Applied Chemistry Tutorials

B.Tech-Ist Sem (ECE, MAE, Civil, IT, CS)

Module-1
Module I: Water Technology Introduction and specifications of water, Hardness and its determination (EDTA method only), Alkalinity, Boiler feed water, boiler problems scale, sludge, priming & foaming: causes & prevention, Boiler problems caustic embrittlement & corrosion: causes & prevention, Carbonate & phosphate conditioning, colloidal conditioning & calgon treatment, Water softening processes: Lime soda process, Ion exchange method, Water for domestic use.

Tutorial-1
(Based on hardness of water) Q1. a) Define hardness with units and give inter relation between units. b) How many types of hardness are there define them. Q2.What do you understand by CaCO3 equivalents .Why hardness is expressed always in the terms of CaCO3 equivalents. Q3. Three samples A, B, C were analyzed for their salt contents. 1. Sample A was found to contain 168 mg of magnesium carbonate per liter. 2. Sample B was found to contain 820 mg of calcium nitrate and 2 mg of silica per liter. 3. Sample C was found to contain 20 g of potassium nitrate and 2 g of calcium carbonate per 500 ml. Determine the hardness in all the above three samples in ppm and in grains per gallon. Q4. Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of a sample of water containing Mg(HCO3)=7.3 mg/L;Ca(HCO3) 2 = 16.2 mg/L; MgCl2=9.5 mg/L;CaSO4 13.6 mg/L (atomic weights of Mg and Ca are 24 & 40 respectively) Q5. 20 mL of 0.1 Na2CO3 solution was added to 100 mL of sample of hard water. The filtrate from the solution required 30 mL of 0.05N H2SO4 for complete neutralization. Calculate the hardness of water sample. Q6. 100 mL of tap water was tritrated with N/50 HCl with methyl orange as an indicator. If 30 ml of HCl were required, calculate the hardness as parts per 100,000 parts of water. The hardness is temporary. Q7. A sample of water is found to contain 40.5 mg/L Ca(HCO3) 2 , 45.5 mg/L, Mg(HCO3) 2, 27.6 mg/L, 32.1 mg/L CaSO4, and 22.45 mg/L CaCl2. Calculate the total hardness of water (At Wt. Ca=40, Mg= 35.5, C=12, S=32, O=16,H=1).

Tutorial-2 (Based on EDTA Titration & Alkalinity) Q.1 Describe the method used for determination of hardness by EDTA method. Give structure
of EDTA, EBT and metal- EDTA chelate. Why NH3-NH4Cl buffer solution is added during determination of hardness of water by EDTA titration. Q2. 50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 mg of pure CaCO3 per ml consumed 25 ml of EDTA. 50 ml of water sample consumed 25 ml of the EDTA solution. Using erichrome T as internal indicator, calculate the total hardness of water sample in ppm. Q3. Calculate the hardness of water sample, whose strength is equivalent 1.5 g of CaCO3 per liter , required 30 ml of EDTA solution. Q4. Define term alkalinity name the ions responsible for alkalinity. Name two ions can not exist together in alkaline solution. Q5. Describe the procedure involved in determination of alkalinity of given water sample. Give table of results also. Q6. A sample of water was alkaline to both phenolphthalein and methyl orange 100 ml of this water sample required 30 ml of N/50 H2SO4 for phenolphthalein end point and another 20 ml for complete neutralization. Determine type and alkalinity present. Q7. 200 ml of water sample on titration with using N/50 H2SO4 phenolphthalein as indicator gave the end point when 10 ml of acid were run down. Another lot of 200 ml of sample also required 10 ml of acid to obtain methyl orange end point. What type of alkalinity is present in the sample and what is the magnitude.

Tutorial-3
Based on Boiler feed water, boiler problems scale, sludge, priming & foaming: causes & prevention, Boiler problems caustic embrittlement & corrosion: causes & prevention, Carbonate & phosphate conditioning, colloidal conditioning & calgon treatment Q1. Differentiate between scale and sludges. Q2. The presence of CO2 in boiler feed water should be avoided why. Q3.What is meant by softening of water. Q4.What is zeolite give its structure and discuss zeolite conditioning. Q5. Calgon treatment prevents scale formation in boilers why. Q6.In the deionization process, water is usually first passed through the cation exchanger and then through the anion exchanger. Give reason. Q7.Why Calgon conditioning is better than phosphate conditioning.
Q8. Why water is softened before using in boiler. Q9. Why natural water should not be fed to boiler. Q10. State two harmful effects of silica present in water. Q11.Is water obtained from zeolite softener free from all impurities, including hardness. Q12.Why water softened by lime soda process causes boiler- troubles. Q13. Zeolite softened water avoids caustic embrittlement in boiler. Explain ? Q14 Describe priming foaming. Q15 Describe the demineralization process of water softening .Explain the reactions involved. Q16 Write the name of three sludges forming and three scale forming compounds.

Tutorial-4
Q.1 Why does magnesium bicarbonate require double amount of lime for softening. Q2. Why is the presence of NaAlO2 in water equivalent to presence of equivalent of Ca(OH)2. Q3.Write two balanced equations to describe what occurs when hard water is heated. Q4. Explain why water containing Ca2+(aq) and HCO3- (aq) ions is said to be hard. Q5.Calculate the amount of lime and soda required to soften 10,000 liters of water containing the following ions per liters. Mg2+= 4.8 mg; Ca2+ = 16.0 mg; HCO3-=73.2 mg Q6. Calculate the amount of lime (84% pure) and soda (92 % pure ) for the treatment of 20,000 liters of water, whose analysis is as follows Ca(HCO3) =40.5 ppm; Mg(HCO3)= 36.5 ppm;MgSO4=30.0 ppm; CaCl2=27.75 ppm; NaCl=10.00 ppm and also calculate the carbonate and non carbonate hardness of water sample. Q7. 50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 mg of pure CaCO3 per ml consumed 20 ml of EDTA. 50 ml of a water sample consumed 25 ml of same EDTA solution , using Erio-T indicator. Calculate the total hardness of water sample in ppm. Q8. The hardness of 100,000 liter of a sample of water was completely removed by passing it through a zeolite softener. The softener then required 400 liters of sodium chloride solution containing 100 g/liter of NaCl for regeneration .Calculate the hardness of water sample

Module IV: Lubricants Introduction; Mechanism of Lubrication; type of lubricant; chemical structure related to lubrication; properties of lubricant; Viscosity and Viscosity Index; iodine value; aniline point; emulsion number; flash point, fire point, drop point, cloud point; pour point, selection of lubricant. Tutorial -1

Q1

How will you select a lubricant? Explain the classification and composition of Lubricant? How is the viscosity of lubricating oil determined in the laboratory? (a) (b) (c) what is meant by lubricant? Explain the mechanism of lubrication? Discuss the functions of lubricants. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the working of Redwood Viscometer.

Q2

Q3 Q4

Describe Flash point determination by Pensky-Marten method. What is the significance of the test? (a) what type of lubrication is applied to delicate instrument? Explain its mechanism. (b) Comment on the criteria for selection of lubricants for specific purposes. (c) Faty oils are no longer used as lubricants. Why? What do you mean by consistency and drop point of a grease sample? (a) What is the significance of flash point? (b) How iv viscosity index calculated for unknown oil? (c) Synthetic lubricants have added advantage over natural lubricants. Explain? Discuss extreme pressure lubrication and additives to improve the lubricant properties.

Q5. Q6.

Q7.

Tutorial- 2
Q1. (a) (b) Q2 (a) (b) Q3 Write short note on structure of Graphite and its uses as a solid lubricant. Give a short account of fluid-film lubrication and boundary lubrication. Why are Lubricants used? Discuss synthetic lubricating oils giving their utility. Describe oiliness and aniline point of lubricating oil.

Discuss the principle underlying lubricants. Describe methods of determining the viscosity index of lubricants. Explain the following properties of lubricants (a) (b) (c) (d) Flash and Fire point. Cloud and Pour point Neutralization number Aniline points

Q4.

Q5.

What are blended oils? How are they prepared to meet high pressure corrosive and oxygen environment? Define Grease. Discuss and define their two properties. Discuss any three types of grease by giving their methods of preparation and uses. Discuss the mechanism of hydro dynamic lubrication. Draw neat and well label diagram of determination of viscosity of lubricant by Red Wood viscometer no 1.

Q6.

Q7 Q8