LINUX

Salahudin Al-ayubi Sena septiana Sutrisna Syena Intijahul Falah Yusep Maulana (1211705147) (1211705149) (1211705158) (1211705160) (1211705170)

INFORMATIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITIES SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI BANDUNG 2012

FOREWORD
Assalamualaikum wr.wb. Praise and sykur with a sincere heart and mind offered to Allah SWT., Because thanks to the delicious, Ma'unah and his guidance, this paper can be completed in a timely manner. Prayers and greetings to the Prophet Muhammad., Along with family and friends who are faithful to sacrifice body and soul and the other for the establishment of Islamic syi'ar, the effects and benefits are still felt. Like no ivory that is not cracked, so did the paper, the authors would like criticism and suggestions. That way there will be advised if there are errors.

Wasslamu'alaikum wr.wb.

Bandung, 1 June 2012

The Author,

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Table Of Contents
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... ii CHAPTER I LINUX..............................................................................................1 A.History Of Linux .............................................................................................1 B.Kind Of Linux ..................................................................................................2 C.Current Development .......................................................................................5 D.Design ..............................................................................................................5 E.User Interface ...................................................................................................6 CHAPTER II DISTRO OF LINUX.....................................................................8 A.Development ...............................................................................................12 B.Community ......................................................................................................13 C.Programming On Linux...................................................................................15 D.Uses .................................................................................................................16 E.Desktop ............................................................................................................17 F.Server, Mainframes and Supercomputers ........................................................19 G.Embedded Device ...........................................................................................20 H.Market Share and Uptake ................................................................................21 CAHPTER III CLOSING REFERENCES

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CHAPTER I LINUX
A. History Of Linux Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released 5 October 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86based personal computers. It has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system. It is a leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems more than 90% such of as mainframe today's 500 fastest

computers and supercomputers:

supercomputers run some variant of Linux, including the 10 fastest. Linux also runs on embedded systems (devices where the operating system is typically built into the firmwareand highly tailored to the system) such as mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, televisions and video game consoles.

the Android system in wide use on mobile devices is built on the Linux kernel. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source softwarecollaboration. the underlying source code may be used, modified, and distributedcommercially or non-commerciallyby anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Some popular mainstream Linux distributions include Debian (and its derivatives such as Ubuntu), Fedora and openSUSE. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.

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A distribution oriented toward desktop use will typically include the X Window System and an accompanyingdesktop environment such

as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Some such distributions may include a less resource intensive desktop such as LXDE or Xfce for use on older or less powerful computers. A distribution intended to run as a server may omit all graphical environments from the standard install and instead include other software such as the Apache HTTP Server and an SSH server such as OpenSSH. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. Applications commonly used with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, the LibreOffice office application suite, and theGIMP image editor. Since the main supporting user space system tools and libraries originated in the GNU Project, initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman, the Free Software Foundation prefers the name GNU/Linux.

B. Kind Of Linux 1. UNIX The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States` by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie,Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. It was first released in 1971 and was initially entirely written in assembly language, a common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, Unix was re-written in the programming language C by Dennis Ritchie (with exceptions to the kernel and I/O). The availability of an operating system written in a high-level language allowed easier portability to different computer platforms. With a legal glitch forcing AT&T to license the operating system's source code to anyone who asked, Unix quickly grew and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs. Free of the legal glitch requiring free licensing, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product.

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2. GNU The GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own. 3. BSD Although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD and FreeBSDdescended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has said that if 386BSD had been available at the time, he probably would not have created Linux. 4. MINIX

Andrew S. Tanenbaum (left), author of the MINIXoperating system, and Linus Torvalds (right), principal author of the Linux kernel

MINIX is an inexpensive minimal Unix-like operating system, designed for education in computer science, written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Starting with version 3 in 2005, MINIX has become freeand redesigned for "serious" use.
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In 1991 while attending the University of Helsinki, Torvalds became curious about operating systems and frustrated by the licensing of MINIX, which limited it to educational use only. He began to work on his own operating system which eventually became the Linux kernel. Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX, and applications written for MINIX were also used on Linux. Later Linux matured and further Linux development took place on Linux systems. GNU applications also replaced all MINIX components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available code from the GNU project with the fledgling operating system. (Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other projects as long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license.) Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL. Developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system. Commercial and popular uptake

Today, Linux systems are used in every domain, from embedded systems to supercomputers, and have secured a place in server installations often using the popular LAMP application stack. Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing. They have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. The federal government of Brazil is well known for its support for Linux.News of the Russian military creating its own Linux distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost Project. The Indian state of Kerala has gone to the extent of mandating that all state high schools run Linux on their computers..China uses Linux exclusively as
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the operating system for its Loongson processor family to achieve technology independence. In Spain some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinExin Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. Portugal is also using its own Linux distribution Caixa Mgica, used in the Magalhes netbook and the e-escola government program. France and Germany have also taken steps toward the adoption of Linux. Linux distributions have also become popular in the netbook market, with many devices such as the ASUS Eee PC and Acer Aspire One shipping with customized Linux distributions installed. C. Current development Torvalds continues to direct the development of the kernel. Stallman heads the Free Software Foundation, which in turn supports the GNU components. Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions. D. Design A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system. It derives much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, and peripheral and file system access. Device

drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel or added as modules loaded while the system is running. Separate projects that interface with the kernel provide much of the system's higher-level functionality. The GNU userland is an important part of most Linux-based systems, providing the most common implementation of the C

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library, a popular shell, and many of the common Unix tools which carry out many basic operating system tasks. The graphical user interface (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the X Window System. E. User Interface Users operate a Linux-based system through a command line

interface (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI), or through controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default mode is usually a graphical user interface, by which the CLI is available through terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console. Most low-level Linux components, including the GNU userland, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks, and provides very simple inter-process communication. A graphicalterminal emulator program is often used to access the CLI from a Linux desktop. A Linux system typically implements a CLI by a shell, which is also the traditional way of interacting with a Unix system. A Linux distribution specialized for servers may use the CLI as its only interface. On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the extensive desktop environments KDE Plasma Desktop, GNOME,

and Xfce, though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System, often simply called "X". It provides network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application. Other GUIs may be classified as simple X window managers, such as FVWM, Enlightenment, and Window Maker, which provide

a minimalist functionality with respect to the desktop environments. A window manager provides a means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interacts with the X Window System. The desktop environments include window managers as part of their standard installations

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(Mutter for GNOME,KWin for KDE, Xfwm for Xfce as of January 2012) although users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred.

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CHAPTER 2 DISTRO LINUX Linux distributions (Short for Linux distributions) is a term for computer operating systems and applications, is a family of Unix that uses the Linux kernel. Linux distributions can include free software and can also be commercial software Debian is a Linux kernel based operating system. Debian is one of the free Linux operating system for use with GNU.Debian license GNU / Linux is a noncommercial distribution produced by volunteers from around the world working together through the Internet. These distributions want the spirit of open-source that must exist in Debian. Dynamics of this distribution makes each release its packets are updated every time and can be accessed via apt-get utility. Apt-get is a command-line utility that can be used dynamically to upgrade the system Debian GNU / Linux through the apt-repository extensive network of Debian archive. Debian mailing lists and forums are always full of good messages about bugs, issues, sharing, etc.. With the existence of this communication system bugs and security issues in each packet can be reported by Debian users and developers quickly. Debian is a 'kernel independent', that is pure Debian operating system developed without relying on the operating system that has ada.Keuntungan of Debian is the upgradability, inter-package dependencies are well defined, and its development in the open. Red Hat is a distro that is quite popular among Linux developers and companies. Support, technical support, training, certification, application development, and joining the kernel hacker and free-software such as Alan Cox, Michael Johnson, Stephen Tweedie makes Red Hat is growing fast and is used in the company. Greatest points of these distributions are Red Hat Package Manager (RPM). RPM is a software to manage the packages on our Linux systems and is considered a de-facto standard in the packaging in Linux distributions and their derivatives which are widely supported distro. Ubuntu is a Linux distribution based on Debian and has a desktop interface. The Ubuntu project is sponsored by Canonical Ltd (a company owned by Mark Shuttleworth). Ubuntu name derived from a concept of ideology in South Africa. "Ubuntu" comes from the ancient languages of Africa, which means "taste perikemanusian against fellow human beings".

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Ubuntu also means "I am me because of the presence of us all". The purpose of the Ubuntu Linux distribution brings the spirit embodied in Ubuntu to the software world.Ubuntu is a complete Linux-based operating system, freely available and have good support from community and professional experts. Ubuntu itself is developed by the Ubuntu community volunteers and we invite you to contribute and participate to develop Ubuntu!The Ubuntu community is formed by ideas contained in the philosophy of Ubuntu:?? that software should be available free of charge?? that application software must be used in each local language and for people who have physical limitations, and?? that users should have the freedom to modify the software in accordance with what they need.These freedoms make Ubuntu fundamentally different from proprietary software (proprietary), not just the equipment you need available free of charge, but you also have the right to modify your software until the software works the way you want.Here is a public commitment to the Ubuntu team to its users:?? Ubuntu will always be free of charge, and therefore there will be no additional costs for the "enterprise edition", we will make Ubuntu all the best jobs available to everyone on the same Free terms.?? Ubuntu also provides commercial support from hundreds of companies around the world. Ubuntu is released regularly and can you predict; latest Ubuntu release available every six months. Each release will be supported by Ubuntu with improvements in security and other fixes are free for at least 18 months.?? Ubuntu will include the best translations and accessibility infrastructure that is owned by the Free Software community, it is useful to make Ubuntu can be used by many people. We are also working with the entire community [Free Software] in terms of bug fixes and code sharing.?? Ubuntu is fully committed to the principles of free software development; for this we encourage people to use free software and open source, and then fix it and then pass it back. Ubuntu is suitable for both desktop and server. Ubuntu currently supports a variety of computer architectures such as PC (Intel x86), 64-bit PC (AMD64), PowerPC (Apple iBook and Powerbook, G4 and G5), Sun UltraSPARC and T1 (Sun Fire T1000 and T2000). Ubuntu includes more than 16,000 pieces of software, and for desktop installation can be performed using only one CD. Ubuntu includes all standard for desktop application from word processing, spread sheet applications (spreadsheet) to the application to access the Internet, software for web servers, programming languages and tools for a variety of games, of course. (Taken from www.ubuntu-id.com) Fedora (formerly Fedora Core, Fedora is sometimes referred to as Linux) is a Linux distribution based on RPM and yum developed by the Fedora Project is

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supported by a community of programmers and sponsored by Red Hat. Fedora's name comes from the character fedora used in Red Hat logo. 1 to 6 on the release of this distro called Fedora Core which then turned into the release of the Fedora7. Xandros Linux is a Linux distribution based on KDE system. It looks very similar to Microsoft Windows, so if the operation is very easy and convenient. However, Xandros has better integration with Windows networks, capable of running OfficeXP applications, able to resize NTFS partitions during installation, etc.. Xandros is also free but is not a commercial product.Briefly Xandros offers the following advantages:~ Five easy steps graphical installation~ Management is integrated partition~ Display the familiar~ The application of the qualified engineer Xandros* Compatibility with Microsoft file formats Knoppix is a Linux live-cd distro that can run through the CD-ROM without installing them on your hard-disk. Debian-based Linux distro and was created by Klaus Knopper. Application is complete and suitable for the demo or to learn Linux for those who do not have space on your hard-disk, can also for rescue CDs. Knoppix is a weakness of the large memory needed to use the graphics mode is 96 MB, although it could also be run in memory of 64 MB with a swap to the hard-disk as the author's experience but you need a little patience. Debian-based distro GNU / Linux.SlackwareThese distributions are distributions made by Patrick Volkerding of Slackware Linux, Inc.. famous first after SLS. Slackware is one of the initial distributions, and is the oldest still managed Slackware main goal is stability and ease of design, as well as a Linux distribution that most Unix-like, simple, stable, easy dikustom, and designed for the computer 386/486 or higher. These distributions include distributions are very cryptic and manual for Linux newbies, but by using this distro some users may find a lot of how the system works and to release them. Slackware is the oldest surviving tough survive at all times. Recently released its new generation of the waves Slackware version 11 release of the other major distros like Mandriva 2007 and Fedora 6 soon. SUSE Previously named SUSE SUSE Linux and SuSE Linux Professional. SUSE Linux is one of the major Linux distributions are made in Germany. SUSE Linux was originally a German translation of Slackware. His company now
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owned by Novel, Inc.. SuSE is an acronym of the phrase in German "Softwareund System-Entwicklung" ("Software and system development"), but there is no official information saying that SuSE is connected with the German computer scientist Konrad Zuse. Turbo Linux is a Linux distro that demand by companies and individuals in Japan and Asia. Linux-based products with high performance is utilized for workstation and server markets, especially for the use of clustering and orientation to the company. Some of its products: TurboLinux Workstation for dekstopnya, TurboLinux Server to backend servers with high performance, especially for business use in companies, e-commerce and B2B (Business-to-Business). CentOS is a free operating system based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).CentOS stands for Community Enterprise Operating System (Operating System Company artificial Community / Community). Gentoo Linux is a Linux distribution that uses the Portage package management system. [Compare to: Debian using. Deb package, RedHat / Mandrake using the package. Rpm]. Management package is designed for modular (easy plus-plus), portable (can be ported to other distributions), easy to set up, flexible, and optimized for each user's computer. Mandriva Linux / Linux-MandrakeMandriva Linux (formerly known as Mandrakelinux or Mandrake Linux) is an operating system created by Mandriva (formerly known as MandrakeSoft). Mandriva Linux using the RPM Package Manager .Linux-Mandrake is one of the distributions derived from Red Hat Linux provides a lot of development and applications 'pre-configured' and supported by many languages around the world. This distribution is known is easy for beginners and suitable for desktop class but did not rule on the server to be used as a platform. Optimizations for Pentium-class processors up to make Linux-Mandrake can run well on that platform.FreespireFreespire is a free version of the distro Linspire (aka Lindows), then the problem may be due name of, changed to Linspire. PCLinuxOS, often abbreviated as PCLOS, is a desktop operating system. This is a free operating system for personal computers aimed at ease of use.

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Puppy Linux is a Linux Live CD distro is very small in size and emphasize ease of use.The entire operating system and applications running in RAM, which allows removable media after booting the operating system works. Damn Small Linux (DSL) is one distro / mini linux variant. Mini-called because the DSL package size of only 50MB. DSL also enables to be installed on USB 128MB. Kuliax is a LiveCD Linux distribution developed by Project Kuliax for university education. This distribution is based on Debian GNU / Linux and Knoppix, and has been optimized to the use of the Linux desktop.LycorisLycoris is a linux distro that has made a beautiful version of linux and WinXP resembles, in terms of color, icon, or any convenience. Displays a screenshot of the site you can observe that it is Lycoris Linux distro beautify themselves so clever using Lycoris you will find it works with Windows XP. Even OpenOffice is bundled with Lycoris has beautiful icons and typical Lycoris. Lycoris has different packages, and package called Linux root distribution Desktop / LX. IRIS has Lycros fasiltias the Internet Rapid Installer for Linux Software to update you with new software. It's just this distro is not free and you have to pay a "U.S. dollar".LindowsLycoris Lindows is still less than the beauty in terms of appearance but Lindows has been more mature and has reached version 4.0. Facilities which draw from Lindows is the Click-n-Run is the facility to get thousands of Linux software that is configured to Lindows with a click and the installation process can also add a shortcut on the desktop and the list of programs otomatis.Lindows also a commercial product. Linare has a special Linux distribution and desktop CPU package is already installed Linare. Linare is seldom heard and is a newcomer. Linare is also a commercial product.

A. Development The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Some free and open source software licenses are based on the principle of copyleft, a kind of reciprocity: any work
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derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU GPL, is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU project. Linux based distributions are intended by developers

for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX, SUS,ISO, and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT. Free software projects, although developed in a collaborative fashion, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. A Linux distribution, commonly called a "distro", is a project that manages a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such asdpkg, Synaptic, YAST, or Portage to install, remove and update all of a system's software from one central location. B. Community A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer

basis, Debian being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as Red Hat does with Fedora and Novell does with openSUSE.

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In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups (LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distributions and free software / open source projects have IRC chatrooms ornewsgroups. Online forums are another means for support, with notable examples being LinuxQuestions.org and the various distribution specific support and community forums, such as ones for Ubuntu, Fedora, and Gentoo. Linux distributions host mailing lists; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list. There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often include cover disks including software or even complete Linux distributions. Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software. An analysis of the Linux kernel showed 75 percent of the code from December 2008 to January 2010 was developed by programmers working for corporations, leaving about 18 percent to volunteers and 7% unclassified.[61] Some of the major corporations that contribute include Dell, IBM, HP, Oracle, Sun Microsystems (now part of Oracle), Novell, and Nokia. A number of corporations, notably Red Hat and Novell, have built a significant business around Linux distributions. The free software licenses, on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic. One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their

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distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks. Another business model is to give away the software in order to sell hardware. This used to be the norm in the computer industry, with operating systems such as CP/M, Apple DOS and versions of Mac OS prior to 7.5 freely copyable (but not modifiable). As computer hardware standardized throughout the 1980s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture. C. Programming On Linux Most Linux distributions support dozens of programming languages. The original development tools used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found within the GNU toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU build system. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for Ada, C, C++, Java, and Fortran. First released in 2003, the Low Level Virtual Machine project provides an alternative opensource compiler for many languages. Proprietary compilers for Linux include the Intel C++ Compiler, Sun Studio, and IBM XL C/C++ Compiler. BASIC in the form ofVisual Basic is supported in such forms as Gambas, FreeBASIC, and XBasic. Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. While not as A common, number Linux of Java also Virtual

supports C# (viaMono), Vala,

and Scheme.

Machines and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (HotSpot), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like Kaffe and JikesRVM. GNOME and KDE are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for developing applications. These projects are based on the GTK+ and Qtwidget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages.
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There

are

number

ofIntegrated

development

environments available

including Anjuta, Code::Blocks, CodeLite, Eclipse, Geany, ActiveState Komodo, KDevelop, Lazarus,MonoDevelop, NetBeans, Qt Creator and Omnis

Studio, while the long-established editors Vim and Emacs remain popular. D. USES As well as those designed for general purpose use on desktops and servers, distributions may be specialized for different purposes including: computer architecture support, embedded systems, stability, security, localization to a specific region or language, targeting of specific user groups, support for real-time applications, or commitment to a given desktop

environment. Furthermore, some distributions deliberately include only free software. Currently, over three hundred distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen distributions being most popular for general-purpose use. Linux is a widely ported operating system kernel. The Linux kernel runs on a highly diverse range of computer architectures: in the hand-held ARM-basediPAQ and the mainframe IBM System

z9, System z10; in devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers. Specialized distributions exist run for less mainstream 8086 or Intel architectures. 80286 16-

The ELKS kernel fork can

on Intel

bit microprocessors, while the linux kernel fork may run on systems without a memory management unit. The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such

as Macintosh computers (with both PowerPC and Intel processors), PDAs, video game consoles, portable music players, and mobile phones. There are several industry associations and hardware conferences devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such asFreedomHEC.

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E. Dekstop The popularity of Linux on standard desktop computers and laptops has been increasing over the years.[65] Currently most distributions include a graphical user environment, with the two most popular environments

being GNOME (which can utilize additional shells such as the default GNOME Shell and UbuntuUnity), and the KDE Plasma Desktop. The performance of Linux on the desktop has been a controversial topic; for example in 2007 Con Kolivas accused the Linux community of favoring performance on servers. He quit Linux kernel development because he was frustrated with this lack of focus on the desktop, and then gave a "tell all" interview on the topic.[66] Since then a significant amount of development has been undertaken in an effort to improve the desktop experience. Projects such as Upstart and systemd aim for a faster boot time. Many popular applications are available for a wide variety of operating systems. For example Mozilla Firefox, OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice and Blender have downloadable versions for all major operating systems. Furthermore, some applications were initially developed for Linux, such as Pidgin, and GIMP, and were ported to other operating systems including Windows and Mac OS X due to their popularity. In addition, a growing number of proprietary desktop applications are also supported on Linux. see List of proprietary software for Linux. In the field of animation and visual effects, most high end software, such as Autodesk Maya, Softimage XSI and Apple Shake, is available for Linux, Windows and/or Mac OS X. There are also several companies that have ported their own or other companies' games to Linux. Many types of applications available for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X are also available for Linux. Commonly, either a free software application will exist which does the functions of an application found on another operating system, or that application will have a version that works on Linux, such as with Skypeand some video games. Furthermore, the Wine project provides a Windows compatibility layer to run unmodified Windows applications on
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Linux. CrossOver is a proprietary solution based on the open source Wine project that supports running Windows versions of Microsoft Office, Intuitapplications such as Quicken and QuickBooks, Adobe Photoshop versions through CS2, and many popular games such as World of Warcraft and Team Fortress 2. In other cases, where there is no Linux port of some software in areas such as desktop publishing and professional audio, there is equivalent software available on Linux. The collaborative nature of free software development allows distributed teams to perform language localization of some Linux distributions for use in locales where localizing proprietary systems would not be cost-effective. For example the Sinhalese language version of the Knoppix distribution was available significantly before Microsoft Windows XP was translated to Sinhalese. In this case the Lanka Linux User Group played a major part in developing the localized system by combining the knowledge of university professors, linguists, and local developers. Installing, updating and removing software in Linux is typically done through the use of package managers such as the Synaptic Package Manager,PackageKit, and Yum Extender. While most major Linux distributions have extensive repositories, often containing tens of thousands of packages, not all the software that can run on Linux is available from the official repositories. Alternatively, users can install packages from unofficial repositories, download pre-compiled packages directly from websites, or compile the source code by themselves. All these methods come with different degrees of difficulty; compiling the source code is in general considered a challenging process for new Linux users, but it's hardly needed in modern distributions and is not a method specific to Linux.

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F. Servers, mainframes and supercomputers Linux distributions have long been used as server operating systems, and have risen to prominence in that area; Netcraft reported in September 2006 that eight of the ten most reliable internet hosting companies ran Linux distributions on their web servers. Since June 2008, Linux distributions represented five of the top ten, FreeBSD three of ten, and Microsoft two of ten. since February 2010, Linux distributions represented six of the top ten, FreeBSD two of ten, andMicrosoft one of ten. Linux distributions are the cornerstone of the LAMP server-software combination (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which has achieved popularity among developers, and which is one of the more common platforms for website hosting. Linux distributions have become increasingly popular on mainframes in the last decade partly due to pricing and the open-source model. In December 2009, computer giant IBM reported that it would predominantly market and sell mainframe-based Enterprise Linux Server. Linux distributions are also commonly used as operating

systems for supercomputers: since November 2010, out of the top 500 systems, 459 (91.8%) run a Linux distribution. Linux was also selected as the operating system for the world's most powerful supercomputer, IBM's Sequoia which was scheduled to become operational in 2011.

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G. Embedded devices

Home screen displayed onAndroid 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich" Due to its low cost and ease of customization, Linux is often used in embedded systems. Androidbased on a modified version of the Linux kernelhas become a major competitor of Nokia's older Symbian OS, found in many smartphones. During the third quarter of 2010, 25.5% of smartphones sold worldwide used Android (with all Linux variants forming 27.6% of the total during that time). Cell phones and PDAs running Linux on open-source platforms became more common from 2007; examples include the Nokia

N810, Openmoko's Neo1973, and the Motorola ROKR E8. Continuing the trend, Palm(later acquired by HP) produced a new Linux-derived operating system, webOS, which is built into its new line of Palm Presmartphones. The popular TiVo digital video recorder also uses a customized Linux, as do several network firewalls androuters from such makers as Cisco/Linksys. The Korg OASYS, the Korg KRONOS, the Yamaha Yamaha Motif XS/Motif XFmusic workstations, Yamaha S90XS/S70XS, Yamaha MOX6/MOX8 synthesizers, Yamaha Motif-Rack XS tone generator module, and Roland RD-700GX digital piano also run Linux. Linux is also used in stage lighting control systems, such as the WholeHogIII console.

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H. Market share and uptake Many quantitative studies of free / open source software focus on topics including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux. The Linux market is growing rapidly, and the revenue of servers, desktops, and packaged software running Linux was expected to exceed $35.7 billion by 2008. IDC's Q1 2007 report indicated that Linux held 12.7% of the overall server market at that time. This estimate was based on the number of Linux servers sold by various companies, and did not include server hardware purchased separately which had Linux installed on it later. In September 2008 Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer admitted that 60% of web-servers run Linux versus 40% that run Windows Server. Primarily based on web server statistics, various companies estimated that the desktop market share of Linux range from less than 1% to 4.8%. In comparison, Microsoft operating systems hold more than 85%.Analysts and proponents attribute the relative success of Linux to its security, reliability, low cost, and freedom from vendor lock-in. The Wine compatibility layer allows users to run many programs designed for Windows under Linux. About half of Wine's code has been contributed by volunteers and half sponsored by commercial interests including CodeWeavers, which produces a commercial version of the software. Since 2009, Google has also provided funding to the Wine project. The XO laptop project of One Laptop Per Child is creating a new and potentially much larger Linux community which is planned to reach millions of schoolchildren and their families in the developing world. Major supporters of the project include Google, Red Hat, and eBay. Although the XO will have a Windows option, it will be primarily deployed with Fedora Linux while using Sugar as the desktop environment.

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For years Linux has been the platform of choice in the film industry. The first major film produced on Linux servers was 1997's Titanic. Since then major studios including Dreamworks Animation, Pixar, Weta Digital, and Industrial Light & Magic have migrated to Linux. According to the Linux Movies Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and visual effects companies use Linux.

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CHAPTER III CLOSING

LINUX is a UNIX-based operating system. but it is also linux free operating system in other words do not need a serial number. easy to use when we are familiar with this operating system. and operating systems are widely used in such a network server, webserver, hacking, exploits, routers and other. Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software

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REFERENCES

Htttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux, accessed on 29 May 2012 2.48 PM. Htttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribusi_Linux, accessed on 29 may 2012 1.48 PM. Http://imron02.blogspot.com/2011/08/kemudahan-linux-part-2.html, accessed on 29 May 2012 2.40 PM. http://yazidfuadi.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/berbicara-kemudahan-linux/, accessed on 30 may 2012 10.32 AM.

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