WHAT IS THERE TO KNOW ABOUT CHEMISTRY ?

COMPOSITION has

MATTER

PROPERTIES can be

PHYSICAL

undergoes relates studies to effects CHEMISTRY ENERGY CHANGE

CHEMICAL

predicts/interpret studies

LAWS/THEORIES PRINCIPLES

1) Matter anything that has mass and occupies space 2) Laws/Theories- mathematical statements of behaviour of matter 3) Properties- characteristics that describe matter; use to determine its usefeulness (a) Physical- properties which can be observed/measured without a change in the composition of the substance (b) Chemical properties which can be observed/measured only after a change in the composition of the substance Chemical change- change in the composition of the substance Chemical equation- expression/language of a chemical change 4) Energy driving force of all changes/capacity to do work Types : Potential stored energy Due to positionDue to motionVibrational motion of a plucked guitar Translational motion of a moving bullet Kinetic motion of moving molecules Energy at WorkLaws of Thermodynamics (a) Law of Conservation of Energy- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another form. Bookeeping of energy A + B = C Situation C < A + B Actual Some of A and B was converted into energy and was inevitably lost as HEAT Energy was created A and B absorbed Heat from outside to form C (b) Second Law of Thermodynamics Seem to Be Energy was destroyed Type of Energy Flow EXOTHERMIC

C > A + B

ENDOTHERMIC

Do all changes spontaneously occur(bound to happen)? What will bound to happen in each of the following situation?

1.
ice

2.

firewood

3. What reasons are behind in the spontaneous changes of the above situations ? Attainment of low energy state

ice

Endothermic heat flow Increase in entropy Exothermic heat flow

firewood

Entropy- degree of disorderliness The rationale of an spontaneous change are a. Attainment of low energy state b. Attainment of high entropy Scientific Measurement numerical description of properties and changes using numbers. PARAMETERS Length mass volume METRIC meter gram M3 ENGLISH Inches, foot, mile, yard Pounds, ton, slug Pint, gallon, fluid ounce

Prefixes commonly used in the Metric System Multiples kilo= 1000 Hecto= 100 Deca= 10 Submultiples: milli = 1/1000 Centi = 1/100 CONVERSION OF UNITS Dimensional Analysis 1. Express the conversion problem as a mathematical equation 2. Multiply the right side of the equation with one or more conversion factors of appropriate forms until its unit is the same as the unit that is being sought. 3. Perform the needed arithmetic operations. PRECISION AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Significant Figure= number of digits in a measurement determined with certainty plus one digit that is uncertain. Deci = 1/10 Micro = 1/1000000 Nano= 1/109 Pico = 1/1012

Rules in counting number of significant figures 1. All non zero digits are significant 2. Zeros may or may not be significant depending upon the kind of zero. a. Leading zeros are those before non zero digits , are never significant. b. Confined zeros are those in between non zero digits, are significant. c. Trailing zeros are those after non zero digits , are significant if there is an explicit decimal point. Not significant if there is no explicit decimal point. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES. When arithmetic operations are to be done on the measurement, they should not change the degree of precision of the measurement. So that there are rules to be applied. Division and Multiplication Number of S.F (final answer) = number of SF of the measurement with the least number of SF

Addition and Substraction Number of decimal places right of decimal point (final answer) = number of decimal places right of decimal point of the measurement with the least number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point.