Human migration is movement (physical or psychological) by humans from one district to another, sometimes over long distances or in large

e groups.

voluntary migration/ initiative migration Involuntary migration/ Forced migration

Different types of migration include: Daily human commuting Seasonal human migration is mainly related to agriculture. Permanent migration, for the purposes of permanent or long-term stays. Local Regional Rural to Urban, more common in developing countries as industrialization takes effect (urbanization) Urban to Rural, more common in developed countries due to a higher cost of urban living (suburbanization) International migration

Types of migrations cyclic movement periodic movement migratory movement

Causes of migrations security dimension of migration (natural disasters, conflicts, threats to individual safety, poor political prospects) economic dimension of migration (poor economic situation, poor situation of national market).

African Migration I I Transatlantic Slave Trade (1450-1808) I I Search for Freedom I Others fled to Mexico and the Caribbean Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose: first black community in North America African Americans wanted freedom and leave behind the horrors of their exploitation There was domestic slave trade in America which brought Africans to Canada and other states of North America approximately 450,000 Africans disembarked on the shores of North America Africa was left underdeveloped, disorganized and vulnerable to colonialism Increase in demand for manpower due to the Industrialization of Europe and North America Africans were usually raided and kidnapped to be deported Africans were subjected to abuse and were then sold as commodities to the different countries Africans were subjected to forced migration Africa experienced a loss in their working force due to this massive exploitation Between 1492 and 1776, an estimated 6.5 million people migrated to and settled in the Western Hemisphere. (5 out of 6 were Africans) The Transatlantic Slave Trade was due to the Industrialization of other countries

Many of the slaves became fugitives and their owners didnt have control of them anymore

Domestic Slave Trade (1760) I Migration to Other Places I I The Universal Negro Improvement Association during the early 20th century by Marcus Garvey inspired African Americans to travel back to the land of their ancestors, Africa During the mid-19th century, African Americans settled in places like Haiti, Caribbean islands and Canada Some were also sent back to Africa to bring civilization and Christianity to their country (EMIGRATION) The insatiable demand for labor in the South caused the migration of slaves About 1.2 million Africans were part of the long domestic slave trade while the others went West to work on the lands of their owners Traders bought selectively and didnt care about family

I Haitian Immigration (1790) M 1790-1809 large numbers of Haitians (African descent) migrated to Louisiana Haitian Revolution in 1971 which continued for 13 years Resulted in the independence of first French explorer Sieur dIberville left the island of Saint Domingue (present-day Haiti) Established a new settlement in Biloxi (on the Gulf Coast of Frances Louisiana) 18th century few black migrants settled

black republic in Western Hemisphere M The Northern Migration (1840) M African Americans left the South and migrated to the North less restricted life North M The Caribbean Immigration (1900) B B B Set- back of Caribbean immigrants because of McCarran-Walter Act. New wave of Caribbean migration because of Hart-Celler Act Significant growth of Caribbean community during 20th century Shutting the door to black and Caribbean immigrants in the second decade of the 20th century Increase of Caribbean immigrants after WW2. Started when enslaved Barbadians were taken by their British owners to South Carolina during the seventeenth century. Relatively small in early 19th century, but grew after Civil war. Small communities in larger cities Stable families Own institutions Migration that took place after the Civil War [Antebellum period], migration occurred more in the South because people from the Upper South were sold into the domestic slave trade

The Great Migration (1911) 1916, Great War in Europe Pennsylvania Railroad Company journey into freedom Lessened an overwhelming concentration in the south M M The Second Great Migration (1942) B Southern cities to northern cities because of racism Pulling of the southern migrants to northern and western cities due to Economic Climate caused by WW2 occurred during and after World War 2 by the end of WW2, the majority of black population shifted to urban cities After 15 years, 1/10th of their the countrys black population moved north 1930 First step in the full nationalization of the African-American population Industrial jobs Urbanization

1910, 7 million African Americans rested below the Cotton Curtain

Philippine Migration TWO MIGRATION PATTERNS TO HIT THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 1970s AND 1980s IMMIGRATION OF FILIPINOS INTO THE UNITED STATES

TWO MIGRATION PATTERNS TO HIT THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 1970s AND 1980s

Village to city: the 1st migration pattern From 1970s to 1980s Cities with 100,000 residents boomed from 21 to 30

National Growth Rate: 2.5%

Metro Manila population: 5,924,563, up from 4,970,006 in 1975 Annual growth rate: 3.6%

Within MetroManila NHA Early 1980s 1 out 4 Filipino is a squatter -better employment opportunities Manila growth rate: 1.9% Quezon City growth rate: 4% Caloocan growth rate: 3.5%

People living in the slums Manila 500,000 Quezon City 371,000

IMMIGRATION OF FILIPINOS INTO THE UNITED STATES 1st wave (1900s) Pensionados- sponsored students Philippines as little brown brother Filipinos were given the opportunities to study in America and was offered to live in a civilized way Many finished college and went back to the Philippines but some never graduated and these same people never came back to the Philippines

2nd wave (1910s to 1940s) Laborers and non-sponsored students Laborers- in search for better job opportunities Students- own resources; to attain American education Not all the students graduated. Some of them became Manongs Manongs- students forced to join the labor market

3rd wave (1965) Professionals After the Asian Exclusion Act and Walter-McCarran was repealed Most of them were educated in the Philippines making it easier for them to succeed in their adoptive home in the states. Long before this series of immigrations there have been a number of immigrations. 1565-1815: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Sailors and Navigators

Central California Coast

MIGRATION
Group China and the Malayan Archipelago Other groups (Negritos) A Mongoloid people from Southeast Asia Present-day China and Vietnam Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago

Chronology of Immigration 1) Ice Age (250, 000 years ago) 2) 25,000 years ago 3) 10, 000 years after Negritos 4) 7000 BC to 2000 BC 5) Last arrivals

MIGRATION

Labor migration American colonial rule (1898-1930) Farmers worked in plantations. Many professionals in search of higher paying jobs in the 1950s. Change in the pattern of migration among Filipinos during the time of Marcos. Biggest labor exporting country in Asia and is ranked second in the world next to Mexico. Since 1992, remittances have been growing by 35% annually. (today: US$ 7 bn) Increase in remittance despite the decrease in the number of land-based OFWs was a sign that many undocumented Filipinos continue to go abroad.