Forensic science: study and application of science to matters of law Entomology: study of insects Odontology: study of teeth Toxicology:

study of chemicals and poisons Botany: study of plants Pathology: investigation of sudden, unexplained, violent death Ballistics: study of firearms Bertillon: created anthropometry first type of physical ID Galton: IDd different kinds of fingerprints Locard: said that you leave fingerprint evidence in everything you touch Watson & Crick: two co discoverers of structures of DNA Scientific method: problem, hypothesis, predictions, test, retest, confirmation Testimonial evidence: witness Physical evidence: 2 types: individual: ex: fingerprint handwriting class evidence: size of pair of pants. Fingerprint: each one is different individual evidence Ridge classificiation: you look at the minutiae of fingerprint to see the individual characteristics Plastic visible latent prints: 3d print ex: on, ex: putty ink print, invisible to naked eye, needs to be developed How to see prints: dusting: you dust the area with powder then lift print with sticky, NINHYDRIN: chemical that creates a purple color making prints visible. Silver nitrate is similar to ninhydrin. Papillae: form a boundary that determines the rigid friction structure of the epidermis Chem components of sweat: amino acids, lipids, vitamins, oils Serology: study of body fluids Plasma: fluid portion of blood Metabolites: molecules involved with metabolism

Erythrocyte: red blood cell Leukocyte: white blood cell Lymphocyte: white blood cell Antibody: fight bad stuff in body Antigen: antigens trigger immune response, create antibodies Agglutination: when red bloods clump together Antiserum: human or animal serum containing antibodies that are specific for one or more antigens Genotype: is the genetic makeup of a person, inherited, in genetic coade Phenotype: observable traits Rh Factor: its the D antigen, if you have it you are positive Presumptive blood test: general description of test to find blood. Luminol: light to pick up presence of blood Kastle-Mayer test: used to find presence of blood Hemastix: used to find presence of blood Chemiluminescence: Precipitin test: distinguishes between human and animal blood Part 2 Algor mortis: cooling of the body temperature after death Rigor mortis: stiffness of the muscles that occurs after death Livor mortis: purple or red discoloration caused by pooling of blood after death Ambient temp: body will decrease temp until it settles at room temp. ATP: carries energy in the cells Hemoglobin: oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color Lividity: becomes fixed between 10-15 hrs post death. Indicates the

Contents of digestive tract: salivary gland- esophagus-stomech-small-large intestine. Liver and gallbladder clean out bad stuff. Appearance of eyes: if open, become cloudy within 3 hours Forensic entomology: study of bugs blow flies: settle where cycle: eggs larvae pupa pupal KNOW THE BONE STRUCTURE: Symphysis: where two bones meet and rub together Sutures: Caucasoids, negroids, mongoloid PART 3 Nucleic acid: DNA RNA etc. they transmit encode and express genetic info Polymer: Monomer: Nucleotide: units containing a sugar molecule, phosphate group, nitrogen containing base Deoxyribose: made up of nucleotides Phosphate: form back bone strand of DNA. Nitrogenous base: Adenine:Guanine:Thymine:Cytosine= nucleotides TA CG Double helix: DNA has a double helix Chromosome: a long threadlike group of genes found in nucleous of cell. 23 pairs Gene: sequence of nucleotides in DNA, found in chromosome Allele: a site where two genes that influence a particular trait are found in a chromosome pair. ITS A GENETIC MARKER Amino acids: amino acids linked together make up proteins Protein: important components of all living cells

Enzyme: a protein that causes a chemical reaction to occur at a rate that is sufficient to support life PCR: polymerase chain reaction- used to amplify a single or few copies of a DNA DNA Polymerase: is added to combine free nucleotide bases to their complementary Taq polymerase: an example of DNA polymerase DNA fingerprinting: RFLP: process of cutting up DNA into fragments Gel electrophoresis: fragments of DNA are seperated EcoRI cutting site between GA BamHI: cutting site between GG Agarose: is the gel used for electrophoresis Probe: a portion of DNA molecule with a known sequence of bases that is used to find its complementary strand Primer: short sequence of base pairs that will add to its complementry Restriction endonuclease: Mitochondria: another structure in cell that contains DNA Mitochondrial DNA: you only get it from mother. STR: specific sequences of DNA fragments that are repeated at a particular site on a chromosome CODIS: FBI computer analysis where agencies can share DNA records