Introduction to data model A data model in software engineering is an extract model that documents and organizes the business

data are the way to communication between members in the organization and it is use as a plan for developing applications, especially how data is store and access. In data manage system, the data model introduce various new ways of how to organizing data. The data model is a logical map that represents the data independent of software, hardware or machine performance considerations. Data modeling techniques and tools translate computer system design in to that can understand easily. Data models that can be understand through the flowchart. As well as it illustrate the relationship between data. A database can have various types of data models. There are, Hierarchical data model Network data model Relational data model Object relational data model Object oriented data model.

All of those data models use various methods to represent relationship between their data in the data base. As well as all of system designer and the programmers must understand about those methods. Therefore they can identify all of problems in the data where in the file and data base. After the identifying those problem and they can correct and redesign all of them. Hierarchical data model In this model, all of the data are organize like a tree structure. Actually it is a hierarchy of parent and child data segment. In this structure, record can have repeating information. At the top of this hierarchical model is a single record. Within hierarchical model, create a link between record types. It uses parent child relationships. In this method, it uses 1: N mapping between record types. As well as one parent can have many child. But one child cannot have many parents. Within this structure, in each phase represent the collection of the data about as a single subject. The system analysts can use lines, to show connection between the parent and children.

Parent

Child

Network data model Within this model, record and take part in any number of named relationships. Normally, in this model have relationship with more than one parent per childe. Therefore, this modeling concept is many to may relationship in data. The network can be a set name, and a member record type. The relationship associates as a record of one type, also it is called an owner. As well as if it associates with multiple records of another type, also it is called the member. All of these relationships are called a set. Therefore network model is same with hierarchical data model.

Relational data model The relational data model can be defined as a data structures, storage and retrieval procedure and integrity control. Within this data model, data are containing as a tables. As well as a table is a collection of records and all of those record in a table contains the same fields. When we use relational model, we have to identify some properties of that model. They are, Values are very small Every row is unique. Therefore, it cannot be repeat Rows and columns are not in a sequence. Similarly, columns have unique name.

As well as some fields have nominated as a key. Therefore, through the key, it will help to search to specific values of the table. Similarly, sometime fields can in two different tables. But when we use this key, we can take values from the same set. The relational model is based and construct on the relational Algebra.
Collumn

Student ID 9 10 10

Student Address 51,Hapugala, Galle 89, Minuwangoda 45, Talbat town

Skill Play cricket PC Games Typing

Rows

Object relational model This model set core of the modern information system and then it add new object storage capabilities to the relational system. Therefore, when we using these new capabilities, we can integrate and manage traditional fielded data. Similarly, complex objects, it can be such as geospatial data, time-series and diverse binary media. Such as audio, image, applets and video. If we encapsulating methods with data structures, an object relational model can carry in to effect complex analytical and data manipulation to search and transform to multimedia and other complex objects. With adding new capabilities and day by day the technology is an evolutionary. In that manner the object relational models approach robust transaction and

performance. As well as it has management features and it is ancestor and flexibility of relational model, like cosine as object oriented. The database designer has to work with familiar and data definition language. The familiar languages are SQL3, ODBC, JDBC, vendor procedural language etc... But the leading vendors are IBM, Inform ix and oracle. Object oriented model Within this object oriented model, it use object programming language to add database functionally to construct the database. When we use the object oriented database system, we can use Smalltalk, C++ and Java programming language and it provide all of features what are the capabilities of database programming has. As well as this model have some major benefits. Similarly, this system approach confederation of the application and database improvement into a language environment. As the result of this, Application need less code Use more natural data Code bases are very easier to maintain.

Therefore, the database designer can make and write whole database with new features and modest amount of additional effort. The object oriented data model base on the object oriented principal. They are, Inheritance Polymorphism Information Hiding (Encapsulation) Generalization Specialization

When we use object oriented database system, it has one to one mapping system of which is the objects of object programming language to database objects. As well as it has benefits over other storage approaches. It provides higher performance management system of objects. It can make better management of complex interrelationships between objects.

Benefits of the relationship

When we create and manipulate a database, ER diagram give very use full framework to it. As well as that diagram simply to understand and gives clear, high-level view of the data and ER diagram shows the relationship among entries. Similarly, when we create an ER diagram, we need to use some symbols to it. Therefore we do not want help or training from other one for get knowledge to be able to work through the ER diagram with efficiently and accurately. It illustrates logical view of the database. Therefore that mean, when the database designer use ER diagrams, designer can easily and it effective communicate with customers, developers and the end users. In addition, while database developer create a database, directly we can use ER diagram as the blueprint and developer can use it for implement data in through the specific software applications. Because ER diagram is also visual representation. Finally describe the different integrations with the relational database model and different relationship with an organization. As well as in this case, data categorized in to different division.

Limitations of the relationship

Particularly, while we create a database, we have to make ER diagram. But, also it has some of limitation. As well as we cannot input all of things what are the database designer and database has. Because, ER diagram constraint representation those things. Similarly, an ER diagram limited relationship between representations. Therefore, when we create the database, some important information can be lost. So entire database can be breakdown.

Similarly, the ER diagram implies process but it does not clarity the process. Nature of a relationship confusing. Therefore when non-technical person find some of relationship. So sometime designer cannot identify them.

Database Normalization
The database normalization is procedure of arrange the fields and tables of the relational database, to decrease data redundancy and the data dependency. When we normalization a database, usually it engage and dividing large tables in to separate smaller tables and make relationship between them. Sometime we have to addition, deletions and updating data, of a field and it can made in through one table and after all those data propagated, where the data rest in the database. Therefore that data

propagate through the relationships. As well as following an explanation for addition, deletions and updating anomaly. Insertion anomaly When we add new details about anything to the file, some fact cannot be add to file. As the example, we can get the table of Faculty and their courses. That table contain with Faculty ID, Name, Hire Date and Course Code. As well as we can add details of the lectures who teaches at least one course. But we cannot add new details about who has not yet to assign with the teach to any courses in the faculty. So sometime that lecture has not Course Code. Because he is not yet assign. Therefore this fact is known as the insertion anomaly.

Faculty and their Courses

Faculty ID Faculty Name 9 Dr. Giddens 10 Dr. Saperstein 10 Dr. Saperstein 11 Dr. New Faculty Hire Date 10-Jan-1985 20-Apr-2000 20-Apr-2000 05-Apr-2012 Course Code ENG-206 CMP-101 CMP-201

INSERTION ANOMALY- Dr. New is newly person. So he is not assign with any course code. Therefore without course code his details cannot be add.

Deletion anomaly When we delete some facts where the table has, all of related details can be delete. We can get idea about deletion anomaly through the below example. If we delete Dr. Giddens who has Faculty ID 9, the entire row will delete. Therefore, sometime we will cannot find anything about the Dr. Giddens. Because his details can be in only that row in the table of faculty and their courses. Therefore, like this fact is known as the insertion anomaly,

Faculty and their Courses

Faculty ID Faculty Name 9 Dr. Giddens 10 Dr. Saperstein 10 Dr. Saperstein Faculty Hire Date 10-Jan-1985 20-Apr-2000 20-Apr-2000 Course Code ENG-206 CMP-101 CMP-201

DELETION ANOMALY If we delete information about Dr. Giddens, all of data what he has will lost

Updating anomaly When we update the table, some data can be on multiple rows. So that update is not logically consistencies. As the example; In the Student Skill table consist with Student ID, Student Address, Skill. As well as If we change address of particular student will potentially want applied to multiple records. Similarly the update process is not successfully. Sometime address can be update but not other details. Therefore, table provides wrong answer to us. This fact called as the updating anomaly.

Student Skills
Student ID 9 10 10 Student Address 51,Hapugala, Galle 89, Minuwangoda 45, Talbat town Skill Play cricket PC Games Typing

UPDATING ANOMALY Student ID 10 has different address in different rows

First Normal Form (1NF) The first normal form (1NF) is set of the very basic rules for design, organized database and create separate tables for each groups of related data. Within first normal form, it removes duplicate values, attributes and any other repeating groups which are the table have. In follow table it has NIC no, Sub code, Sub name, Lesson no but Sub code, Sub name and Lesson no will be duplicates. Therefore, this table must be normalized. As well as this main table which we called registration, create separate tables called as student.

Main Table

Registration
Sub code S1 S2 S1 S3 S1 Sub_name IS Tech IS SD IS Lesson no 2 1 3 2 5

NIC no 753581406V 832134352V 832134352V 811234739V 811234739V

Separate Table

Student
Student name Malika Sumana Asith Student add Mathara Galle Mathara

NIC no 753581406V 832134352V 811234739V

This is another example for duplicated values. Sometime we called it as a multi value. Similarly it has some attributes. Within this table, Employee no 11 who has manager and officer skill must removed by decomposing and into two tables.

Main Table

Employee
Name Saman Amali Kamal Address Colombo Galle Colombo Skill Clerk Manager, Officer Officer

Emp no 10 11 12

Employee
Emp no 10 11 12 Name Saman Amali Kamal Address Colombo Galle Colombo

Employee Skill
Emp no 10 11 11 12 Skill Clerk Manager Officer Officer

Second Normal Form (2NF) When we normalized the database, Firstly we must do first normalization and after that secondly we have to do second normal form. But directly we cannot do second normal form. Because normalization is be step by step. Therefore we cannot skip those steps. While we go through that, we can identify some errors and key which are the table have.

Main Table

Registration
Sub code S1 S2 S1 S3 S1 Lesson no 2 1 3 2 5

NIC no 753581406V 832134352V 832134352V 811234739V 811234739V

Separate Table

Subject
Sub name IS Tech SD

Sub code S1 S2 S3

The first table is separate and normalized as this. Also that table separate in to two tables. Similarly, within this second normal form, meet the entire requirement where the first normal form what we do. As well as remove subsets and that data apply in to multiple rows of tables. Sometime their can be separate tables. It makes relationship between new tables and their main table through the foreign key.

Third Normal Form Within this step meet all of the requirments where we do in the second and first normal form. If we do not do those normal forms, we cannot do third normal form. When we do it, it eliminated columns that they are not dependent on the primary key. All of the attributes must response confidence on only the primary key.

Sales
Cust_ID 8023 9167 7924 6837 8596 7018 Name Prageeth Hobbs Kamal Saman Amali Kamal Salesperson Smith Hicks Smith Hernandez Hicks Fabu Region West South West East South North

Cust_ID Name Salesperson Region

Sales1
Cust_ID 8023 9167 7924 6837 8596 7018 Name Prageeth Hobbs Kamal Saman Amali Kamal Salesperson Smith Hicks Smith Hernandez Hicks Fabu

Sperson
Salesperson Smith Hicks Hernandez Fabu Region West South East North

Concept of Database Management System (DBMS)

The database management system is set of computer software program that use and provide facilities to control organization, management, correction and maintain a database. According to data structure or type, we can categorize DBMS. DBMS is that used to store, update and to do correction a database. As well as the main purpose is managing databases, based on various data models. A database is a collection of data records files and other things. The above various data models are hierarchical, network, relational, object relational and object oriented data model. In the same way, we have to select one of most suitable model that we have to use to our database. As well as it will be illustrate the relationship between data. When attack or try to hack from unknown person to database as the updating or viewing the database, the database management system also provide data security and restrict them using password or something. The DBMS also can maintain the probity of the database, but it not allows using more than one user to update at one time. However, DBMS is provides way to make relationship with updating the database. That function allows for managing personal database. Similarly it may not provide function to any kind of controls to multiuser in a organization. Therefore through the database management system, it must allow to only administrator who are the update, delete and add and do something to do make better database. So database management system also give instructs to the database. Overall system design, analysts and get decision by database administrator and system analysts. But directly database design by database administrators. Actually, database run in only DBMS and relative software and also specially design computers to hold that software and DBMS. As well as usually their must be a multiprocessor computer and similarly used static storage. However, when we

connected one or more server, we have to use speed channels, large volume dealing process environment which are the accelerators in hardware database.

Benefits of Database Management System

Improve data quality through data validation rules. Can improve strategic what are the use of corporate data. Reduce the complexity of the information system. Reduce data variation and redundancy. Enhance the integrity of data. Can improve security of database as like by given a password. Data independence in logically and physically. Reduce development and maintenance cost. Easily to access. Improve to know about availability of data.

Database Management Systems Software

Oracle Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise DB2 Firebird FileMaker Informix Ingres Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft Access MySQL Microsoft Visual FoxPro Progress PostgreSQL Teradata

OpenLink Virtuoso

SQLite CSQL

Different Database Environments

My SQL This is the relational database management system (RDBMS) that we are use tp store information. As well as My SQL is also based on SQL. It is called as Structured Query Language. Similarly it is also an open source relational database management system. When we use it, we can remove, update, add information in to the database. Because it makes good way to store information and also it needs and able to change those information in over time. Virtualy , My SQL runs on all platforms are including windows, Linux and Unix. As well as it provides various programing interfaces to many programming languages, it also including TCL, Pythen, Java, c,c++, Eiffel, Perl, PHP. When we use My SQL also it is used in wide range of application, mainly its also including e-commerce, web database, data warehouse, logging application and similarly distributed applications.

Oracle
Oracle is a relational database management system. Its provide by oracle corporation. It is runs on more than 80 major platforms, it including Mac OS, Linux, UWIX and windows. As well as it has different software versions. It is also based on budget and requirments. When we use oracle, we can and that is architecture is divide in to thye large scale of distributed computing, called as grid computing, data location is inaplicable and transperant to the user. Without affecting the activity of the database, it is data or users, it allows to for a modular physical structure and it can be alterd and to add extra.

Database Testing
The database is a collection of a files that are interconnected. Different servers have various databases. But all of them are not the same type. Therefore, darabase are various type and kind. So somany kind of databases are implimentation. As well as withing those implimentation, some errors can be occour to in a large database. Because, that database not be feasible to security, reliability, performance and consistency. Therefore, all of database must be need to test. There are somany layers may have to test. But whrn we test a database, mainly we have to test data acess layer, where we deals with database. Directly we deals with communication process. When we test out database, we can use strategic of the testing, quality assurans and quality control of the database. If we going to delete, insert and update some data in the database, enteir database may be crash. Because, that database was not test. Therefore, that can be occure to database. As well as some company have different type of database. As well as they have different goals and missions. So testing their database will efect to when they going to achiveing there that goals.

Application

Data Load
Batch Data

OLTP Access

Test Data

Test Data Generator

White box testing Data Extract

Black box testing

Add a test

(Pass)

Run the test

Pass development continues

Make little change

(Fail) (Fail)

Run the test

(Pass development stop)

Entity Relationship Diagram for Database

Open_ord cus_TP cus_name cus_ID Dispatched_date cus_name cus_ID order_pro_name Price order_no

Customer

Have

Order
order_date

Assosiated

Supplier
sup_ID sup_tp com_name Pro_quentity Pro_group

Suply

Products

Order_pro_name

sup_ID Stok pro_name pro_price pro_num