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Radiotherapy Facilities GammaPeter J. Biggs Ph.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, M h tt G l H it l Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , RSMI 2009, Lisbon - July 19, 2009
December D b 2005
3. New Modalities
Different modalities include: 1. Robotic arm machines (Cyberknife) - no fixed isocenter - all barriers except ceiling are primary barriers - uses only 6 MV Tomotherapy ( py (helical) ) - radiotherapy CT - also uses only 6 MV - uses extra shielding so the 0.1% rule does not apply g pp y - uses a beam stopper Tomotherapy (serial) - device attached to conventional linac (MIMIC) - uses table indexer to simulate helical Rx - not in much use now
2.
3.
3.
TBI
- P, L workload is greater than Rx dose - source of scatter radiation is not at the isocenter
4.
IORT
- dedicated facilities (not now in vogue) require lead/BPE barriers for retrofitting ORs - mobile linacs do not require a shielded room, except, perhaps, for a mobile lead barrier. Neutrons have been source of discussion recently, bil l d b i N h b f di i l but appear not to be problematic
4. Calculational Methodology
While much of the methodology for low energy photons has carried over, albeit with improved over data, there has been much research on high energy processes, including:
1. Laminated primary shielding (primarily empirical) 2. Refined calculations for neutron dose at the maze door (Wu-McGinley vs. Kersey) vs 3. Refined calculations for capture gamma rays at the end of a maze (McGinley) 4. 4 Direct shielded doors for high energy linacs
5. Additional Data
- Updated occupancy factors (in conjunction with NCRP #147) - Pi Primary TVL continue TVL1 and TVLe practice from TVLs i d i f NCRP #51 but values are slightly different - Leakage TVLs (90) also now uses the same convention - Scatter fractions: 6 MV corrected and higher energies added - Scatter TVLs for energies other than 6 MV, plus lead. - Tabulated albedo factors for concrete as well as iron and lead
7. Special considerations
- Skyshine: - this was included in NCRP #51, but no #51 experimental verification, for photons or neutrons, had been provided until now - side scattered photon radiation - Groundshine radiation G ou ds e d o - Activation - Ozone production
Examples
NCRP #151 makes a point of using concrete examples to emphasize the calculational methodology This was used in NCRP #49, except that there were only three calculations P, L and S respectively I contrast, the examples in Chapter 7 cover 53 pages out In h l i Ch of a total of 157 pages (excluding appendices), roughly 1/3 - increased complexity of the calculations Detailed calculations are given for 6 barriers as well as the maze door with consideration given to TADR and modifications for IMRT. There is also a section on IMRT calculations for a robotic arm machine
Summary
- NCRP #151 provides a significant improvement in the methodology and data needed by the shielding designer for a modern radiotherapy department - It covers all aspects of the calculational methodology and provides sufficient data for these calculations - However there are still some calculations that cannot However, easily be solved using a spreadsheet, that would benefit from further insight