Dr. D.

SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 1

A.C.T. College of Engineering & Technology

Basic Mathematics formulae
Trigonometry
1.

2.

3.

4. ( )
5. ( )
6. ( )
7. ( )
8. ( ) ( )
9. ( ) ( )
10. ( ) ( )
11. ( ) ( )
12.
13.

14.

15.

16. ()
17. ()
18. (

) {



19. (

) {



20.

21.

22.

23.

24.
25.

Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 2

Binomial theorem
26. ( )

27. ( )

28. ( )

Differentiation
29.

30.

31. 1/x
32.
33.
34.

35.
36.
37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

()

45.

Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 3

Integration
46.

+c
47.
48.

49.
50.
51.
52. ( )
53. ( )
54.
55.

56.

57.
58.
59.

)
60.

)
61.

62.

)
63.

)
64.

)
65.

( )
66.

( )
67.
68.

Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 4

Common Trignometry Formulae
Sin
2
A+ Cos
2
A = 1. 1+ tan
2
A = Sec
2
A.
1+ cot
2
A = Cosec
2
A. Cos (A+B) = Cos A Cos B Sin A Sin B
Cos (A-B) = Cos A Cos B + Sin A Sin B Sin (A+B) = Sin A Cos B + Cos A Sin B
Sin (A-B) = Sin A Cos B - Cos A Sin B Tan (A+B) =
B A
B A
tan tan 1
tan tan

+

Tan (A-B) =
B A
B A
tan tan 1
tan tan
+

Cos 2A = Cos
2
A Sin
2
A
Cos 2A = 1- 2 Sin
2
A Cos 2A = 2 Cos
2
A 1
Cos 2A =
A
A
2
2
tan 1
tan 1
+

Sin 2A = 2 Sin A Cos A

Sin 2A =
A
A
2
tan 1
tan 2
+
Tan 2A =
A
A
2
tan 1
tan 2

Sin 3A = 3 Sin A 4 Sin
3
A Cos 3A = 4 Cos
3
A 3 Cos A
Tan 3A =
A
A A
2
3
tan 3 1
tan tan 3

2
2 1
2
A Cos
A Sin

=
2
2 1
2
A Cos
A Cos
+
=
A Cos
A Cos
A Tan
2 1
2 1
2
+

=
2 SinA CosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(A-B) 2 CosA SinB = Sin(A+B) - Sin(A-B)
2CosA CosB = Cos(A+B) + Cos(A-B) 2SinA SinB = Cos(A-B) - Cos(A+B)






Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 5

Matrices
Eigen values and Eigen vectors
1. The characteristic equation of an n
th
order matrix A is
( ) 0 1 . ..........
2
2
1
1
= + +

n
n n n n
D D D
Where
r
D is the sum of all the r
th
order minors of A whose principal
diagonal lie along the principal diagonal of A.
2. If
n
,....., , ,
3 2 1
are the eigen values of a matrix A , then
(a)
n
k k k k ,....., , ,
3 2 1
are the eigen values of a matrix kA.
(b)
p
n
p p p
,....., , ,
3 2 1
are the eigen values of a matrix A
p
, where p is a
positive integer.
(c)
n

1
,......,
1
,
1
,
1
3 2 1
are the eigen values of a matrix A
-1
, provided A
is non-singular
3. A square matrix A and its transpose A
T
have the same eigen values.
4. If A = 0, ie, A is a singular matrix, atleast one of the eigen values of A
is zero and conversely.
Cayley Hamilton theorem
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
Nature of Quadratic forms
(a) Positive definite, if all the eigen values of A are positive.
(b) Negative definite, if all the eigen values of A are negative.
(c) Positive semi definite, if at least one eigen value is zero and remaining
are positive.
(d) Negative semi definite, if at least one eigen value is zero and remaining
are negative.
(e) Indefinite, if A has positive as well as negative eigen values.





Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 6


Radius of Curvature
Cartesian co-ordinate

2
2
2
3
2
1
dx
y d
dx
dy
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Parametric co-ordinates

( )
x y y x
y x

+
=
2
3
2 2

Polar co-ordinates

( )
2 2
2
3
2 2
2r r r r
r r

+
+
=
Centre of curvature ) , ( y x
) 1 (
2
y
y
y
x x ' +
' '
'
=

y
y
y y
' '
' +
+ =
) 1 (
2

Circle of curvature

2 2 2
) ( ) ( = + y y x x
Maxima and Minima of functions of Two variables
Let
2
2 2
2
2
, ,
y
f
C
y x
f
B
x
f
A
c
c
=
c c
c
=
c
c
=
And
2
B AC = A
(a) If 0 > A and A(or C) < 0, then f(x,y) has a maximum value.
(b) If 0 > A and A(or C) > 0, then f(x,y) has a maximum value.
(c) If 0 < A , then f(x,y) has neither maximum nor minimum. (called saddle
point)
(d) If 0 = A or A = 0, the case is doubtful and further investigations are
required.
Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 7


Vector calculus
Grad| = | V = k
z
j
y
i
x

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c | | |

The directional derivative in the direction of n is ( | V ). n
Unit vector normal to the surface | is
|
|
V
V

Angle between the normals to the surface | is cosu =
| |
| |
2 1
2 1
.
V V
V V

If
1
| and
2
| be two surfaces, then the angle between normal to the surface is
cosu =
2 1
2 1
.
| |
| |
V V
V V

Div F F

V = =
z
f
y
f
x
f
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
3 2 1

Curl F F

V = =
3 2 1
f f f
z y x
k j i
c
c
c
c
c
c

Where k f j f i f F

3 2 1
+ + =
If div F = 0 , then F is called a solenoidal vector
If curl F = 0 , then F is called a irrotational vector
Greens theorem:
( )
} }} |
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= +
C R
dxdy
y
P
x
Q
Qdy Pdx
Stokes theorem:

} }}
=
C S
s d F curl r d F

.
Gauss Divergence theorem:
( )
}} }}}
=
S V
dv F div s d F

Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 8

Analytic Functions
The necessary condition for the function f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) to be analytic are

y
v
x
u
c
c
=
c
c
and
x
v
y
u
c
c
=
c
c

If | is said to be Harmonic function then, 0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y x
| |

Construction of an Analytic function
Milne-Thomson method
If real part u is given then, f(z) = | |
}
+ c dz z iu z u
y x
) 0 , ( ) 0 , (
If imaginary part v is given then, f(z) = | |
}
+ + c dz z iv z v
x y
) 0 , ( ) 0 , (
Bilinear transformation
If
3 2 1
, , z z z maps to
3 2 1
, , w w w then the transform is
) )( (
) )( (
) )( (
) )( (
1 2 3
3 2 1
1 2 3
3 2 1
z z z z
z z z z
w w w w
w w w w


=



Cauchy integral theorem
If f(z) is analytic f(z) is continuous inside and on a closed curve C, then
}
=
C
dz z f 0 ) (
Cauchy integral formula
If f(z) is analytic inside and on a closed curve C and a is an interior point, then
}

=
C
dz
a z
z f
i
a f
) (
2
1
) (
t

Cauchy residue theorem
If f(z) is analytic inside a closed curve except at a finite number of singular
points,
n
a a a a ,..., , ,
3 2 1
then,
}
=
C
R i dz z f t 2 ) (



Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 9

Laplace Transform





( ) t f

( ) | | t f L ( ) s F ( ) | | s F L
1


1

s
1

s
1
1

at
e

a s +
1

a s +
1

at
e

at
e

a s
1

a s
1

at
e

Sin at

2 2
a s
a
+

2 2
1
a s +

a
1
Sin at

Cos at

2 2
a s
s
+

2 2
a s
s
+


Cos at

Sinh at

2 2
a s
a

2 2
1
a s

a
1
Sinh at

Cosh at

2 2
a s
s

2 2
a s
s

Cosh at

t

2
1
s

2
1
s
t

n
t

1
!
+ n
s
n
, if
1
1
+ n
s

n
t
n!
1

Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 10

FOURIER SERIES.
f(x) =
2
0
a
+

=1 n
an cosnx +

=1 n
bn sinnx
a0 =
t
1

}

t
t
f(x) dx
an =
t
1

}

t
t
f(x) cosnx dx
bn =
t
1

}

t
t
f(x) sin nx dx
Change of Interval
f(x) =
2
0
a
.+

1 n
an cos |
.
|

\
|

x nt
+

1 n
bn sin |
.
|

\
|

x nt

a0 =

1

}

f(x) dx
an =

1
|
.
|

\
|
}

x n
x f
t
cos ) ( dx
bn =

1

}

f(x) sin |
.
|

\
|

x nt
dx
Half range Cosine series
f(x) =
2
0
a
+

=1 n
an cosnx
a0 =
t
2

}
t
0
f(x) dx
an =
t
2

}
t
0
f(x) cosnx dx



Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 11

Half range Sine series
f(x) =
2
0
a
+

=1 n
bn Sin nx
bn =
t
2

}
t
0
f(x) sin nx dx
Parsavals identity

1

}

[f(x)]
2
dx =
2
2
0
a
+

=1 n
(a
2
n
+ b
2
n
)
Hormonic Analysis
a0 =
n
2

y

a1 =
n
2

y cos x b1 =
n
2

y sin x
a2 =
n
2

y cos 2x b2 =
n
2

y sin 2x
a3 =
n
2

y cos 3x b3 =
n
2

y sin 3x and u =
T
x t 2
, T = period
f(x) =
2
0
a
+ a1cosx + b1 sin x + a2 cos 2x + b2 sin 2x + a3 cos 3x + b3 sin 3x
+











Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 12

Boundary value problems
One dimensional wave equation
y(x , t) = (A cos px + B sin px) (C cos pat + D sin pat )
One dimensional heat equation
y(x , t) = (A cos px + B sin px) C e

2
p
2
t
Two dimensional heat equation
u(x,y) = (A e
px
+ B e
- px
) (C cos py + D sin py )
u(x,y) = (A cos px + B sin px ) (C e
py
+ D e

py
)
Fourier Transforms
F(s) = F[f(x)] =
t 2
1
}

f(x) e
isx
dx
f(x) =
t 2
1
}

F(s) e-
isx
ds
Cosine Transform
FC[f(x)] =
t
2

}

0
f(x) cos sx dx
f(x) =
t
2
}

0
FC[f(x)] cos sx ds
Sine Transform
Fs[f(x)] =
t
2
}

0
f(x) sin sx dx
f(x) =
t
2
}

0
Fs[f(x)] sin sx ds
Properties
1. F[f(x-a)] = e
ias
F(s)

2. F[e
ias
f(x)] = F(s+a)

Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 13

3. F[f(ax)] =
a
1
F[
a
s
]
4. F[f(x) cos ax] =
2
1
{ F(s-a) + F(s+a) }
5. F[x
n
f(x)] = (-i)
n

n
n
ds
d
[ F(s) ]
6. F[f
l
(x)] = (-is) F(s)
7. F[
}
x
a
f(x) dx ] =
) (
) (
is
s F

8. F[ ) (x f ] = F[ ) ( x f ] = ) ( s F
Convolution
f(x) * g(x) =
t 2
1
}

f(t) g(x-t) dt
Convolution Theorem
F[f(x) * g(x)] = F[f(x)] F[g(x)]
Parsevals Identity
}

2
) (x f dx =
}

2
) (s F ds












Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 14

NUMERICAL METHODS
INTERPOLATION
1. Newtons forward interpolation formula:
( ) .....
! 3
) 2 )( 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
0
3
0
2
0 0 0
+ A

+ A

+ A + = + = y
n n n
y
n n
y n y nh x y y
n

2. Newtons backward interpolation formula:
( ) .....
! 3
) 2 )( 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
0
3
0
2
0 0 0
+ V
+ +
+ V
+
+ V + = + y
n n n
y
n n
y n y nh x y
3. Newtons Divided Difference formula:

( ) ( )
1
1 2 1 0 1
2 0
0
0 2 0 1
2 1
) )...( )( (
) )...( (
) )...( )( (
) )...( (
) ( y
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
y
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x y
n
n
n o
n


+


=

( )
n
n n n n
n
y
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
) 1 )...( )( (
) 1 )...( (
... .......... .......... ..........
2 0
1 0


+ +
4. Lagranges Inverse interpolation formula for unequal intervals:

( )
0
0 2 0 1 0
2 1
) )...( )( (
) )...( (
) ( x
y y y y y y
y y y y y y
y x
n
n

+
( )
1
1 2 1 0 1
2 0
) )...( )( (
) )...( (
x
y y y y y y
y y y y y y
n
n

+ +
( )
n
n n n n
n
x
y y y y y y
y y y y y y

) )...( )( (
) )...( (
1 1 0
1 0

5. Forward Difference formula to the compute derivatives:

( ) ) 1 .....( .....
12
3 11 9 2
6
2 6 3
2
1 2 1
0
4
2 3
0
3
2
0
2
0 0
|
(

A
+
+ A
+
+ A

+ A = + y
r r r
y
r r
y
r
y
h
rh x y
( ) ) 2 .....( .....
12
11 18 6
) 1 (
1
0
4
2
0
3
0
2
2
0
||
(

A
+
+ A + A = + y
r r
y r y
h
rh x y
( )
(

+ A A = .....
2
3 1
0
4
0
3
3
0
|||
y y
h
x y and so on.


6. Backward Difference formula to the compute derivatives:
Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 15

( )
(

V
+ + +
+ V
+ +
+ V
+
+ V = + .....
12
3 11 9 2
6
2 6 3
2
1 2 1
0
4
2 3
0
3
2
0
2
0 0
|
y
r r r
y
r r
y
r
y
h
rh x y
( )
(

V
+ +
+ V + + V = + .....
12
11 18 6
) 1 (
1
0
4
2
0
3
0
2
2
0
||
y
r r
y r y
h
rh x y
( )
(

+ V
+
+ V = + .....
2
3 2 1
0
4
0
3
3
0
|||
y
r
y
h
rh x y

7. Trapezoidal Rule:
| | ) 1 ... ( 2 ) 0 (
2
) (
2 1
0
0
+ + + + + =
}
+
n n
nh x
x
y y y y y
h
dx x y
8. Simpsons :
3
1
Rule
rd

| | ...) ( 2 ...) ( 4 ) 0 (
3
) (
4 2 3 1
0
0
+ + + + + + + =
}
+
y y y y y y
h
dx x y
n
nh x
x

9. Simpsons
8
3
th
Rule:
| | ) 3 ... ( 3 ) 0 (
8
3
) (
5 4 2 1
0
0
+ + + + + + + =
}
+
n n
nh x
x
y y y y y y y
h
dx x y
10. Rombergs Method:
The Rombergs formula is given by |
.
|

\
|
+ =
3
1 2
2
I I
I I
:
1
I Dividing h into two parts |
.
|

\
|
2
h

:
2
I Dividing h into four parts [having
2
h
in to two parts we get ]
4
h

This method may continue till we get two successive values of Is are equal.

11. Gauss Two Point Formula:
Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 16

I =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
}

3
1
3
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
1
f f t f t f dt t f
I
e e
12. Gauss Quadrature ( 3 point ) Formula:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 2 2 1 1
t f A t f A t f A dt t f I
I
I
+ + = =
}

Where A
7745 . 0 , 0 , 7745 . 0
8888 . 0 , 5555 . 0
3 2 1
3 2 1
= = =
= = =
t t t
A A

13. Evaluation of Double integrals using Trapezoidal rule:

nm no m
f f f f
hk
I + + + =
0 00
[
4


) 1 ( 0 02 02 01
...... { 2

+ + + + +
m
f f f f

0 ) 1 ( 30 20 10
.. ...

+ + + + +
m
f f f f
+ + + + + +

..... ......
) 1 ( 2 m n m lm
f f f
+ ....... .... ... { 4
) 1 ( 2 22 21 ) 1 ( 1 12 11
+ + + + + + +
m m
f f f f f f
+ }] ........
) 1 ( 2 1
+ + +
m n n n
f f f
14. Taylors series method
........ ' ' '
! 3
) (
' '
! 2
) (
' ) ( ) (
0
3
0
0
2
0
0 0 0
+

+ + = y
x x
y
x x
y x x y x y
15. Modified Eulers method
( )
(

+ + + =
+ n n n n n n
y x f
h
y
h
x f h y y ,
2
,
2
1

16. Runge-kutta method (fourth order)
) , (
0 0 1
y x f h k =
)
2
1
,
2
1
(
1 0 0 2
k y h x f h k + + =

2 0 0 3
2
1
,
2
1
( k y h x f h k + + =
Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 17

) , (
3 0 0 4
k y h x f h k + + =
) 2 2 (
6
1
4 3 2 1
k k k k k + + + =
k y y + =
0 1

17. Adams Bashforth predictor corrector formula
| |
'
3
'
2
'
1
'
, 1
9 37 59 55
24
+
+ + =
n n n n n p n
y y y y
h
y y
| |
'
2
'
1
' '
1 , 1
5 19 9
24
+ +
+ + + =
n n n n n c n
y y y y
h
y y
18. Milnes predictor corrector formula
| |
' '
1
'
2 3 , 1
2 2
3
4
n n n n p n
y y y
h
y y + + =
+

| |
'
1
' '
1 1 , 1
4
3
+ +
+ + + =
n n n n c n
y y y
h
y y














Dr. D. SARAVANAN, Professor of Mathematics Page 18

Reliability
1. Maintainability function

t
e t M

= 1 ) (

o
1
) (
0
= =
}
dt t g t MTTR
2. Availability function (steady state Available)

MTTR MTTF
MTTF
A
+
=
+
=

1 1
1
) (
3. System Reliability (Two unit system 1 with repair)

t m t m
t
e
m m
m
e
m m
m
R
.
2 1
2
2 1
1
) (
2

=
4. Standby system
( ) t e R
t
t

+ =

1
) (

5. System Availability
A ) (series
n

+

6. K of
out
m systems
| | | |
1
1
1
1

=
=

m
u
i
u
n
A A mC A
7. Availability of a single component

MTTR MTBF
MTBF
A
+
= ) (