIC2 EQU $1012 * Input Capture Register 2
TCNT EQU $100E * Timer Counter Register (Free running)

TCTL2 EQU $1021 * Timer Control Register 1
TMSK1 EQU $1022 * Timer Interrupt Mask Register 1
TFLG1 EQU $1023 * Timer Interrupt Flag Register 1

* Define configurations of input capture and output compare
LOW EQU $00 * Logic '0' of the gate signal
HIGH EQU $80 * Logic '1' of the gate signal

PERIOD EQU 8333 * 8.333ms (half cycle of 60Hz)
GAP EQU 400 * 0.4ms

ALPHA_D FCB 90 * Delay angle ALPHA in degrees
ALPHA FCB * Delay angle ALPHA in # of counts

*--------------------------- Main Program --------------------------------*

ORG $00E5 * IC2 Interrupt Vector
JMP INTER1

ORG $00DF * OC1 Interrupt Vector
JMP INTER2

ORG $00DC * OC2 Interrupt Vector
JMP INTER3

ORG $6500
LDS #$7FFF
32
LDAA #$80 * Set Port A bit 7 as an output
STAA PACTL

LDAA #$0C * Input capture on both rising and falling edges
STAA TCTL2

LDAA #$C2 * Clear OC1, OC2 and IC2 interrupt flags
STAA TFLG1

LDAA #$C2 * Allow OC1, OC2 and IC2 interrupt requests
STAA TMSK1

LDAB ALPHA_D
LDAA #45 * Convert delay angle to # of counts
MUL
STD ALPHA
CLI * Interrupt enable

LOOP NOP * Wait for interrupt requests
JMP LOOP

*---------------------- IC2 Interrupt Service Routine ---------------------*
INTER1 LDD TIC2
ADDD ALPHA
STD TOC1
QUIT LDAA #$02 * Clear input capture
STAA TFLG1
RTI

*---------------------- OC1 Interrupt Service Routine ---------------------*
INTER2 LDAA #HIGH
STAA PORTA
LDD TCNT
ADDD #PERIOD
SUBD ALPHA
SUBD #GAP
STD TOC2
LDAA #$80 * Clear output compare flag
STAA TFLG1
RTI

*---------------------- OC2 Interrupt Service Routine ---------------------*
INTER3 LDAA #LOW
STAA PORTA
LDAA #$40 * Clear output compare flag
STAA TFLG1
RTI

33
3. Solutions to Selected Problems

3.1 dc-dc Switch-mode Converters

Step-down Converters (Chapter 7, Moham)

7-1 V
O
=5V, V
d
=10V to 40V, P
O
>5W, f
s
=50kHz. Find the minimum inductance to keep the converter
in the continuous conduction mode under all conditions.
Solution:
For a given load and output voltage, the likelihood that the inductor current will fall to zero
is increased by lowering the duty ratio and thus increasing the OFF time. The duty ratio is
lowest when V
d
=40V. P
O
/V
O
=5W/5V=I
O
=1A
H 43.75 L =

= = = =
>
] 5 40 [
1 50000 2
125 . 0
] [
2f
D
L ; 125 . 0
40
5
] [
2
I
5, - 7 Eq. from conduction continuous For
S
O
O d
O
O d
S
V V
I
D
V V
L f
D

7-2 V
o
=5V, f
s
=20kHz, L=0.001H, C=470F, V
d
=12.6V, I
o
=0.2A. Find AV
o
.
Solution:
Is the circuit operating in the continuous mode?
| |
( )
( ) | |
( )
2.01mV =

= A
= A
= = = =
6 2
o
2
o
OB
10 470 001 . 0 8 000 , 20
5 6 . 12 5 1
V
8
1
V 24 - Eq.7 from so mode, continuous in the is
397 . 0
12.6
5
D ere wh 0754 . 0
2
i 5, - Eq.7 From
LC
V D T
It
V V
L f
D
o s
o d
s

7-3 Find the RMS ripple current through L. (optional)
Solution:
-0.0755A
t
T
S
DT
S
(1-D)T
S
i
L
,
ripple
0.0755
A

34
( ) ( ) s A s A s
D s A
dt
di
s A
dt
di
dt
di
L V
L
L L
50 T : Note 151 . 0 7600 50 397 . 0 i
is current ripple peak - to - peak the Therefore,
. 397 . 0
6 . 12
5
; 5000
001 . 0
5
, t During
7600
001 . 0
5 6 . 12
, t During ;
s L
off
on
= = = A
= = =
=
=
=
(
=

43.66mA current ripple
RMS ] [
T
1
s 50 t s 19.84 for 5000t - 0.1747
84 . 19 DT : Note s 19.84 t 0 for 7600 0755 . 0 ) (
,
0
2
,
s
s ,
=
= c
< < =
= < < + =
}
RMS
i t i
s t t i
ripple L
T
ripple L
ripple L
s

7-5 Calculate the ripple voltage in problem 7-2 if the load current is reduced to I
OB
/2. (optional)
Solution:
1.66mV = A
= =
= A

A
=
A
= =
= A
A +
= = =
O
2
1
1 1
o
1
1 d
o
V
4, - problem7 in derived equation the Using
0.281. D ; 52 . 1 1197 . 0
,
1197 . 0
;
001 . 0 000 , 20 2
6 . 12
2
0377 . 0 I
14, - Eq.7 ing
52 . 1 ;
6 . 12
5
V
V
; 0377 . 0
D
D
D
L
D T V
Us
D
D
D
A I
s d
o

One-quadrant chopper
+
V
d
_
G
i
D
D
T i
T
i
O
L
R
E
a
+
V
O
_

Fig 7-a Circuit diagram of one-quadrant chopper

7-a In the one-quadrant chopper circuit of Fig. 7-a, V
d
=600V, E
a
=200V, L=4mH, R=1.5O,
T
s
=4000s, t
on
=2500s. Show that the output current i
O
is continuous.
Solution:
35
. continuous is i 0, I Since
3 . 133 3 . 178
5 . 1
200
1
1
1.5
600
I
5 . 1 2667 4000
937 . 0 2667 2500
2667 5 . 1 4
O min
5 . 1
937 . 0
min
>
= =
=
= =
= =
= O =
45A
e
e
T
t
s mH
s
on
t
t
t

7-b For the chopper circuit of problem 7-a, determine:
(a) The average output voltage and current, V
O
and I
O
.
(b) The output current at the instant of IGBT turn-off.
Solution:

1.5
200
-
e - 1
e - 1
1.5
600
I
1.5
10 4
5 . 1 10 4 T

9375 0.
10 4
5 . 1 10 2.5 t
) (
1.5
200 - 375
R
V
600 0.625 V
T
t
V
continous. is current a, - 7 Prob. From ) (
1.5 -
0.9375 -
max
3 -
3 -
s
3 -
3 -
on
O
on
O
179.9A
116.7A
375V
= =
=

=
=

=
= =
=
= = =
t
t
b
E
I
a
a
O

7-c In the chopper circuit of Fig.7-a, V
d
=600V, E
a
=200V, L=1mH, R=1.5O, T
s
=4000s, and
t
on
=2500s. Show that the output current i
O
is discontinuous.
Solution:
ous. discontinu is i 0, I Since
133 41
5 . 1
200
1
1
5 . 1
600
I
0 . 6 667 4000
748 . 3 667 2500
667 5 . 1 1
O min
0 . 6
748 . 3
min
<
= =
=
= =
= =
= O =
-92A
e
e
T
t
s mH
s
on
t
t
t

7-d For the chopper circuit of problem 7-c, determine:
(a) The average output voltage and current, V
O
and I
O
.
(b) The output current at the instant of commutation.
Solution:
s
e
a
3 -
75 . 3 3.75
3 -
x
on
-3
10 3.222
} ] ) 1 (
200
200 600
1 [ e { ln
5 . 1
10
t
3.75 1.5 2.5
t

s
5 . 1
10
R
L
) (
=
+ =
= =
= =
t
t

36
) e - (1
1.5
200 - 600
I (b)
5 . 1
200 9 . 413
I
200
4
3.222) - (4
600
4
5 . 2
V
3.75 -
max
O
O
260.4A
142.6A
413.9V
= =
=
=
= + =
R
E V
a O

7-e In the chopper circuit of Fig. 7-a, V
d
=600v, E
a
=350V, R=0.1, T
s
=1800s, and L is of so large a value
that the output current may be assumed constant or ripple-free. If the output current is to be
I
O
=100A:
(a) Calculate the required value of t
on
.
(b) Sketch to scale the time variations of v
G
, v
O
, i
O
, i
D
and i
T
.

Solution:
s t
V
V
T
t
A
R
E V
I a
on
d
on a O
O
3 -
10 1.08 =

=
= + =
=
600
10 8 . 1 360

360 350 100 1 . 0 V
V V ) (
3
O
O

(b)

t
t
t
t
t
v G
v O
i O
i T
i D
100
100
100
600
360
t
o
n
T s
37
3.2 Single and Three phase Diode Rectifier

5-1 (Chapter 5, Moham)
5-3
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
3
2
1
2 2
3
2
2
3 3 3 1 1
2
3
2
1
2
d
2
3
2
1
2
d
3 3 3 1 1 d
3 3 3 1 1
3 3 1 1 1 1
1
2
cos 45 cos 2
VI
P
PF
I I
2 V V
cos 45 cos 2 V P
cos 2 cos 2
cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
I I I V V V
I V I V I V
c
I I
V V b
I V I V I a
t I t I I i
t V t V t V V v
d d
d d
d
d
d
+ + + +
u + +
= =
+ + =
+ + =
u + + =
u + + =
+ + + =
e e
e e e

. peak value is 2V where ) 45 sin( 2
) 45 sin( 2 2
) sin (cos 2
sin 2 cos 2
:
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ =
+ =
+ =
+
t V
t V
t t V
t V t V
Note
e
e
e e
e e

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

sin

t i
sin
Z
V
A
sin
Z
V
A 0 : equation previous
in the A calculate to condition initial this use will We . 0 0 0 i 0, at t Initially
. determined be t to coefficien the is A and tan , R Z
- t sin
Z
V
Ae i
response, natural the and response forced the Adding
t sin
L
V
i
L
R
dt
di

which
sin
dt
di
L Ri
on) is diode that the (assuming equation al Differenti
sin
v
voltage

2
2
s
s
-
1 - 2 2
s L
R

s
s
u + =
|
.
|
\
|
= u =
u + =
= = =
|
.
|
\
|
= u + =
u + =
= +
= +
=
+
t
Z
V
e
Z
L V
Z
L
V
i
R
L
L where
from
t V
t V t
Source
s
t
L
R
s
s
t
s
s
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
38
5-4
( )
1080W I V P
108V 0.9V V
120V V , Sinusoidal : v
d d d
s d
s s
= =
= =
= a

(b)
0
0 et
et
200V
200V
120 120
120
180
60
60
60
v
s
v
d

( ) ( )
W I V P
V V
d d d
o
o o
d
3 . 1333
33 . 133
3
2
200
180
60 0 120 200
= =
= =
+
=

5-6

5-10
V
S
t 2t
et
et
et
|V
S
|
i
d
2t/3 5t/3
200
160
200

( )
( )
2
2
2
2
d d
D
d
D
I I
rms I
I
avg I
= =
=
39
( )
( )
( )
( )
. t until zero at stays it and
30 rad 0.523
424.4
222.2
in zero down to comes i
rad
A
-424.4
10 377
160
-
t d
di

160 L
3
2
2 . 222
10 377
3
2
40
3
2
i
10 377
40 40
t d
di

40 160 200 L
3
2
t 0
hint". " see 0 0
o
d
3 -
d
s
3
d
3
d
s
t e
e
t
e
t
t
e
e e
t
e
=
~ =
=
=
= >
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
= = < <
=
dt
di
t
A t
L
dt
di
i
d
s
d
d

5-11
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 33.6A 641.8 2.058 397.9 - 2.058 -450.1cos I
rad 2.058 - ; - i I
. - and between
positive is v since ) - ( at occurs current peak The I Calculate
rad 2.56
1.426 0.884 cos
641.8 397.9 - -450.1cos 0 i Calculate
641.8 397.9 - -450.1cos i
cos cos 2
L
1
i
d sin 2
L
1

d v
L
1
i i Derive
rad. 1.084
120 2
150V
sin
V sin V 2
peak d,
b b d peak d,
b b
L b peak d,
f
f f
f f f d f
d
s
d

s

L
s
d d
1 -
b
d b s
b
= + =
= =
=
= +
+ = =
+ =
+ =
=
=
= |
.
|
\
|
=
=
}
}
u t u t
u t u
u t
u
u u
u u u u
u u u
u u u u
e
u
u u
e
u
e
u u
u
u u
u
u
u
u
b d b s
d s
b
V V
V V
V
Calculate
b

40
5-14
( )
( )
( )
1
I
I
CF
0.9 DPF
I
I
PF
1.0 DPF
4 . 48
9 . 0
9 . 0 1
100 100
0 angle
9 . 0 2
4
I
: analysis F
I
s
peak s,
s
s1
0
0
2
1
2
1
2
0
0
1
s1
= =
= =
=
=
=
= u
= =
=
rms
I
I I
THD
DPF
I I rms
ourier From
I rms
s
s s
i
d d
d s
s
t

5-23
( )
( )
3
3
3 360
120
2
d d
D
d
d
o
o
D
I I
rms I
I
I avg I
= =
= =

5-27

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
1,2,3, n where 1 6n and 1 n for I
n
3 2
n
I
2
3 4
b
n odd other all for 0
3, 1,5,7,11,1 n for
2
3
90 cos 30n cos
: bracket ithin the Quautity w
odd n 90 cos 30n cos
n
4I

t n cos
n
4I
sin
4I
b
i , 60 30
0 i , 30 t 0
n. odd all for sin
4
b
and, n even all for 0 b n, all for 0 a
1 - 3 Table from Therefore,
symmetric. wave - quarter and i
d
d
n
d
30
90
d
90
30
d
n
s
0 o
s
o
90
0
n
n n
s
o
o
o
= = = =
=
= =
= =
= =
= < <
= < <
=
= =
}
}
t t
t
e
t
e e
t
e
e
e e
t
n
n
t d t n
I t
for
t d t n i
odd is
o
o
d
s

41
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 73 - 5 Eq. 955 . 0
I
I
DPF PF
69 - 5 Eq. 0.816I
1
1
6

1
1
6

I
71 - 5 Eq.
1
I
I

70 - 5 Eq.
6 3 2
2
1
I
72 - 5 Eq. 1.0 DPF and 0
1 n for sin
3 2
i
sin
n
1
I
3 2
t i
21 - 3 Eq. From
s
s1
d
5
2
5
2
2
2 2
1 s
s1
sn
s1
1
s1
d s
= =
= + =
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = u
= =
(
=
=
n
d
n
d
sn s
d d
d
n
I
n
I
I I
n
I I
t I t
t n
t
t
t t
e
t
e
t

42
3.3 Single and Three Phase Thyristor Rectifiers

6-3 (Chapter 6, Moham)
et
et
V
m
v
s
v
d
V
m
t 2t
t 2t
A
1
V
m
o t+o
T
1
and T
2
on T
3
and T
4
on

( )
( )
V At
V At
V V
A
V
m
m
m m
100 v , 135
100 v , 45
2
1
V 2
v
d
d
1
d
= =
= =
= = =
o
o
t
o
t
o
t

6-5
( )
( ) | |
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 707 . 0 2 cos DPF
90
2 2
0.9
cos
9 . 0
2
1
cos 1
2

2
1

2 cos

DPF V : power equating by calculated be can
180
- 180

2 cos
1 cos
2
t d t sin V 2 V
9 . 0
1
1 s 1

s
= =
=
=
= +
=
=
=
=
=
+ = =
=
}
o
o
t
o
o
t
o
o
o
o
t
t e e
o
o
o
t
o
o
L or
V
V
V V b
V
I V
I
I V I I
I I
DPF
V
V V a
s
s
do d
s
d d
s
d d s s
d s
s
d
s do
43
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
converter controlled - half in the better is Factor Power hat the t
shows (c) and (b) of n Comparisio
% 43 . 48
17 - 6 . 45 . 0 cos 9 . 0
16 - 6 . 5 . 0 cos
60 , 9 . 0 V
6 - 6 . cos
converter, bridge - full a In
% 55 . 48 %
636 . 0
636 . 0 707 . 0
%
636 . 0
I 636 . 0
2 90 cos
9 . 0 5 . 0

I 0.707
180
90 180
d
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
d 1
d
d
THD
Eq PF
Eq DPF
V for
Eq V V
c
I
I I
THD
DPF
I
I
PF
I
V
V
I
I I
i
o
do d
s
s s
i
s
s
d
s
s
s
d s
=
= =
= =
= =
=
=
=
= =
=
=
=
=
o
o
o
o
o
o

6-6
( ) ( )
2
1
,
2
1
= =
d
thy
d
thy
I
rms I
I
avg I

6-7
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
. 100 V for 31 yields equation above e th
, 75 . 120 % 5 115 V and a
89 . 0 a equation,
5 . 103 % 10 115 V and 0 , 100 V
2
cos
9 . 0
V 26, - 6 Eq. in
), a (where a ratio er turns transform minimum the calculate to Therefore,
0! below go cannot
2 377 6 . 9 08 . 0 L
Z % 8
6 . 9
5 . 12
120
1500
I
, 120 V
1500VA VA
rad 377 60 2 : L
10% - 5%, 115 , i , 10 I , 1
d
s min
min
min s, d
d
sec
s
base
pri
pri
s
d d
V
V V With
above the From
V V V Substitute
I L V
a
V
V
mH or
L
rated
I
V
Z
A rated
V rated
r Transforme
s Calculate
V V I A KW P
d s s
pri
s
pri
pri
base
s d d
= =
= + =
=
= = = =
=
=
~ =
=
O = =
= =
=
=
= =
+ = ~ = =
o
o
e
t
o
o
e
t e

44
6-11
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
( ) | |
( ) | |
( )
( ) | |
( ) | | u DPF
u
I
V I V
P P Equating
I V
Eq
I V On
u
I V
I V dc
u
V
V
u
V
V u V V V
I eplacing
Eq V V
Eq I
V
L
u
I
L
V V
d
LL d LL
dc ac
d LL
s LL
d do
d d
do
d
do
do LL do d
d
LL do
d
LL
s
d
s
do d
+ + ~ =
+ + ~
=
~
=
=
~
=
+ + = =
+ + =
+ = + =
=
= +
=
o o |
o o
t
|
t
|
t
t
|
o o
o o
o o o o o
t
o
e
t
e
o o
t
e
o
cos cos
2
1
cos
cos cos
2
2 3
cos
6
3

cos
6
3 P
o). u hence (and
0 L if only correct is equation above the because e approximat is equation above The
44 - 6 . I
6
I : ion Approximat
cos 3 P is power ac side, ac the
cos cos
2
P power
cos cos
2

cos cos
2
cos cos cos
2
2 3
cos
62, - 6 Eq. by 55 - 6 Eq. in L R
36 - 6 .
2 3

62 - 6 .
2
2
cos cos
55 - 6 Eq.
3
cos
1
1
1 ac
s
d s1
1 1 ac
d
s

6-12
( )
( )
~ =
= +
=

= = +
=

|
.
|
\
|

+
=
=
=
= =
= = = = = =
3 30.77 - 33.76 u
is u angle n commutatio the ,
76 . 33 u
831 . 0
4 . 952
460 2
10 25 377 2
859 . 0
2
2
cos cos
77 . 30
460 35 . 1
4 . 952 10 25
377 3
525
cos
3
cos 35 . 1
4 . 952
525
1000 500

. 500 P and , 525 V , 25 L ,
s
rad
377 60Hz, f , 460
6
6
d d s
Therefore
or
I
V
L
u
I
L
V V
A
V
P
I
kW V H V V
d
LL
s
d LL d
d
d
d
LL
o
e
o o
o
t
o
t
e
o
e

45
6-a Consider the 3| full bridge thyristor rectifier shown in Fig.6-19 (page 138).
Draw waveforms of V
Pn
, V
Nn
and V
d
at o=30, 90 and 150.

46
3.4 Switch Mode Inverters

8-a (Chapter 8, Moham)
The single-phase half-bridge inverter in Fig.8-4 has a resistive load of R=2.4O and the dc input
voltage is V
d
=48V. Consider square wave operation with device conduction angle of 180 per
cycle. Determine
(a) the rms output voltage V
o1
at the fundamental frequency;
(b) the average output power P
o;

(c) the peak and average currents of each transistor; and
(d) the total voltage harmonic distortion.
Solution:
48 . 0
6 . 21
6 . 21 24
THD ) (
5 10 5 . 0 I
50% cycle Duty
10
2
I ) (
240 P
24
1
V ) (
6 . 21 48 45 . 0
) sin(
2

series Fourier ) (
2 2
1
2
1
2
avg
Peak
2
o

0
2
o
1
5 , 3 , 1
=
=
= =
=
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
}
=
o
o o
d
o
T
o
o
n
d
o
V
V V
d
A
A
R
V
c
W
R
V
V dt v
T
b
V V
t n
n
V
v
a
e
t

8-b Repeat Problem 8-a for a single phase bridge inverter in Fig.8-11.
Solution:
48 . 0
V
THD ) (
10 20 5 . 0 I
20 I ) (
960 P
48
1
V ) (
2 . 43 48 9 . 0 V
) sin(
4
v
series Fourier ) (
1
2
1
2
o
avg
Peak
2
o

0
2
o
o1
5 , 3 , 1
o
=
=
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
}
=
o
o
d
o
T
o
n
d
V
V
d
A
A
R
V
c
W
R
V
V dt v
T
b
V
t n
n
V
a
e
t

47
8-c The single phase full bridge inverter in Fig.8-11 has an RLC load with R=10O, L=31.5mH, and
C=112F. The inverter frequency f
o
= 60Hz and dc input voltage V
d
= 220V. Consider the square
wave operation with device conduction angle of 180 per cycle.
(a) Express the instantaneous load current in Fourier series;
(b) Calculate the rms load current I
1
(c) Calculate the THD of the load current;
(d) Calculate the power absorbed by the load P
o
and the fundamental power P
o1
; and
(e) Calculate the average current of dc supply I
d
.

Solution:
( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
A V P
W R I
W R I
I
I I
THD
I I I
c
A b
t
t t t
t
t t t t
a
n
n
n n
and
n n
n
j
n
j
n j n j
d o
o
o
o
o o
o o o
o
o o
7 . 7 I (e)
4 . 1638 P
1695 P (d)
% 18
_

02 . 13 I
harmonic. ninth the to up Consider ) (
8 . 12 2 1 . 18 I ) (
84.52 - 377t 9 0.3sin
85 . 82 377 7 sin 5 . 0 79.63 - 377t 5 sin
17 . 70 377 3 sin 17 . 3 72 . 49 377 sin 1 . 18 i
as current load ous instantane obtain the can we angles, factor power the to due
delay e appropriat the g considerin and impedance load by the tage output vol the Dividing
377 9 sin 12 . 31 377t 7 40.02sin
337 5 sin 02 . 56 377 3 sin 4 . 93 337 sin 1 . 280 v
as expressed be can tage output vol ous instantane The ) (
368 . 2
187 . 1 tan
10
68 . 23 87 . 11
tan
is voltage harmonic nth for the angle factor power the
68 . 23 87 . 11 10 Z
is voltage harmonic nth for the impedance The

68 . 23
112 60 2
10
X
is voltage harmonic nth for the reactance capacitive The
87 . 11 10 5 . 31 60 2 X
is voltage harmonic nth for the reactance inductive The
d
2
1 o1
2
o
1
2
1
2
2
9
2
3
2
1 o
o1
o
o
o
o
1 1
n
2 1
2 2
n
6
C
3
L
= =
= =
= =
= =
= + + + =
= =
+ +
+ +
+ + =
+ + +
+ + =
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+ =
O
=

=
O = =

u
t
t

48
8-d Repeat Problem 8-c assuming that C = 0.

The solution to this problem is not provided.

8-e In the single phase full bridge PWM inverter circuit of Fig.8-11, V
d
= 300V, m
a
=0.8, m
f
= 39 and
the frequency of the sine modulating wave is 60Hz. The load resistance is 10O and load inductance
is 1mH. Bipolar modulation technique is used. Determine
(a) switching frequency of each transistor;
(b) the rms values of voltage and current at the fundamental frequency;
(c) the rms values of 37
th
and 39
th
harmonic voltages and currents; and
(d) the ratio of 39
th
harmonic current to fundamental current.
Answers:

575 . 0 I I ) (
759 . 9
001 . 0 60 39 2 10
52 . 173
Z
V
I 52 . 173
2
V 818 . 0
V
719 . 2
001 . 0 60 37 2 10
67 . 46
Z
V
I 67 . 46
2
V 22 . 0
V ) (
96 . 16
001 . 0 60 2 10
7 . 169
Z
V
I 7 . 169
2
V 8 . 0
V
is l fundamenta of voltage rms the 1, - 8 Table From ) (
2340 39 60 ) (
o1 o39
L39
o39
o39
d
o39
L37
o37
o37
d
o37
L1
o1
o1
d
o1
=
=
+
= = = =
=
+
= = = =
=
+
= = = =
= =
d
A
j
V
A
j
V c
A
j
V
b
Hz Hz f a
sw
t
t
t

8-f Consider a 3u inverter in Fig.8-21. Assume that IGBTs are used as switching devices. The
conduction angle of each IGBT is 180
o
per cycle.
(a) Draw waveforms of IGBT gate signals, line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages of the
inverter.
(b) Derive an expression for the calculation of rms values of line-to-line and line-to-neutral
voltages.
(c) Derive an expression for the calculation of rms values of fundamental components of line-
to-line and line-to-neutral voltages.

8-g The three-phase inverter in Fig.8-21 has a wye-connected load of R = 5O and L = 23mH. The
inverter frequency is f
o
= 60Hz and the dc input voltage is V
d
= 220V. The conduction angle of each
switching device is 180
0
per cycle.
(a) Express the instantaneous line-to-line voltage v
ab
(t) and line current i
a
(t) in a Fourier series.
(b) Determine the rms line voltage V
L
;
(c) Calculate the rms phase voltage V
P
;
(d) Calculate the rms line voltage V
L1
(e) Calculate the rms phase voltage at the fundamental frequency, V
P1
;
(f) Determine the total harmonic distortion THD of line current i
a
;
(g) Determine the load power P
o
; and
(h) Determine the average dc current I
d
.
Solution (continued on next page):
49

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
A. 6.7 220 1473 220 P I current dc average The ) (
. 1473 5 91 . 9 3 3 P power load The
91 . 9
2
06 . 0 10 . 0 13 . 0 33 . 0 64 . 0 14
I
is current line rms The current. phase the as same the is current line the loads, connected - For wye ) (
053 . 0
14
06 . 0 10 . 0 13 . 0 33 . 0 64 . 0
THD
harmonic. 17th to up Consider ) (
. 03 . 99
3
V ) (
. 53 . 171 220 7797 . 0 V ) (
. 7 . 103 220 4714 . 0 V ) (
. 63 . 179 220 8165 . 0 V ) (
) 88 377 17 sin( 06 . 0 ) 5 . 87 377 13 sin( 10 . 0
) 87 377 11 sin( 13 . 0 ) 3 . 85 377 7 sin( 33 . 0
) 4 . 83 377 5 sin( 64 . 0 ) 60 377 sin( 14 i
5 67 . 8 tan 67 . 8 5 tan Z
) 30 (377t 17 sin 27 . 14 ) 30 377 ( 13 sin 66 . 18
) 30 (337t 11 22.05sin ) 30 (377t 7 sin 66 . 34
30 377 5 sin 52 . 48 30 337 sin 58 . 242 v
as written be can t v voltage line - to - line ous instantane The notes. class your Refer to ) (
o d
2 2
o
2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
L
2
1
2 2 2 2 2
1
p1
L1
p
L
a
1 2 2 1 2 2
L
o
o o
ab
ab
= = =
= = =
=
+ + + + +
=
=
+ + + +
=
= =
= =
= =
= =
+
+
=
Z + = Z + =
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + =

h
W R I
A
g
f
V
V
e
V d
V c
V b
t t
t t
t t t
n n R L n L n R
t
t t t
a
L
L
o o
o o
o o
o
e e

8-h The three phase inverter in Fig.8-21 operates in a PWM mode. A three phase wye-connected load
of R = 10O and L = 2mH is connected to the inverter. The input dc voltage is 240V. The gating
pattern is sinusoidally modulated with m
a
= 1.0 and m
f
= 21. The fundamental frequency is 100Hz.
Determine:
(a) the rms values of fundamental voltage and current;
(b) the rms values of 5
th
and 7
th
harmonic voltages and currents; and
(c) the rms values of 19
th
and 23
rd
harmonic voltages and currents.

The solution to this problem is not provided.

50
4. Examination Samples

MIDTERM EXAMINATION


Ryerson University

Duration: 2 hours
Instructor:
Dr. B.Wu

Instructions: 1. Answer all four questions.
2. Show details of your derivations/calculations.

Marks:

Q1. 30% ______________

Q2. 20% ______________

Q3. 30% ______________

Q4. 20% ______________

Student Name: _________________________________

Student Number: _________________________________

Question 1 (30%)
51
+
R
E
a
V
o
+
-
D
i
D
i
T
i
O
-
V
d
G
T

Fig. 1 One quadrant chopper with a dc motor load

An IGBT-based one quadrant chopper is used to drive a dc motor, whose armature circuit parameters are
represented by the winding resistance R (0.2 Ohms), winding inductance L (0.25mH) and back emf as
shown in Fig.1. The input dc voltage of the chopper is 115V and its switching frequency is 500Hz. When
the duty cycle of the chopper is 0.4, the motor runs at 1200rpm with its emf of 55V. Answer Questions 1.1
to 1.3.
1.1) The peak value of armature current.
3%
3
3
10 25 . 1
2 . 0
10 25 . 0

= =
R
L
t , sec 10 8 . 0
500
1
4 . 0
3
= =
on
t
) 1 (
/
,
t
on
t a d
peak o
e
R
E V
I

= 64 . 0 / = t
on
t
A e 8 . 141 ) 1 (
2 . 0
55 115
64 . 0
=
=

6 . 1
25 . 1
2
= =
ms
ms T
s
t

1.2) The average (dc) armature voltage and armature (dc) current.

3% A
e
e
I
o
6 . 144
2 . 0
55
1
1
2 . 0
115
6 . 1
64 . 0
min ,
=
= discontinuous mode

3% ( )
)
`
+ =
64 . 0 64 . 0 3
1
55
55 115
1 ln 10 25 . 1 e e t
x

ms 32 . 1
) 874 . 2 ln( 10 25 . 1
3
=
=

V V
dc o
7 . 64
2
32 . 1 2
55
2
8 . 0
115
,
=
+ = A I
dc o
5 . 48
2 . 0
55 7 . 64
,
=
=

1.3) Sketch to scale the waveforms of v
o
and i
o
, indicating the peak values.
52
3%
115V
V
o
i
O
141.8V
t
x

Question 1 (continued)
An external dc choke of 6mH is connected in series with the armature winding of the above mentioned dc
motor. The duty cycle is adjusted to 0.5 and the motor runs at 1120rpm. The field winding current remains
unchanged. Find:
1.4) The dc component (average value), fundamental component (peak value) and third harmonic (pick
value) in.

3% V
o,dc
= ________

3% V
o1, peak
= ________

3% V
o3, peak
= ________

Check: continuous or discontinuous mode?
3
3
10 25 . 31
2 . 0
10 25 . 6

= =
R
L
t , ms ms t
on
0 . 1 2 5 . 0 = =
032 . 0
25 . 31
0 . 1
/ = = t
on
t 064 . 0
25 . 31
2
= =
ms
ms T
s
t

A
e
e
I
o
25 . 26
2 . 0
33 . 51
1
1
20
115
064 . 0
032 . 0
min ,
=
= continuous mode 33 . 51 1120

1200
55
= =
a
E

V
d
V
o
Use Fourier Series to find V
o,dc
,

V
o1, peak
and

V
03, peak

53
1.5) The dc component (average value), fundamental component (peak value) and third harmonic (peak
value) in i
o
.

3% I
o,dc
= ________

3% I
o1, peak
= ________

3% I
o3, peak
= ________

V
o
t 2t
115V
et

+ =
10
... 5 , 3 , 1
) sin(
5 . 57 4
2
115
n
o
t n
n
V e
t

... 5 sin 64 . 14 3 sin 4 . 24 sin 21 . 73 5 . 57 + + + + = t t t e e e
|dc |1
st
|3
rd

A I
A
L R
V
I
A I
peak o
peak o
dc o
414 . 0
) 10 25 . 6 500 3 2 ( 2 . 0
4 . 24
73 . 3
) 10 25 . 6 500 2 ( 2 . 0
2 . 73 21 . 73
82 . 30
2 . 0
33 . 51 5 . 57
2 3 2
, 3
2 3 2 2 2
, 1
,
=
+
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
t
t e

Question 2 (20%)
The input terminals of a single phase full bridge diode rectifier are connected to a single phase ac voltage
source rated at 208V and 400Hz with a source inductance of 4%. The rectifier is rated at 20kVA. The load
of this rectifier is an ideal dc voltage source of 240V. Answer the following questions:

2.1) Find the value of source inductance in mH.
4%

2.2) Derive an expression for the calculation of output dc current.
4%

54
2.3) Sketch to scale the waveforms of input voltage, dc voltage, dc current, and the voltage on source
6% inductance.

2.4) Calculate the diode conduction angle per half cycle of the input line frequency.
6%
Solutions:
2.1)
H L
mH L
Z
A I
rated
rated
rated
6
10 9 . 45 148 . 1 04 . 0
148 . 1
400 2
884 . 2
884 . 2
12 . 72
208
12 . 72
208
15000
= =
=
=
O = =
= =
t

v
s
i
d
v
L
u
b
u
p
u
f
294V
383.2A
use equ (1)
294V - 240V = 54V

2.2)
rad
rad
b p
b
187 . 2
945 . 0 67 . 54
208 2
240
sin
1
= =
= =
=

u t u
u

( ) | |
) 1 ( .. .......... .......... 3459 2080 cos 2549
) 96 . 228 240 1 . 170 cos 1 . 294 ( 668 . 8
) 954 . 0 ( 240 954 . 0 cos cos 208 2
10 9 . 45 400 2
1
6
equ A i
i
i
d
d
d
+ =
+ + =
+

=

u u
u u
u u
t

2.4) u
f = ?
357 . 1 816 . 0 cos
0 3459 2080 cos 2549
= +
= +
f f
f f
u u
u u

Try u
f = 2.6 cosu + 0.816u = 1.265
Try u
f = 2.8 cosu + 0.816u = 1.342
Try u
f = 2.82 cosu + 0.816u = 1.352

conduction angle: u
f
- u = 2.82 0.954 = 1.866 rad = 106.9

55
Question 3 (30%)
A three-phase full bridge SCR rectifier without a freewheeling diode is connected to a three phase balanced
voltage source of 60Hz, 208V (line to line). Assume the load of the rectifier is a constant current source of
100A and its firing (daley) angle is 60 degrees. Find:
3.1) The average dc output voltage of the rectifier.
6% V V
d
4 . 140 cos 208 35 . 1 = = o at which o is 60

3.2 The total harmonic distortion of the input current and overall input power factor.
12% A I t d i I
d a a
6 . 81 816 . 0
2
1
2
0
2
= = =
}
t
e
t

A
I
I
t I t I i
d
a
d a
78 . 77
2
1 . 1
... ) ( 5 sin 22 . 0 ) sin( 1 . 1
1
= =
+ = o e o e
% 31
2
1
2
1
2
=
=
a
a a
I
I I
THD
995 . 0
1
1
2
=
+
=
THD
DF , 5 . 0 cos = = o DPF
478 . 0 = = DPF DF PF

3.3 Use Fig.2 given below, draw the dc output waveform assuming that the delay angle remains at 60
6% degrees.
o
o

56
3.4 If a freewheeling diode is connected in parallel with the dc current source, draw the dc output
waveform assuming that the delay angle remains at 90 degrees
6%
o
o

Question 4 (20%)
4.1) List four switching devices that are commonly used in power electronic converters.
IGBT, GTO, MOSFET, SCR
4.2) Indicate which of the switching devices you have listed are voltage controlled devices and which
are current controlled devices.
IGBT, MOSFET Voltage Controlled Devices
SCR, GTO Current Controlled Devices
4.3) Draw a typical circuit diagram of an IGBT-based two quadrant chopper.

LOAD
V
d
+
-

4.4) Draw a curve which illustrates the relationship between the boundary current and the duty cycle D
of a buck converter.
I
BD
D

4.5) Write an equation which describes a dynamic relationship between motor speed, electromagnetic
torque and load torque.
m L e
m
B T T
dt
d
J e
e
=

In the following multiple-choice questions, circuit one best answer.

4.6) In a single phase, single diode rectifier with an RL load, the diode conduction angle is
a) grater than 180. b) less than 180. c) equal to 180.
d) grater than 120. e) less than 120. f) equal to 120.
g) grater than 60. h) less than 60. i) equal to 60. j) none of the above.

57
4.7) In a three-phase, full SCR bridge rectifier with a three RL load where L is assumed very large, the
delay angel is 60 degrees. The SCR conduction angle is

4.8) In a three-phase, full SCR bridge rectifier with a three R load, the delay angel is 60 degrees. The
SCR conduction angle is

4.9) The maximum voltage and current ratings of a single IGBT device currently available in the market
are
a) 600A, 1000V b) 600A, 2000V c) 600A, 4500V d) 600A, 6500V
e) 1200A, 1000V f) 1200A, 2000V g) 1200A, 4500V h) 1200A, 6500V

4.10) The source inductance between an ideal voltage source and three phase SCR rectifier
a) may be used to assist SCR commutation b) may increase input current THD
c) may reduce the dc output voltage d) may increase the dc output voltage
d) none of the above.

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ELE754 Course Notes

= continuous mode 33 . 51 1120

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