Designing High Performance Cavity Filters

Authored by:

Devin Crawford Ansoft Corporation Ansoft 2003 / Global Seminars: Delivering Performance
Presentation #7

Link the Power of Circuit and Finite Element Analysis

Many problems can be broken down into constituent parts:

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Waveguide and Cavity Filters Large Circuits: package board - component Any components connected by transmisison lines or waveguides!

The divide and conquer strategy leads to very efficient and accurate solutions.

Strategy for combining full-wave three-dimensional solutions

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Determine how best to subdivide large problems. Solve the constituent problems parametrically. Construct models from constituent parts. The existence of parametric 3-D models enables fast design and optimization of very large structures!

What is the Transfinite Element Method?

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The Finite Element method is used to solve Maxwells equations in the volume of arbitrary three-dimensional structures.

The transfinite element method is used to determine the two-dimensional field solution at the port.

A single port solution (mode) yields a propagation constant n = j n + n

n n

propagation constant attenuation

E n = yE ( x, y )e z
and characteristic impedance (specifies a relationship between E and H)

Transfinite Element Method in a Nutshell

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Generalized s-parameters fully characterize the black-box behavior of a three-dimensional structure. Structures that have identical port solutions, but different internal geometries may often be analyzed separately and joined at the ports. The use of generalized s-parameters that were determined using the transfinite element method insures that the fields are matched at the port boundary. Lets look at some examples

The basic approach

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Select the building blocks (parametric models) for the desired structure. Verify the technique on a simple, easily verifiable model. Define the parameter space: what range of values should the parameters cover? Synthesize and optimize the desired three-dimensional structure using parametric models generated from HFSS. Verify the design using the full-wave solution of the entire structure.

Example 1: Waveguide Filter

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The waveguide filter is comprised of e-plane irises that have been characterized parametrically in HFSS.

1 2 3 4 5 Parametric model based on full-wave analysis.

S11 (d , ) S12 (d , ) S ( d , ) S (d , ) 21 22
S-parameters depend on frequency and aperture width.

Realization of a Waveguide Filter

1. Define parameterized model by generating a grid of coarsely spaced solutions in the parameter space.

Realization of a Waveguide Filter

2. Create the entire filter from individual components.

The model is fully parameterized!

Parameterized Port Impedance

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An important aspect of the circuit model is the frequency dependent port impedance:

if(k>kc10,z10,0)

Z10 is the frequency dependent characteristic impedance.

Realization of a waveguide filter

3. Optimize the filter response by interpolating existing solutions.

le accessib is is e analys -wav the full ns! of ccuracy existing solutio The a ing terpolat by in

Realization of a Waveguide Filter

3. Optimization continued: the goal response for the optimization can be generated using the filter synthesis tool. al n go tio miza Opti

Optimized response using interpolation of coarsely spaced HFSS solutions

Realization of a Waveguide Filter

0

-10

-20 dB -30 -40 -50 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 Frequency (GHz)

After optimization using interpolated HFSS solutions, accuracy can be improved by Simulating missing solutions

Comparison between HFSS and Ansoft Designer

4. Improve the solution accuracy by generating exact full-wave solutions for the optimized parameter values.
|S21|
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5

Designer
0 -10 -20 -30

|S11|

HFSS

-40 -50 -60 9.6 9.8 10 10.2 10.4

Frequency (GHz)

Frequency (GHz)

Example 2: dielectric/coaxial resonator cavity filter

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Waveguide components are generally simple because the behavior is accurately described by single mode interaction between components. How do we approach structures that are not easily described by single mode behavior?

Use the example of a mixed resonator filter to investigate the approach.

Single Dielectric Resonator

E-field H-field

Perfect Esymmetry plane

As usual, take advantage of the symmetry when possible for full-wave analysis.

Analysis of a Single Dielectric Resonator

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A single resonator cavity is perfect for investigating the proposed approach because solutions can be obtained very fast, and various methods can be used to obtain the same information. 1.Resonant frequency and Q determined from the Eigenmode solver in HFSS. 2.Solve the driven problem with port excitations (also gives resonant frequency and Q) 3. Create a parametric model in HFSS and analyze this model by matching port modes in Ansoft Designer (the transfinite element method).

Subdivision of Dielectric Resonators

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Eigenmode solver, driven solution, and transfinite element analysis were used to verify the equivalence of the three analysis methods.

=
3-dimensional Eigenmode solution

+
Port solution

Defining Parameter Space

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The equivalent circuit can be equated to physical dimensions by equating resonant frequencies of the two simulations. Short circuit = perfect electric conductor

Open circuit = perfect magnetic conductor

Design and Analysis of a 5 pole filter

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3 parametric models are required to create this filter.

5 Pole Cavity Filter

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Only 3 Modes are needed to represent the TE01 Dielectric resonator mode. Optimization goal is inserted in
the same schematic as the HFSS subcircuits
U4 Ideal5pole1

Goal Response

Generated in HFSS

2 3 4

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

1 2 3

4 5 6

4 5 6

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

1 2 3

2 3 4

Each connection represents a mode (port solution)

5 Pole Filter

5 Pole Filter
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Filter synthesis is carried out in Designer, using parameterized models that were generated in HFSS.
Simulate missing solutions

-20

S21 (dB)

-1

-2

-40

Solution in Designer when HFSS models are interpolated

1.94 1.96 Freq (GHz) 1.98 2.00

-3 1.92

-60 1.85

1.90

1.95 2.00 Freq (GHz)

2.05

2.10

Optimized 5-pole filter in HFSS and Designer

Response in HFSS after optimization in Designer

|S21| dB

|H| Field magnitude from HFSS at 1.96 GHz

|S11| dB

Conclusion
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A new approach to filter design and synthesis has been demonstrated. The speed of circuit analysis along with the accuracy and flexibility of the finite element method will bring filter design and synthesis to the next level.